EVR 1001 FSU EXAM 1

Who is credited for articulating the conservation ethic and for founding the U.S. Forest Service?

Gifford Pinchot

Which of the following is true?

Species on Earth today are just a fraction of all species that ever lived.

A leaf falls from a tree and lands on the ground. Through time, bugs and bacteria consume the leaf. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is true?

The nutrients from the leaf have been recycled and released back into the soil.

To determine your specific impacts on the environment, you can ________.

calculate your ecological footprint

A. The largest percentage of fresh water today is located in: B. Earth's oceans hold: C. Which of the following is true of the hydrologic cycle?

A. ice sheets and glaciers B. the bulk of all of the water found on Earth C. Most of the water that falls on the continents is derived from the oceans.

Observation Hypothesis Prediction Test Results

"Ive seen that frog eggs in ponds that receive runoff......" "The hatching success of frog eggs is affected by exposure...." "If frog eggs are exposed to elevated levels of herbicides...." In the laboratory, raise frog eggs in pond water with varying concentrations Analysis of experimental data concludes that herbicide levels affect hatching rates

(A) Glycogen is _____. (B) glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. (C) Which of these is a source of lactose? (D) Which of these is a polysaccharide? (E)_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

(A) a polysaccharide found in animals (B) maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis (C) milk (D) cellulose (E) Cellulose

(A). Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy? (B) "Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____. (C) Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy (D) In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? (E) Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?

(A) a space station orbiting Earth (B) energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another (C) potential (D) cellular respiration (E) heat, carbon dioxide, and water

When you burn a log in your fireplace, you are converting ________.

chemical energy to thermal (heat) energy

When the organisms of a particular population seek habitats or resources that are unevenly spaced, the distribution of the individuals in the population tends to be ________.

clumped

In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923.The removal of the livestock and predators and the cessation of hunting in 1907 ________.

increased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer

Water purification, nutrient cycling, and plant pollination are all examples of Earth's __________.

ecosystem services

The murkiness (turbidity) of the water was analyzed and found to have several major sources, including ________.

erosion from deforested hillsides, sediments produced from poorly treated wastewater discharge, and sediments produced from the increased plant biomass of the lake

Atoms of iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) form iron sulfide (FeS) when the iron atom donates electrons to the sulfur atom. The type of bond formed would be a(n) __________.

ionic bond

The major force(s) causing the genetic divergence of the two isolated fruit fly populations is/are ________.

mutation and natural selection

Assuming the populations of fruit flies are the same size, the length of time necessary for significant divergence to take place in the populations depends on ________.

the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats

Part complete The logistic growth curve can be said to appear similar to __________.

the letter S

Although 78% of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen, nitrogen is limited in most ecosystems because __________.

the natural conversion of atmospheric nitrogen occurs via only lightning and nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Plants release water vapor through their leaves via a process called ________

transpiration

A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if they are published in journals which ________.

use the peer review process

A population's age structure ________.

indicates the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population

A population is a group of ________.

individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?

Wind rotating a turbine

What name is given to the process(es) seen in this animation?

dehydration synthesis

(A) According to the graphs, which of the following sources contributes the largest share of nitrogen and phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay? (B) The two main sources of urban pollution illustrated in the graphs are municipal and industrial wastewater and urban/suburban runoff. Approximately what percentage of the total pollution for each nutrient can be attributed to urban sources? (C) Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement. (D) The graphs show the main sources of nutrient pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. By what mechanism do most of the nutrients end up in the bay (E)Rank the plans from most effective to least effective.

(A) agriculture (B) 30% (C) Atmospheric deposition is an important source of nitrogen and phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay. False Septic systems contribute a small amount of nitrogen to the Chesapeake Bay. True Urban and suburban fertilizer runoff contributes a smaller percentage of the total pollution compared to municipal and industrial wastewater. False Agriculture is a more significant source of nitrogen than phosphorus. False Some of the phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay is from natural sources. True (D) They are transported by water. (E)Most effective plan Require farmers to implement measures to reduce fertilizer and manure runoff. Increase water quality standards for municipal and industrial wastewater effluent. Enact air quality legislation that would reduce atmospheric nitrogen. Require yearly inspections of septic tanks to reduce leakage.

(A) Proteins are polymers of _____ (B) What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure? (C) Which of these illustrates the secondary structure of a protein? (D) The secondary structure of a protein results from _____. (E) Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____

(A) amino acids (B) peptide (C) simple purple swirl (D) hydrogen bonds (E) peptide bonds

(A) Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____. (B) _____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere. (C) Assimilation is indicated by the letter(s) _____. (D) Part complete Nitrogen-fixing bacteria is(are) indicated by the letter(s) _____. (E) Nitrification is indicated by the letter(s) _____. (F) Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____. (G) Which one of these is a nitrate? (H) Which one of these is a nitrite?

(A) ammonium ... nitrites (B) Nitrogen fixation (C) A (D) D and E (E) B (F) nitrates ... nitrogen gas (G) NO3 - (H) NO2 -

(A) Each water molecule can join to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds. B) The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____. (C) The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____. (D) In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens? (E) Which of these bonds is weakest? (F)Why isn't this insect drowning?

(A) four ... hydrogen (B) polar (C) electronegativity (D) polar covalent (E) two red molecules bonded by yellow O+ and O- (F) Surface tension.

(A) What process occurs in Box A? (B) What process occurs in Box B? (C) What process occurs in Box D?

(A) glycolysis (B) the citric acid cycle (C) oxygen

(A) What is the arrow pointing to? Silver molecule positive (B) What is the arrow pointing to? Red molecule bonded w silver hydrogen, negative (C) In a neutral solution the concentration of _____. (D) How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?

(A) hydrogen ion (B) hydroxide ion (C) hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions (D) The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left.

(A) What name is given to this molecule? Red oxygen bonded w 3 hydrogen, positive (B) How did this molecule form? Red oxygen binded w 3 hydrogen, positive (C) What name is given to this molecule?Red oxygen bonded with one hydrogen, negative (D) Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water? (E) What is the charge on a hydronium ion? (F) What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?

(A) hydronium ion (B) A water molecule gained an hydrogen ion from another water molecule. (C) hydroxide ion (D) H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH- (E) 1+ (F) 1-

(A) You genetically engineer a strain of Yarrowia lipolytica to produce Vitamin C. Which of the following will be needed for the yeast to produce this vitamin? (B) Why is photosynthesis a critical part of this process using Yarrowia lipolytica? (C) You are a bioengineer. Which of the following would likely be most beneficial to add to this research? (D) You engineer Yarrowia lipolytica to produce omega-3 fatty acids in an economically efficient way. Which of the following would likely be most interested in your yeast? (E) Which of the following is key for yeast to do to allow them to produce plastics?

(A) nitrogen and carbon (B) For carbon fixation. (C) Get the yeast to boost output. (D) fish farmer (E) Link monomers together.

People in 37 developed and developing countries were surveyed to determine their level of life satisfaction. Their ratings were then compared to recent changes in the per capita GDP of their countries. (A) What information is provided on the x-axis? (B) What information is provided on the y-axis? (C) Find the dot that represents the country with the greatest increase in per capita GDP. What is the index of life satisfaction for people in that country? (D) Find the left-most dot representing a country where people had the highest index of life satisfaction. How did the GDP in that country change in recent years? (E) Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Overall life satisfaction increases as a country's wealth increases (as indicated by per capita GDP). (F) Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Improving the average wealth of people in very poor countries would not improve their overall life satisfaction

(A) percent change in a country's gross domestic product divided by the number of people in that country (B) index of life satisfaction, according to a numeric scale (C) -0.010 (D) per capita GDP decreased by about 0.5% (E) not supported (F) cannot be determined from the graph

Which of the following best represents the overall growth rate of a population?

(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)

If a population of 1000 individuals has an annual growth rate of 5%, how many individuals will be in the population one year later?

1050

For what it costs to remove 1 pound of nitrogen from Bay waters by using enhanced nutrient management programs (NMP), approximately how many pounds of nitrogen could be kept out of waterways by restoring the wetland that once existed on the site?

15

The Chesapeake Bay is a delicate system of interacting organisms, including marine animals, plankton, and microbes. In recent decades, nutrient pollution has posed a major threat to this system, resulting in dead zones where oxygen levels drop too low to support life. This process is known as eutrophication.If reef restoration efforts based on Shulte's experiment are implemented throughout the bay, increased oyster populations may help to restore the ecosystem. The flowchart below shows how oysters can affect other components of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Drag each statement to the appropriate location in the flowchart.

*Large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus flow into the bay>> if pop decreases A. Nutrients drastically increase the phytoplankton population B. Large amounts of dead phytoplankton are decomposed by bacteria. C. The microbial decomposer population increases and consumes more oxygen. D. Insufficient oxygen suffocates marine animals, forming a dead zone. if pop recovers E. Increased oyster population feeds on increased phytoplankton population. F. The microbial decomposer population remains stable and does not use more oxygen. *healthy oxygen levels are maintained

Consider the following processes: respiration, combustion, polymerization, nitrification, industrial fixation of nitrogen, and photosynthesis. How many of these result in the release of oxygen into the atmosphere?

1

Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence.

1. Environmental change >> a drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown 2. Selective pressure >> Green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles 3. Change in population >> brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. the brown allele increases in frequency

Shulte's team collected oyster density data from all nine reef complexes and calculated mean densities for each reef type. The results are shown here: Drag the labels on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Pink labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. The reef types used in Shultes experiment are shown on the x axis. The mean density of oysters per square meter is shown on the y axis 2.Adult oysters are represented by yellow bars spat are represented by blue bars and the total of these is red bars 3. What is the total number of oysters growing on high relief reefs? not shown in graph 4. WHAT IS THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF oysters per square meter supported on high relief reefs? 1000 5. How many times greater is the total density of oysters on high relief reefs compared to the total density on low relief reefs? 4 6. How many times greater is the total density of oysters on high-relief compared to the total density on the unrestored bay bottom? 170

As a researcher, you have been asked to analyze trends in the decline in lead use in U.S. gasoline over time. Based on the data in the graph, by what percentage did the amount of lead used in gasoline decrease between the years 1970 and 1985?

80%

Pretend you are a public health official giving a presentation to the local community about the dangers of lead exposure. As you show data from the graph in the previous part, what is the most important "take home" message you might share with audience, based on the relationship between the amount of lead in gasoline and blood lead concentration in children between the years 1970 and 2010?

A sharp drop in the amount of lead used in gasoline was followed by a similarly sharp decline in blood lead concentrations in children between 1970 and 1990, suggesting that lead use in gasoline was strongly correlated to lead exposure, and the ban on lead had a major impact on reducing exposure in the United States.

A. Calculate the total C pool (above- and belowground C) for the Control group. B. Compare the belowground C for the Control group and the Fertilized group. What is the difference in C between the two groups? C. In comparison with the Control group, the Fertilized group had _________ plant growth and _______ belowground C biomass. D. Do the data support the original hypothesis that the net effect of increased nutrient availability will be to remove carbon from the air and store it in the soil? E. On the basis of the data, will warming tundra soils decrease atmospheric CO2 and create a negative feedback to climate change or increase atmospheric CO2 and act as positive feedback?

A. 10,125 g C/m2 B. 2,500 g C/m2 C. increased, decreased D. No. Belowground C biomass decreased in the Fertilized group as compared with the Control group. E. Increase atmospheric CO2 because the total C uptake by Fertilized plants is lower than total uptake by Control plants

A. In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985. B. If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year? C. Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters: D. In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase E. Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?

A. 1400 B. 70 C. Increased by approximately 100%. D. Sea otter populations would increase. E. Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.

A. Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. B. Adaptive radiation is rapid, branching speciation under conditions in which there is little ___________. C. Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. D. The appearance of an evolutionary novelty often promotes _____. E. The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

A. All of these B. Competition C. adaptive radiation D. adaptive radiation E. adaptive radiation

A. If trends continue, which of the following will happen over the next 25 years? B. If you study this map, which of the following is seen most frequently? C. Assuming they are equal size, which of the following will absorb the most carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? D. As the climate continues to change due to human activity, which of the following is most likely? E. Which of the following people would likely find this map the most useful?

A. An increase in urbanization in the U.S., China and Europe. B. Forests changing to agricultural land over time. C. a forest D. more desertification worldwide E. A soil scientist studying the shifts in land use across Africa.

A. Which of these provides your body with energy? B. What element is found in all organic compounds? C. Where do plants get the energy to make organic molecules? D. Where do plants get the carbon they use to make organic molecules? E. Which of these is NOT an organic molecule?

A. Fats B. Carbon C. Light D. Carbon dioxide E. minerals

A. Which of the following events could NOT be caused by a population bottleneck? B. Which of the following statements about the amoeba population described at the end of the tutorial is true? C. True or False. In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones.

A. Increased population size B. It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation. C. False

A. The United States Department of Agriculture wishes to replicate this study in the Midwest United States. Which of the following do they identify, map and track? B. You wish to attract bumblebees to your acreage. Which of the following would likely be best for you to plant for their long-term survival? C. A new subspecies of bumblebee is discovered with a similar life cycle to bumblebees found in the United Kingdom. Which of the following is true? D. This study most strongly suggests which of the following? E. A new colony of bumblebees is established near your home. Which of the following was the founder of this colony?

A. Mother, daughter and sister bumblebees B. A variety of flowers. C. Colonies live less than one year D. Wild pollinators are more likely to survive in an agricultural setting if the edge habitat is diverse. E. A queen

A. What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere? B. Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere? C. Detritus is composed of _____.

A. decomposition B. algae C. dead organic matter and excreted wastes

A. What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? B. What does the blue graph line represent? C. After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species? D. In which year was the density of birds greatest? E. In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly? F. What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60? G. Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years? H. The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years?

A. number of breeding pairs per 100 acres B. number of species C. 14 D. 105 E. 0 TO 20YRS F. increasing number of bird habitats G. The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined. H. The answer cannot be determined from this graph.

A. What information is presented on the y-axis? B. What does the top red graph line represent? C. What kind of island has the highest rate of extinction? D. On what kind of island would new species be most likely to arrive? E. The number of species on an island is at equilibrium when the rate of immigration is equal to the rate of extinction. This is shown on the graph by the points where each green and red line cross. What kind of island is likely to have the highest number of species? F. Part complete The equilibrium theory of island biogeography predicts that large islands close to the mainland will have more species than small islands that are distant from the mainland. Which of the following factors does not contribute to that prediction?

A. the rate of immigration or extinction B. the rate at which new species immigrate to an island that is close to the mainland C. a small island D. an island that is close to the mainland E. a large island close to the mainland F. Evolution occurs more rapidly on large islands, thereby increasing species diversity.

What is the key lesson learned from Easter Island?

An island population must learn to live within its means.

________ gives inherent value to certain living things or to the biotic (living) realm of the earth in general; both human and nonhuman lives have ethical standing.

Biocentrism

Based on this data, which statement is most accurate regarding the change in lead use in gasoline and average blood lead concentration in children over time?

Both lead use in gasoline and blood lead concentration in U.S. children declined most rapidly between 1975 and 1985

Which of the following is a compound?

CO2

Which of the following has been an effect of ecotourism in Hawaii?

Conservation efforts have become more financially feasible because of increased tourist dollars.

Which of the following statements best describes energy?

Energy is the capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter.

Assume you operate a farm in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and wish to do all you can to minimize nutrient runoff from your farm reaching the waters of the Bay. You have already planted grass buffers along the creek that runs through your fields, and you plant cover crops on your land after harvest instead of leaving the soil bare, which facilitates runoff. Your land isn't amenable to planting trees along the creek, there are no areas in which to construct a wetland, and you do not yet have the money to purchase the specialized equipment that enables conservation tillage (planting crops with minimal tilling, or plowing, of the soil). What approach would be best for you to consider, as a farmer, to further reduce nutrient runoff from your fields into the Bay?

Enhanced nutrient management programs (NMP)

____________ is a basic understanding of Earth's physical and living systems and how we interact with them. Environmental ethicsAn ecological footprintSustainabilityEnvironmental literacyEnvironmental economics

Environmental literacy

__________ is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from the undesirable changes brought about by human actions.

Environmentalism

Angilletta chose to measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from several locations in and around São Paulo. Ants were gathered from four urban locations and five rural locations, as indicated in the satellite image below. Sites 1-4 are urban, and sites 5-9 are rural. The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance.

Graph 1: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat more than ants from rural locations Graph 2: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat slightly more than ants from rural locations Graph 3: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat slightly less than ants from rural locations Graph 4: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat less than ants from rural locations Graph 5: There is little to no difference in the heat tolerance of ants from each type of location Graph 6: There was a flaw in the experimental design

Shulte chose several areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay as his experimental sites. At each site, he constructed artificial reefs of two different heights. He also left portions of each site unrestored to serve as points of comparison. Oysters were allowed to colonize the reefs and the unrestored bay bottom safe from harvesting. His hypothesis was that oysters would survive better in the plankton-rich upper waters -- away from the smothering sediments and hypoxic waters of the bay bottom. Drag the labels to the diagram to identify the components of Shulte's experiment. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

High relief: treatment Low relief: treatment Unrestored: control reef type is the independent variable adult oyster density is a dependent variable spat density is a dependent variable

Which of the following would be the most appropriate prediction for the hypothesis that Poodles are smarter than Dalmatians?

If Poodles are smarter, then Poodles will learn to obey commands more quickly than Dalmatians.

Which of the following terms best describes the practice of environmental science?

Integrative and interdisciplinary

How many citizens of Mexico does it take to equal the ecological footprint of the average citizen of the United States?

It takes just over three Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.

According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila?

Laysan Finch

Nitrogen from fertilizers and manure on farm fields that runs off into waterways that feed the Bay Fertilizer runoff from urban and suburban lawns that is channeled to waterways through stormwater systems Wastewater from septic systems and wastewater treatment plants that has been treated to remove biodegradable wastes and pathogenic microorganisms, but not to remove plant nutrients The deposition of nitrogen-based compounds put into the atmosphere by automobile engines and power plants Naturally-occurring runoff of nutrients from soils into waterways Based on the pie chart, which of the following approaches would likely yield the biggest benefits for reducing nitrogen inputs into the Chesapeake Bay?

Local governments work with farmers to implement strategies to minimize nitrogen runoff from farm fields

**Urban heat island effect** It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas.

Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.

River water held behind a dam is a form of ________.

potential energy

Which of the following are substances and energy sources taken from our environment that we rely on to survive?

Natural resources

________ are the primary, water-insoluble components of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

__________ is the number of individuals in a population per unit area.

Population density

According to the figure, which of the following is true?

Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.

The results from Angilletta's observational experiment show that urban ant populations have higher heat tolerance than rural ant populations. A reasonable explanation for this difference is that urban ants evolved higher heat tolerance over generations as individuals with lower heat tolerance died and failed to reproduce. In the urban heat island of a city, natural selection favors organisms with higher heat tolerance. Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time.

The population became more heat tolerant over time >>> hypothesis strongly supported The population became slightly more heat tolerant over time >>> hypothesis weakly supported There was no change in the population's heat tolerance over time >>> Hypothesis not supported The population became less heat tolerant over time >>> hypothesis not supported

researchers gathered data on the number of cliff swallow road kills they observed while driving between nest sites in Nebraska. The data cover a period of about 30 years and date back to the time when cliff swallows first started to nest under highway overpasses.As the graph shows, the number of road kills observed declined sharply over time. The data led the researchers to ask themselves this question: What caused this decline? Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply.

The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.

A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection?

There will be less genetic variation from sexual recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.

Suppose that you want to recreate Shulte's study in the Great Wicomico River and make nine reef complexes as shown above. You would need to collect data on oyster density, but due to time and monetary constraints it would be impossible for you to sample oyster populations on each reef type in every complex. Which of these sampling protocols would you use to obtain the most representative data of oyster growth on the three reef types?

Use a random sampling approach to select sites on different reef types from several of the reef complexes.

In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923.Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923?

a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase

Which of the following populations would be most vulnerable to extinction?

a small, endemic population

A hypothesis is ________.

a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question

The greatest source of both nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay is ________.

agriculture

A(n) __________ is an example of an ecosystem with high primary productivity, while a __________ is an example of an ecosystem with low primary productivity.

algal bed; desert

Which of the following has the lowest concentration of H+ ions?

ammonia

Scientific inquiry is based on ________.

an expanding knowledge based on observation, questioning, testing and discovery

If someone says, "Earth and all of its contents were created for the betterment of human beings, so as long as something is good for humans, it is good for the whole earth," what ethical perspective would he or she hold

anthropocentric

Quantitative data ________.

are data that are expressed as numbers and can be tested using statistics

Ecosystem services ________.

are economically valuable services provided by natural systems

Ecosystems that rapidly convert solar energy to biomass __________.

are said to have high primary net productivity

A(n) ________ is the smallest component of an element that still maintains the chemical properties of the element.

atom

Some organisms, such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, produce their own food by absorbing the sun's radiation. These organisms are referred to as ________.

autotrophs or producers

In ecology, a ________ is made up of interacting populations of different species that inhabit the same area.

community

Phylogenetic trees ________.

depict the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms

Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately owned farms in the lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several-fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined, and the lake became murky, while the sediments in the lake increased in depth.The symptoms of the lake suggest ________.

eutrophication

Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________.

exponential growth

Which of the following represent the reactants (ingredients) necessary for cellular respiration?

glucose and oxygen

All of the following are macromolecules EXCEPT:

glucose.

Most extinction is ________.

gradual, generally occurring when species cannot adapt genetically to changes in environmental conditions

In all ecosystems, energy is eventually lost to the environment via ________.

heat from metabolism

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is ________.

helping conservation biologists study habitats and study biodiversity

Pablo and Johanna have to do a yearlong study for their biology course. After some discussion, they decide to try comparing their dogs and the diet that they feed them. Each has a dog from the pound, and both dogs are less than one year old. Pablo feeds his shepherd-mix dog a special diet of wet and dry foods from the local vet, while Johanna uses generic dry kibble from the supermarket for her bulldog. They want to see which diet results in bigger, healthier, faster-growing dogs. According to the information given, one dependent variable in this study will be ________.

how much the dogs grow

The sixth mass extinction event is likely being caused by __________.

human-induced events

Density-dependent factors ________.

include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community

High population density can ________.

increase disease transmission and food scarcity

Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately owned farms in the lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several-fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined, and the lake became murky, while the sediments in the lake increased in depth.If a water quality expert were to check the level of dissolved oxygen in the lake water, s/he would find that it ________.

is near normal on the surface but extremely low near the bottom sediments

Organisms that are closely related have a recent common ancestor. Of the following organisms shown in the figure, which choice lists organisms that are most closely related to each other?

lizards and crocodiles

DNA is composed of units called ________.

nucleotides

The average footprint per person has increased from 2.2 to 2.9 since 2008, and the footprints of many developing nations, such as India and China, have also increased. This means that ________.

our collective lifestyle is even more unsustainable than before

A __________ occurred when scientists determined that the earth is round rather than flat.

paradigm shift

The process by which several researchers review another researcher's manuscript prior to publication to ensure research quality is referred to as ________.

peer review

Part complete Aquifers are ________

porous rock formations located underground that store groundwater

A pharmaceutical company wishes to study a possible new headache medicine. They are doing human trials with 1000 volunteers and need to ________.

randomly assign each person to either the treatment group or control group

The conservation ethic suggests that __________.

resources should be used from natural areas in a responsible way such that they are not depleted

Scientists use a general process known as the _________ to ask and answer questions about natural phenomena. A __________ is a testable statement that proposes an explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by an experiment. A ___________ describes specific results that can be expected if a hypothesis is true. A ___________ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses. A scientific experiment often involves both a treatment and a ___________, which are alike except for the variable that the experiment is designed to test. A __________ is a factor that is either manipulated or measured in an experiment A __________ is a quantitative relationship between variables. A review process is in place to make sure that no _______ has skewed the results of an experiment.

scientific method hypothesis prediction theory control variable correlation bias

Which of the following is the major reservoir for phosphorus in the phosphorus cycle

sedimentary rock

Which of the following is considered a community?

several interacting species living in the same area

Earth's largest pool of nitrogen is ________.

the atmosphere

A __________ is widely accepted and has been extensively validated by a great amount of research.

theory

During photosynthesis, ________.

there is net consumption of water and carbon dioxide