Exam 1- 280
platelets
- activated by tissue destruction and inflammation - activation leads to interaction with coagulation cascade
remodeling phase
3 weeks after injury and can continue for 6+ months
proliferative phase
3-4 days after injury- lasts up to 3 weeks
normal CO2 range:
35-45
The effective circulating volume is the major regulator of water balance in the body. What else does it regulate? A. Sodium B. Magnesium C. Calcium D. Potassium
A. Sodium
The nurse is reviewing a client's arterial blood gas (ABG) results. Which pH level would the nurse interpret as normal? A. pH of 7.35 to 7.45 B. pH of 6.55 to 7.12 C. pH of 7.00 to 7.25 D. pH of 7.55 to 7.8
A. pH of 7.35 to 7.45
third line of defense immunity
Adaptive (acquired) immunity specific and has memory purposes: - destruction of infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation - long-term highly effective protection against future exposure to the same microorganism
The person's phenotype can best be described as: A. the genetic makeup of an individual. B. traits that are observable or apparent. C. traits that are expressed in a recessive pattern. D. traits that are expressed in a dominant pattern.
B. traits that are observable or apparent.
local spread
Invasion mechanisms: - Cellular multiplication - Mitotic rate vs. cellular death rate Mechanical pressure Decreased cell-to-cell adhesion Increased motility
factors that affect wound healing
Malnutrition. Blood flow and oxygen delivery (ischemia) Impaired inflammatory and immune responses. Infection, wound separation, and foreign bodies.
acute inflammation
Self limiting Local manifestations-result from vascular changes and corresponding leakage of circulating components into the tissue Heat, swelling, redness, pain Exudative fluids
Which type of transplant rejection is immediate and rare? a. hyperacute b. chronic c. acute d. hyperchronic
a. hyperacute
What is an example of Second Line of Defense? a. skin b. adaptive immunity c. normal bacterial flora d. vascular response
d. vascular response
ionizing radiation
damages the cancer cells DNA goals: - eradicate cancer without excessive toxicity - avoid damage to normal structure
immunodepression
decreased B and/or T Cells causes a decreased or absent antibody response
wound disruption
dehiscence- increases risk of infection
Stage IV
distant metastasis
endothelial cells
- adhere to the underlying connective tissue matrix - Interact with circulating cells, platelets, plasma proteins - Regulate circulating inflammatory components - Damage to these initiates platelet adherence
Type II hypersensitivity
- antibody mediated - cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues and result in complement-mediated phagocytosis and cellular. - mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues.
Eosiniphils
- defense against parasites - regulation of vascular mediators - helps limit and control infection
normal pH range
7.35-7.45
A woman who has just learned that she is pregnant for the first time has sought advice from her health care provider about the safe use of alcohol during pregnancy. What advice should the clinician provide to the woman? A. "It's likely best to eliminate alcohol from your diet while you're pregnant." B. "Moderation in alcohol use is critical while you are pregnant." C. "You should limit yourself to a maximum of one drink daily while you're pregnant." D. "You should drink no alcohol until you are in your second trimester."
A. "It's likely best to eliminate alcohol from your diet while you're pregnant."
The nurse recognizes the role of the lungs in acid-base balance is the regulation of which of the following? A. CO2 B. H2O C. HCO3 D. Hydrogen
A. CO2
The criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome diagnosis require the documented presence of which of the following? (select all that apply) A. Three facial abnormalities B. Growth deficits C. CNS abnormalities D. An absence of all or part of the X chromosome
A. Three facial abnormalities B. Growth deficits C. CNS abnormalities
A client asks the nurse how malignant tumors differ from benign tumors. The best response would be that malignant tumors: A. invade surrounding tissues. B. are surrounded by a fibrous capsule. C. are slower growing. D. are generally smaller in size.
A. invade surrounding tissues.
Impaired epithelialization
Anti-inflammatory steroids, hypoxemia, and nutritional deficiencies
When the nurse is performing a skin assessment on a client, a small wound is noted on the client's right leg. The wound is covered with a desiccated scab. The appropriate action by the nurse is: A. Request a surgical consult B. Document the finding C. Request a chemical debriding agent D. Cover the scab with an antibiotic ointment
B. Document the finding
A client who was recently diagnosed with cancer and is worried that his cancer might spread asks the nurse how cancer spreads? What would be the nurse's best response? A. "Cancer always spreads through the lymph nodes." B. "Cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels." C. "Cancer can only spread through the blood vessels." D. "Cancer can spread through the bone only and that is why many people get bone cancer."
B. "Cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels."
The nurse knows that everyone who experiences stressful life events develops a disease. A. True B. False
B. False
leukemia
Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition.
Clinical manifestations of cancer
Pain Fatigue Cachexia Anemia Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia Infection
A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. On admission, which assessment finding would be considered a localized cardinal sign of acute inflammation? A. Temperature of 101°F (38.3°C) B. Fatigue with listlessness C. Redness and edema at the injured site D. Urine output of less than 500 mL/24 hrs (low)
C. Redness and edema at the injured site
The most reliable method for measuring body water or fluid volume increase is by assessing: A. Tissue turgor B. Intake and output C. Body weight change D. Serum sodium levels
C. Body weight change
Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes or T cells and release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to mature? A. Spleen B. Liver C. Thymus D. Pancreas
C. Thymus
A pregnant client has just undergone cytogenetic studies to determine fetal karyotyping. She learns that her fetus has trisomy 21. Which of the following is a manifestation of this condition? A. Tall stature B. Testicular agenesis C. Gynecomastia D. Epicanthal eye folds
D. Epicanthal eye folds
The nurse is explaining to a colleague the basis of a client's allergy to dust. What statement by the nurse most accurately describes antigens in this situation? A. They have a characteristic four-polypeptide structure consisting of at least two identical binding sites. B. They possess the ability to communicate critical information by cell-to-cell contact. C. Synthesis by leukocytes and the ability to act on other leukocytes interferes with virus multiplication. D. They are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.
D. They are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.
T/F? Alcohol consumption is NOT an environmental risk factor for cancer.
False
passive immunity
PASS immunity transferred from another source - antibodies transferred from mother to baby
What is an example of Secondary Prevention? a. diet and exercise b. immunization c. mandate safe practices like seatbelts d. cardiac rehabilitation
a. diet and exercise
T/F? Seroconversion is the point at which a person converts from HIV negative to HIV positive.
True
T/F? Stress response can be positive or negative.
True
lymphocytes
a type of white blood cell including natural killer cells, T-cells, B-cells
What does this ABG represent? pH 7.20, PaCO2 39 mmHg, HCO3 15 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
a. Metabolic acidosis
What does this ABG represent? pH 7.21, PaCO2 41 mmHg, HCO3 16 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
a. Metabolic acidosis
What does this ABG represent? pH 7.27, PaCO2 40 mmHg, HCO3 18 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
a. Metabolic acidosis
Which of the following arterial blood gas results would be consistent with metabolic alkalosis? a. Serum bicarbonate of 28 mEq/L b. pH 7.30 c. Serum bicarbonate of 21 mEq/L d. pH 7.26
a. Serum bicarbonate of 28 mEq/L
A patient who is being treated for pneumonia starts complaining of sudden shortness of breath. An arterial blood gas (ABG) is drawn. The ABG has the following values: pH 7.21, PaCO2 64 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mm Hg. What does the ABG reflect? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
b. Respiratory acidosis
Which antibody is produced first during primary response to an antigen? a. IgD b. IgG c. IgM d. IgE
c. IgM
isotonic IV solution
equal solute inside and outside of cell equal water inside and outside of cell no net movement CELL REMAINS NORMAL
hypotonic IV solution
higher solute inside higher water outside water moves in CELL SWELLS
hypertonic IV solution
higher solution outside of cell higher water inside water moves out CELL SHRINKS
dysfunction during proliferation phase
impaired collagen matrix assembly - hypertrophic scar - keloid scar
second line of defense immunity
inflammatory response first response to injury vascular response local manifestations: redness, heat, edema, pain
first line of defense immunity
innate immunity- natural physical barriers: skin, vomiting, cilia and mucus, sloughing off of cells, coughing and sneezing
Chemotherapy
use of nonselective cytotoxic drugs that target cellular machinery or metabolic pathways critical to both malignant and normal cell growth and replication goal: eliminate enough tumor cells so the body's defense can be eradicate any remaining cells
cytotoxic
will cause cell death
Primary intention
wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss
Secondary intention
wounds that require a great deal more tissue replacement (open wound)
inflammation in pediatrics
- neonates have transiently depressed inflammatory & immune function - neutrophils not capable of efficient chemotaxis - neonates express complement deficiency - develop overwhelming sepsis
neutrophils
- early inflammatory response - ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris - cells are short lived and become a component of purulent exudate
Type I hypersensitivity
- immediate hypersensitivity- anaphylactic - IgE-mediated associated with the widespread release of histamine into the system causing massive vasodilation, hypotension, arterial hypoxia, and airway edema. - dependent upon IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils and the subsequent release of chemical mediators of the inflammatory response
Viruses and Cancer
-implicated: -Hepatitis B and C viruses- liver cancer -Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- B cell lymphoma -Human papillomavirus (HPV)- cervical and penile cancer
normal HCO3:
22-26
The daughter of a 79-year-old woman asks the nurse why her mother gets so many infections. The daughter states, "My mother has always been healthy, but now she has pneumonia. Last month she got cellulitis from a bug bite she scratched. The month before that was some other infection. How come she seems to get sick so often now?" What is the nurse's best response? A. As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger. B. About the time we are 75 or 76 years old, our immune system quits working. C. Your mother just seems to be prone to getting infections. D. Your mother gets infections frequently because she wants attention from you.
A. As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger.
Select the statement that best describes autoimmune disease. A. Autoimmune diseases represent a disruption in self-tolerance that results in damage to body tissues by the immune system. B. Autoimmune diseases represent an increase in self-tolerance that results in damage to body tissues by the immune system. C. Autoimmune diseases result from an overuse of antibiotics that causes damage to body tissues by the immune system. D. Autoimmune diseases represent overuse of the immune system that causes damage to the body tissues.
A. Autoimmune diseases represent a disruption in self-tolerance that results in damage to body tissues by the immune system.
When caring for a client with hyperkalemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of which body system? A. Cardiovascular B. Hepatic C. Cerebrovascular D. Pulmonary
A. Cardiovascular
What assessment would a nurse expect to find when caring for a client with metabolic acidosis? Select all that apply. A. Decreased level of consciousness B. Warm and flushed skin C. Increased cardiac output D. Increased urine acidity E. Constipation
A. Decreased level of consciousness B. Warm and flushed skin D. Increased urine acidity
A client with environmental allergies is experiencing respiratory inflammation. Which mediator causes vasodilation during the vascular stage of the inflammatory response? A. Histamine B. Adhesion molecules C. Memory T cells D. Leukotrienes
A. Histamine
The nurse is caring for a client with an accumulation of 2.5 cm of darkened tissue scar over the area of a 3-mm injury. How does the nurse correctly document this finding in the medical record? A. Keloid B. Thrombus C. Tumor D. Hernia
A. Keloid
The nurse is caring for a client with worsening respiratory acidosis. Which of these interventions does the nurse anticipate if the client's condition continues to deteriorate? A. Mechanical ventilation B. Reducing the amount of supplemental oxygen C. Resolution of the underlying emotional cause D. Introduction of large muscle exercise
A. Mechanical ventilation
A client tells the nurse that the client has been taking Alka-Seltzer (bicarbonate—antacid) four times a day for the past 2 weeks for an upset stomach. Upon assessment of the client, the nurse notes hyperactive reflexes, tetany, and mental confusion. Arterial blood gases reveal pH 7.55; serum HCO3− 37 mEq/L (37 mmol/L). The nurse suspects the client may be experiencing: A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis
A. Metabolic alkalosis
The single parent is grieving the recent loss of his only child and has limited coping abilities. Which health problem may be induced by this acute stress? Select all that apply. A. Obesity B. Diabetes type 1 C. Anxiety D. Hypertension E. Migraines
A. Obesity C. Anxiety D. Hypertension E. Migraines
The hand-off report to the nurse of a client with cancer includes that the client is scheduled for palliative surgery. The nurse interprets this to mean that the goal of the client's surgery is to do which of the following? A. Relieve the client's symptoms B. Stage the cancer C. Diagnose the cancer D. Determine the extent of metastasis
A. Relieve the client's symptoms
The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis. Which of these arterial blood gas results supports this diagnosis? A. pH of 7.50 and HCO3 of 45 mEq/L (45 mmol/L) B. pH of 7.25 and HCO3 of 18 mEq/L (18 mmol/L) C. pH of 7.45 and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L (24 mmol/L) D. pH of 7.35 and HCO3 of 22 mEq/L (22 mmol/L)
A. pH of 7.50 and HCO3 of 45 mEq/L (45 mmol/L)
A mother who is with her son when a cast is removed from his arm asks the nurse "What is wrong with my son's arm? It looks so small!" What is the nurse's best response? A."The cells have atrophied due to lack of use and will regain their size as he starts to use the arm." B."The cast has squeezed the arm and decreased its size." C."There is less fluid in the arm due to the arm's being compressed." D."The child has lost weight."
A."The cells have atrophied due to lack of use and will regain their size as he starts to use the arm."
What is the term for dysfunctional wound healing that is due to impaired collagen matrix assembly? a. keloid scar b. dehiscence c. contracture d. inflammation
a. keloid scar
The nurse is caring for four clients. Select the client who is at greatest risk for decreased wound healing. A. A poorly nourished but active 50-year-old man B. A 76-year-old client who has undergone an elective knee surgery C. An 80-year-old diabetic client with a foot ulcer D. A 10-year-old client who is post-appendectomy
C. An 80-year-old diabetic client with a foot ulcer
The nurse caring for a bedridden client who has sacral edema plans care to prevent risk from what type of injury? A. Stress fractures B. Gastrointestinal bleeding C. Pressure ulcers D. Contractures
C. Pressure ulcers
A client who is postoperative day 1 following a total thyroidectomy is reporting "twitchy" muscles and tingling in his fingertips and around his lips. The nurse's assessment reveals a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse should: A. promptly facilitate an ECG. B. discontinue the client's IV fluid infusion and inform the physician. C. prepare to administer IV calcium gluconate, as ordered. D. arrange for immediate assessment of sodium and potassium levels.
C. prepare to administer IV calcium gluconate, as ordered.
Which cell of inflammation is responsible for wound healing? a. monocytes and macrophages b. platelets c. neutrophil d. eosinophil
a. monocytes and macrophages
Which of the following single gene disorders RARELY impacts females? a. x-linked recessive b. y-linked recessive c. autosomal dominant d. autosomal recessive
a. x-linked recessive
Which is least likely to contribute to the spread of HIV infection? A. Vaginal intercourse B. Sharing of intravenous needles C. Oral sex D. Mosquitoes
D. Mosquitoes
active immunity
acquired when the host mounts an immune response to an antigen either through the process of vaccination or environmental exposure
Alloimmunity
an immune response to non-self antigens from members of the same species - graft rejections or blood group antigens
TNM system
T- tumor spread N- node involvement M- presence of distant metastasis
T/F? Aneuploidy is a body (somatic) cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes.
True
Which type of growth is slow growing and has a well-defined capsule? a. benign b. metastatic c. malignant d. carcinoma in-situ
a. benign
In what way does a person develop active immunity? a. immunizations b. antibodies c. immunoglobins d. immunodeficiency
a. immunizations
64 y.o. unknown PMH found collapsed, unresponsive with minimal, shallow respiratory effort ABG: results PH 7.25 CO2 60 O2 50 HCO3 24
respiratory acidosis
30 y.o. male with PMH of Post-traumatic stress disorder presents feeling lightheaded and dizzy ABG Results PH 7.60 CO2 25 O2 100 HCO3 24
respiratory alkalosis
metasteses
secondary growths derived from a primary malignant neoplasm spread through lymph and blood requires great efficacy and usually occurs late
Stage III
spread to regional structures
surgical treatment for cancer
to prevent cancer (colon polyps) biopsy for staging and diagnosing lymph node sampling debulking palliative surgery- relieve pain
Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant and found in all body fluids? a. IgA b. IgG c. IgM d. IgE
b. IgG
What does this ABG represent? pH 7.29, PaCO2 52 mmHg, HCO3 24 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
b. Respiratory acidosis
What does this ABG represent? pH 7.34, PaCO2 49 mmHg, HCO3 26 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
b. Respiratory acidosis
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), decreased carbon dioxide elimination results in increased carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood, leading to which of the following acid-base imbalances? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis- not getting rid of CO2 c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
b. Respiratory acidosis- not getting rid of CO2
What is the term for someone who has a disease gene but does not have the disease process? a. conveyor b. carrier c. messenger d. envoy
b. carrier
Which type of exudative fluid is thick and indicates advanced inflammation? a. serous b. fibrinous c. purulent d. hemorrhagic
b. fibrinous
Stage 2 cancer is defined as : a. no metastasis b. local invasion c. spread to regional structures d. distant metastases
b. local invasion
When evaluating arterial blood gases (ABGs), which value is consistent with metabolic alkalosis? a. HCO3 21 mEq/L b. pH 7.48 c. PaCO2 36 d. O2 saturation 95%
b. pH 7.48
T/F? Adaptive Immunity and Innate Immunity are basic parts of the immune system.
true
macrophages
typically arrive at the inflammatory site 24 hours or later after neutrophils orchestrate the wound healing process
inflammatory phase
usually lasts 1-2 days
Which syndrome is a common chromosomal disease in males due to an extra sex chromosome? a. Downs syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Klinefelter syndrome d. Fragile X
c. Klinefelter syndrome
What does this ABG represent? pH 7.55, PaCO2 38 mmHg, HCO3 32 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
c. Metabolic alkalosis
Which T cell destroys cancer cells or virus infected cells? a. memory T cells b. helper T cells c. cytotoxic T cells d. memory T cells
c. cytotoxic T cells
What is a systemic manifestation of acute inflammation? a. redness b. swelling c. fever d. exudate
c. fever
One of the most common types of childhood cancer is: a. lymphoma b. lipoma c. leukemia d. glioma
c. leukemia
Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) begins with the actions of adrenal hormones - fight or flight? a. alarm stage b. exhaustion stage c. resistance/adaptation stage d. hyperactive stage
c. resistance/adaptation stage
Which hypersensitivity reaction is immune complex mediated? a. type I b. type II c. type III d. type IV
c. type III
Type IV hypersensitivity
cell mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) - composed of a spectrum of disorders that range from mild to severe in clinical presentation. - involves tissue damage in which cell-mediated immune responses with sensitized T lymphocytes cause cell and tissue injury.
Which genetic disorder is autosomal recessive and considered the most common lethal inherited disease in Caucasians? a. Trisomy 21 b. Downs syndrome c. Osteogenesis imperfecta d. Cystic fibrosis
d. Cystic fibrosis
Which of the following viruses has been known to cause Cancer? a. hepatitis D b. herpes simplex c. varicella d. HPV
d. HPV
1. What does this ABG represent? pH 7.50, PaCO2 18 mmHg, HCO3 25 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Respiratory alkalosis
A client comes to the emergency department with status asthmaticus. His respiratory rate is 48 breaths/minute, and he is wheezing. An arterial blood gas analysis reveals a pH of 7.52, a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 30 mm Hg, PaO2 of 70 mm Hg, and bicarbonate (HCO3) of 26 mEq/L. What disorder is indicated by these findings? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Respiratory alkalosis
A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas (ABG) values of a client admitted with pneumonia: pH, 7.51; PaCO2, 28 mm Hg; PaO2, 70 mm Hg; and HCO3, 24 mEq/L. What do these values indicate? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Respiratory alkalosis
Which disorder is caused by multiple factors and impacts embryonic development of the face? a. osteogenesis imperfecta b. cleft lip and palate c. neurofibromatosis d. fetal alcohol syndrome
d. fetal alcohol syndrome
Which cellular adaptation is caused by increased workload? a. atrophy b. metaplasia c. hyperplasia d. hypertrophy
d. hypertrophy
What is NOT an etiologic factor? (cause of disease) a. biological agents b. chemical agents c. nutritional abnormalities d. morphologic agents
d. morphologic agents
The nurse is interpreting blood gases for a client with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Which set of blood gas values indicates respiratory acidosis? a. pH 7.87, PaCO2 38, HCO3 28 b. pH 7.47, PaCO2 28, HCO3 30 c. pH 7.49, PaCO2 34, HCO3 25 d. pH 7.25, PaCO2 48, HCO3 24
d. pH 7.25, PaCO2 48, HCO3 24
A client with Guillain-Barré syndrome develops respiratory acidosis as a result of reduced alveolar ventilation. Which combination of arterial blood gas (ABG) values confirms respiratory acidosis? a. pH, 7.50; PaCO2 30 mm Hg b. pH, 7.40; PaCO2 35 mm Hg c. pH, 7.35; PaCO2 40 mm Hg d. pH, 7.25; PaCO2 50 mm Hg
d. pH, 7.25; PaCO2 50 mm Hg
malignant tumor
grow rapidly not encapsulated invasive metastasize named according to the tissues from which they arise - malignant epithelial tumors = carcinomas - malignant connective tissue tumors = sarcomas
benign tumor
grow slowly well encapsulated not invasive well differentiated do not metastasize named according to the tissues which they arise include the suffix "-oma"
Bacteria and Cancer
helicobacter pylori - chronic infections are associated with: - peptic ulcer disease - stomach carcinoma - mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas
Type III hypersensitivity
immune complex mediated caused by the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes in the bloodstream, which are later deposited in vascular epithelium or extravascular tissues.
Autoimmunity
immune response to one's own antigens, including healthy cells and tissues - celiac, MS, IBS, Type 1 DM, Graves, Addisons
chronic inflammation
lasting days to years often related to an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
Stage II
local invasion
Carcinoma insitu (CIS)
localized preinvasive lesion
lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
19 y.o. female with DM Type 1 presents with polydipsia, polyuria, fever, hyperglycemia ABG pH 7.18 CO2 35 O2 96 HCO3 16
metabolic acidosis
28 y.o. male with PMH Crohn's Disease reports increased liquid stool along with fever, nausea and vomiting ABG pH 7.50 CO2 45 O2 94 HCO3 30
metabolic alkalosis
Stage I
no metastasis
metabolic alkalosis
pH: high CO2: WNL HCO3: high
respiratory alkalosis
pH: high CO2: low HCO3: WNL
metabolic acidosis
pH: low CO2: WNL HCO3: low
respiratory acidosis
pH: low CO2: high HCO3: WNL
What is the study of changes to the body that cause disease
pathophysiology
monocytes
produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages
immunoglobulins
protein molecule antibodies. Five classes include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE
edema
puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid
hormone therapy
receptor activation or blockage interferes with cellular growth and signaling
