Exam 1

At # ________________ the membrane is hyperpolarized due to movement of __________ the cell through ion channels in the membrane. # 1, Na+ into # 3, Na+ into # 3, K+ out of # 4, K+ into # 4, K+ out of

# 4, K+ out of

Force and movement would be caused by which of the following steps of the cross bridge cycle? 1. RST 2. MNO 3. GHI 4. None of the above 5. XYZ

1. RST

If a muscle fiber had higher myosin ATPase activity, that would speed up which of the following steps of the cross bridge cycle?

XYZ

Match the following events of the cross bridge cycle with the appropriate portion of the cycle: myosin ATPase breaks down ATP "Power Stroke" (force, movement produced) "coupling" dissociation

XYZ RST MNO GHI

The sarcomere corresponds to which point on this length-tension curve?

Y

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating eye movements and balance? a. vestibulocerebellum b. none of these c. spinocerebellum d. supplementary motor area e. cerebrocerebellum

a. vestibulocerebellum

Which of the following is/are true about the following figure? a. Muscle R likely has long fibers b. Muscle M likely has long fibers c. Muscle Q likely has short fibers d. Two of these answers ARE true e. Muscle N likely has a small cross sectional area

b. Muscle M likely has long fibers

If you put a red blood cell in a solution that was slightly hypertonic relative to our body fluids, what would happen to the red blood cell? a. it would retain its normal shape and function b. it would crenate c. it would swell d. it would lyse

b. it would crenate

The primary types of tissues do NOT include which of the following a. two of these are NOT primary tissue types b. connective c. cardiac d. epithelial e. nervous

c. cardiac

The type of graded potential that occurs in sensory recpetors is called a __________________________________ potential a. end plate potential b. excitatory post-synaptic potentia c. action potential d. receptor potential e. pacemaker potential

d. receptor potential

We NET approximately _ ATP per NADH and __ ATP per FADH2

2.5, 1.5

for EACH TURN of the citric acid cycle we: a. give off 2 molecules of CO2 b. 3 NADH c. all of these answers are True d. get 1 FADH2 e. only two of these answers are true f. get 1 ATP (via GTP)

C. all of these answers are True

Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter involved in autonomic nervous system function. Which are true about its roles:

E - two of the above

Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with curare, they would likely experience _____________________ a. flacid paralysis b. spastic paralysis c. tetanus

a. flacid paralysis

Which of the following would help us to determine if a perceived sensation was stronger or weaker (e.g. stronger taste/weaker tase, dim light/bright light, soft sound/loud sound)? a. spatial summation b. population coding c. frequency coding d. law of specific nerve energies e. law of adequate stimulus f. law of projection g. temporal summation

b. population coding c. frequency coding

In which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of actin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length. a. two of these answers b. H Zone c. between the H zone and the Z line d. I band e. A band

b. H Zone

Ruffini corpuscles are sensory receptors in our skin that can detect skin stretch and tend not to adapt. Which of the following is/are most likely to be true? a. they are thermoreceptors b. they are tonic receptors c. their adequate stimulus is vibration d. if you stimulated it electrically, you would feel pain e. they are phasic receptors

b. they are tonic receptors

Which of the following is/are related to the activity of the electron transport chain? a. it is how we break down glucose to pyruvate and make ATP b. it is how we make NADH and FADH2 c. the energy from transferring electrons from one carrier to the next is used to drive the pumping of hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space d. Three of these answers e. it is how we break down fatty acids to AcCoA

c. the energy from transferring electrons from one carrier to the next is used to drive the pumping of hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space

___________________________ are spinal cord tracts involved in voluntary control of movement that go from the cortex down the spinal cord to stimulate motor neurons. a. vesibulospinal tracts b. efferent nervous system c. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system d. Corticopsinal tracts e. Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts

d. Corticopsinal tracts

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic nervous system? a. All of these ARE true b. sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord at the lumbar and Thoracic levels c. Three of these are NOT true d. sympathetic nervous system has short pre-ganglionic nerve fibers e. parasympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers f. sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

f. sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

when the hormone oxytocin is secreted during child birth it promotes uterine contractions, which in turn causes more oxytocin to be released. This is an example of what type of feedback control?

positive feedback

The membrane potential when the concentration and electrical gradients for potassium are equal would be at # __________, and an approximate value for this membrane potential in neurons would be approximately _______ # 11, -50 mV # 10, - 90 mV #9, -70 mV # 9, -90 mV # 12, +60 mV

# 9, -90 mV

The extracellular fluid is typically equivalent to approximately a ____% NaCl solution. a. 0.9 b. 300 c. 2.0 d. 150 e. 0

0.9 %

Put the following events in the cAMP second messenger system in order: hormone binds with receptor activation of G protein activation of adenylyl cyclase ATP converted to cAMP activation of protein kinase A specific proteins get phosphorylated

1 2 3 4 5 6

Put the following events in the cAMP second messenger system in order: hormone binds with receptor activation of G protein activation of adenylyl cyclase ATP converted to cAMP activation of protein kinase A specific proteins get phosphorylated

1 2 3 4 5 6

Match the following anatomical structures with the best description of its function 1. bring information towards the soma 2. the cell body of a neuron 3. where action potentials start 4. brings information away from the soma 5. make myelin in the central nervous system

1. Dendrites 2. soma 3. axon hillock 4. axon 5. oligodendrocytes

If the muscle had previously been at rest, then uncovering of mysoin binding sites on actin would have occured just prior to which of the following steps of the cross bridge cycle? 1. GHI 2. None of the above 3. MNO 4. XYZ 5. RST

3. MNO

Palmitic acid is a commen fatty acid in foods that we eat and it is 16 carbons long. If Palmitic acid were broken down via beta oxidation, how many molecules of AcetylCoA would be produced?

8

voluntary control of movement is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex

A - frontal

If you suspect that your patient had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke) and they have impaired ability to control their left leg, but they retained their ability to feel sensations on their left leg then their stroke was likely in which part of the brain? you need to select three of the following (A or B, C or D, AND E, F, G, or H)

A - right C - medial E - frontal lobe

Which of the following would likely decrease the rate of net diffusion the most? An increase in concentration gradient A decrease in distance A lower in molecular weight An decrease in surface area A decrease in lipid solubility

A decrease in lipid solubility

Which of the following is/are NOT an event that takes place during muscle development? Myoblasts proliferate Myoblasts fuse and form a myotube As a myotube myonuclei are centrally located Myonuclei migrate to just below the sarcolemma as the myotube turns to a muscle fiber All of the above ARE events during muscle development

All of the above ARE events during muscle development

During the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential, whitch of the following is/are NOT true? potassium ions are leaving the cell potassium ion channels are open the membrane potential is becoming more negative a second action potential can occur, but only if there is an extra strong simulus All of the above ARE true

All of the above ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic nervous system?

B - sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

Skeletal muscle can experience large fluctuations in metabolic needs. When skeletal muscle experiences a sudden increase in ATP demand, the fastest means of generating this ATP is Breaking down glucose by anaerobic glycolysis Breaking down fatty acids by Beta oxidation Using the electron transport chain Breaking down phosphocreatine to make ATP Two of the above are correct

Breaking down phosphocreatine to make ATP

Which of the following statements is/are NOT true regarding osmosis, water movement, and cell shape? A. If a red blood cell was placed in an isotonic solution the cell would retain its normal biconcave disc shape B. If your patient was experiencing hyponatremia, their red blood cells would likely be swollen C. If a red blood cell was placed in a 0.9% NaCl solution, more water would leave the cell than enter it D. If your patient was severely dehydrated and their body fluids became hypertonic, their red blood cells would likely shrink (crenate) E. Three of the above

C. If a red blood cell was placed in a 0.9% NaCl solution, more water would leave the cell than enter it

The parasympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs.

D - Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic

Which of the following are NOT true regarding refractory periods in neurons?

D - All of the above ARE true about the refractory periods

Which of the following is/are NOT true about osmosis? A. The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane is by osmosis B. If a cell's membrane had aquaporins in it, the water movement across the membrane could be greater C. Osmotic pressure is the main force that promotes osmosis across a semi-permeable membrane D. Water will tend to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration E. All of the above ARE true

D. Water will tend to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration

Which of the following is/are true about how extracellular messengers (1st messengers like hormones or neurotransmitters) signal changes in target cells? . steroid hormones act via intracellular receptors that can bind DNA and initiate transcription of specific genes b. 1st messengers can activate the cyclic AMP and IP3 second messenger systems are by binding with G protein coupled receptors c. Two of these answers d. Some neurotransmitters bind with receptors channels (chemically gated channels) and cause changes in the target cell by allowing selective movement of ions e. once a Tyrosine kinase receptors bind with the 1st messenger they phosphorylate themselves f. All of these answers

E - All of the above

for EACH TURN of the citric acid cycle we:

E - all of the above

which of the following are NOT true about the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and the events that occur there?

Each muscle fiber has several neuromuscular junction.

At the onset of exercise, the rate of ATP use increases dramatically. Which of the following is/are true about meeting muscular ATP demands at the onset of activity? A. resting muscle ATP concentrations are sufficient to meet the needs of the 1st minute of exercise B. resting muscle ATP concentrations are low, so we need a rapid mechanism of increasing ATP production C. the phosphocreatine system helps the muscle meet the high ATP demand at the start of exercise D. aerobic metabolism is able to increase its activity to meet the ATP demand within the first few seconds of exercise E. A & C F. B & C

F. B & C

Which of the following statements best explains the Warburg effect? A. it relates to the greater use of fats by cancer cells B. it relates to the reduced use of glucose by cancer cells C. it relates to the elevated use of glucose and glycolysis in cancer cells D. it relates to increased production of lactate by cancer cells E. A & B F. C & D

F. C & D

Which of the following statements best explains the Warburg effect? A. it relates to the greater use of fats by cancer cells B. it relates to the reduced use of glucose by cancer cells C. it relates to the elevated use of glucose and glycolysis in cancer cells D. it relates to increased production of lactate by cancer cells E. A & B F. C & D

F. C & D

This question is about inhibitory synapse function. Put the following events in order: (note: some events have been skipped) a. post-synaptic cell has IPSPs b. opening of chloride ion (Cl-) channels c. tight junctions allow vessicles to fuse with the synaptic knob membrane d. neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis e. opening of calcium channels f. post-synaptic cell has EPSPs g. V snares on vessicles fuse with T snares on the inside of the synaptic knob membrane h. Action potential spreads to synaptic knob

H E G D A

Which of the following fiber types would have the lowest frequency required to achevie tetanus? I IIA IIX IIAX IIC

I

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest succinate dehydrogenase activity? (SDH catalyzes a step in the citric acid cycle) I IIX IIC IIA IIAX

I

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest ATPase activity? IIA IIAX I IIC IIX

I

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest amount of SERCAs? IIA IIAX IIX IIC I

I

Myosin heavy chain IIX would be the predominant type of myosin in which fiber type? I IIC IIA IIX IIAX

IIX

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest capillary density? IIAX IIA IIC I IIX

IIX

Match numbers and letters on this figure with the terms, descriptions, and/or values that best matches it. J H #4 #2 F G D K B #1 #3

J: K+ Equilibrium potential H: Threshold #4: Na+ influx (Na+ moving into the cell) #2: repolarization F: End of the absolute refractory period G: no term or description provided here matches this part of the figure D: -70mV K: -90 mV B: +30 mV #1 hyperpolarization #3: Na+ channels become inactivated

In our recent lectures we discussed several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power, and muscle length. Which of the following figures best depicts the force-velocity curve during concentric and eccentric actions? L M N O P none of these

L

In our recent lab we did experiments related to several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power, and muscle length. Which of the following figures best depicts the force-velocity curve during concentric and eccentric actions? L M N O P none of these

P

If the muscle were at rest, then the status of actin and myosin would be most simmilar to which of the following partsof the cross bridge cycle? 1. None of the above 2. T 3. X 4. R 5. Z

Z

Muscle architecture influences muscle performance. Which of the following is/are NOT true about how the arrangement of muscle fibers influences force production pennate arrangements tend to increase physiological cross sectional area (PSCA) fusiform arrangements are associated with long fibers, this arrangement is beneficial for velocity & range of motion a muscle with greater physiological cross-sectional area would be stronger than a muscle with smaller PCSA a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers three of the above

a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers

Which of the following is NOT a role of the cerebellum a. All of these ARE roles of the cerebellum b. Regulation of muscle tone c. Maintenance of balance and control of eye movements d. Coordination of skilled voluntary movement e. None of these ARE roles of the cerebellum

a. All of these ARE roles of the cerebellum

Which of the following statements is not completely correct? a. Epigenetics is about how the environment changes our DNA base pairs b. It is possible to get more than one protein from a gene due to alternative splicing; not all exons may be translated into a protein c. Human's 20,000 genes constitute < 2% of the 3.2 billion base pairs of the human genome d. during translation peptide bonds are formed between amino acids e. three of these answers f. The tRNA anticodon for the methionene start codon is UAC

a. Epigenetics is about how the environment changes our DNA base pairs

The sympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs. a. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic b. Acetylcholine, nicotinic cholinergic c. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic d. two of these e. Epinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic

a. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic

In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction. a. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. Most of the calcium comes from the extracellular fluid c. Dihyrdopyridine receptors release calcium d. SERCAs release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum e. IP3 causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

a. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is/are true about pennate muscles? a. This fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area b. This fiber arrangement is associated with high maximal shortening velocitites c. Two of these d. This fiber arrangement is associated with good range of motion e. This fiber arrangement is associated with more sarcoplasmic reticulum

a. This fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ prevents release of acetylcholine from the terminal bouton. a. botulinum toxin b. Myasthenia Gravis c. Curare d. Black Widow Spider Venom e. organophosphates

a. botulinum toxin

Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject accidentally consumed the boulinum toxin, they would likely experience ______________ a. flacid paralysis b. spastic paralysis c. tetanus

a. flacid paralysis

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating skilled movements? a. spinocerebellum b. none of these c. supplementary motor area d. vestibulocerebellum e. cerebrocerebellum

a. spinocerebellum

Hearing, speaking and language functions are especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. temporal b. cerebellum c. occipital d. parietal e. frontal

a. temporal

A number of events must occur at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to allow the nervous system to stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle. Please put the following events in order. A blank figure of the NMJ is provided below to help you visualize these events. Note: some events have been skipped. action potential propagation down the axon via saltatory conduction opening of voltage gated calcium channels acetylcholine binds with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors acetylcholine released from the terminal bouton by exocytosis acetylcholine traverses binds with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors formation of an end plate potential action potential is initiated on the sarcolemma acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine

a. first b. second c. not a part of this reflex d. third e. fourth f. fifth g. sixth h. seventh

The components of a negative feedback loop include

all of the above

Insulin is a peptide hormone made by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It is initially made as a precursor peptide called preproinsulin, which is then modified to form proinsulin and this is eventually converted to insulin, which can be secreted. Which of the following is/are likely true? Select all that apply. preproinsulin is likely synthesized by free ribosomes at the ribosome, the first amino acid in the sequence for preproinsulin is likely to be methionene insulin is likely packaged into secretory vessicles by the golgi apparatus preproinsulin is likely synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum SNARE proteins are likely required for insulin to be secreted

at the ribosome, the first amino acid in the sequence for preproinsulin is likely to be methionene insulin is likely packaged into secretory vessicles by the golgi apparatus preproinsulin is likely synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum SNARE proteins are likely required for insulin to be secreted

If you wanted to speak about something you heard, what would be the role of each of the following

auditory cortex matches reception & integration of auditory information parietal-temporal-ocipital association cortex matches integrates variety of sensory inputs Wernicke's area matches Choice and sequence of words to be spoken are develped Brocca's area matches converts message into programmed sound pattern primary motor cortex matches sends signals to specific muscles in appropriate order speach-related muscles matches allows subject to speak

Which of the following cell types produce myelin? a. Microglia b. Oligodendrocytes c. Astrocytes d. Schwann Cells e. Interneurons f. Satellite cells

b. Oligodendrocytes d. Schwann Cells

You put a red blood cell on a microscope slide, and you put a drop of 3.2% NaCl solution on the drop of blood. The temperature in the room and the fluids is 22 degrees Celsius. Which of the following is/are true about this scenario? a. water would be expected to be entering the cell b. we would expect to see the cells crenate c. equal amounts of water would enter and leave the cell d. we would expect to see the cells swell or lyse e. the cells would retain their size, shape and function f. water would be expected to be leaving the cell

b. we would expect to see the cells crenate f. water would be expected to be leaving the cell

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the A band? a. it is approximately 1.6 μm ; the length of the thick filament b. All of these answers ARE true c. In humans, the triads are near the ends of the A band where they meet the I band d. the M line is in the middle zone of the A band e. the thick and thin filaments overlap for a portion of the A band

b. All of these answers ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about titin? a. It connects between the thick filament and near the junction of thin fliaments and the Z-line b. All of these answers are true about titin c. It may get wrapped around the thin filament during eccentric actions d. It contributes to the elastic properties of muscle and passive tension e. If you stretch a muscle passively you stretch a large segment of the titin filament

b. All of these answers are true about titin

Which of the following is/are NOT true about EPSPs? a. it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold b. EPSPs can spead down long axons to cause the release of neurotransmitters c. 50 or more EPSPs are commonly required to cause an action potential in the post synaptic cell d. it is a type of graded potential e. it stands for excitatory post-synaptic potential

b. EPSPs can spead down long axons to cause the release of neurotransmitters

Phosphorylase catalyzes which of the following processes? a. Glycolysis b. Glycogenolysis c. None of the above d. Glycogenesis e. Gluconeogenesis

b. Glycogenolysis

The __________________________ is the part of the central nervous system that regulates body temperature, thirst, urine output, and food intake. a. None of these b. Hypothalamus c. Cerebellum d. Limbic system e. Thalamus

b. Hypothalamus

In which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of myosin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length. a. H Zone b. I band c. two of these answers d. between the H zone and the Z line e. A band

b. I band

In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction. a. SERCAs release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. Dihyrdopyridine receptors release calcium d. Most of the calcium comes from the extracellular fluid e. IP3 causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

b. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Our nervous system's ability to determine the exact nature of a stimulus (the intensity, location, and type of sensation) is truly incredible. _______________________ explains how the Central Nervous System is able to perceive the type of stimulus; no matter how the receptor is stimulated, the perceived sensation will always be what the receptor was meant for. a. None of the above b. The Law of Specific Nerve Energies c. The Law of Projection d. Thalamic Relay e. The Law of Adequate Stimulus

b. The Law of Specific Nerve Energies

In skeletal muscle, in order to stimulate muscle contraction, calcium concentrations in the cytoplasm must increase. When calcium enters the cytoplasm, it binds with ______________________, this is the critical step that determines whether or not skeletal muscle contracts. a. Ryanodine receptors b. Troponin c. Myosin d. Tropomyosin e. actin

b. Troponin

Some sensory receptors may stop having receptor potentials even though the stimulus is still present. This means the subject will not perceive the stimulus even though it is present. This is the principle of __________________________, which happens in receptors that are classified as _______________________. a. projection, mechanoreceptors b. adaptation, phasic receptors c. threshold, exteroreceptors d. adaptation, tonic receptors

b. adaptation, phasic receptors

Which of the following is true about potassium (K+) and nerve cells? a. if potassium ion channels open, we would expect K+ to leave the cell b. all of these c. at rest, the membrane is more permeable to potassium than sodium d. only two of these are true e. K+ is found in higher concentrations inside the cell

b. all of these

Which of the following is NOT a property of neural communication? a. the nervous system can communicate over long distances in the body b. electrical signals are typically passed from one neuron to antother through a channel c. specificity is based on location; signals are only sent to cells that the neuron synapses with d. is faster than endocrine communication e. neural signalling tends to not last as long as endocrine signalling

b. electrical signals are typically passed from one neuron to antother through a channel

Which of the following is/are NOT true about IPSPs? a. they are associated with hyperpolarization of the membrane potential b. it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold c. it is a type of graded potential d. if there were 50 EPSPs and 50 IPSPs the membrane potential would likely stay close to resting values e. it stands for inhibitory post-synaptic potential

b. it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold

The __________________________________________________ states that no matter where along a sensory pathway you stimulate, the perceived ssensation will always be in the location of the receptors. a. Weber-Fechner law b. law of projection c. law of specific nerve energies d. adequate stimulus

b. law of projection

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and thus prevents breakdown of acetylcholine a. Curare b. organophosphates c. Black Widow Spider Venom d. Myasthenia Gravis e. botulinum toxin

b. organophosphates

Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with organophosphates, they would likely experience a. fatigue b. spastic paralysis c. flacid paralysis

b. spastic paralysis

Aldolase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. Which of the following statements is/are most likely to be true? select all that apply a. the enzyme would normally be found in an organelle b. the enzyme would normally be found in the cytoplasm c. it would be translated by ribosomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum d. it would be translated by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm e. if a person had a mutation in the gene encoding for this enzyme, they would likely have elevated cellular levels of pyruvate

b. the enzyme would normally be found in the cytoplasm d. it would be translated by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere? a. There would be three thick filaments around each thin filament b. This is where we would find alpha-actinin c. It would be in part of the A band d. There would be six thin filaments around each thick filament e. Two of these answeers

b. This is where we would find alpha-actinin

Aldolase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. Which of the following statements is/are most likely to be true? select all that apply a. the enzyme would normally be found in an organelle b. the enzyme would normally be found in the cytoplasm c. it would be translated by ribosomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum d. it would be translated by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm e. if a person had a mutation in the gene encoding for this enzyme, they would likely have elevated cellular levels of pyruvate

b. the enzyme would normally be found in the cytoplasm d. it would be translated by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic nervous system? a. Three of these are NOT true b. parasympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers c. sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers d. sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord at the lumbar and Thoracic levels e. sympathetic nervous system has short pre-ganglionic nerve fibers f. All of these ARE true

c. sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

The parasympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs. a. two of these b. Epinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic c. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic d. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic e. Acetylcholine, nicotinic cholinergic

c. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic

Which of the following are NOT true regarding refractory periods in neurons? a. The absolute refractory period occurs because after opening, Na+ channels become inactivated b. The relative refractory period occurs because after an action potential, the membrane is transiently hyperpolarized c. All of the above ARE true about the refractory periods d. Only two of the above are NOT true about the refractory periods e. The refractory periods ensure unidirectional propagation of action potentials

c. All of the above ARE true about the refractory periods

Which of the following is/are NOT true about passive tension? a. It contributes to muscle force production during locomotion but does not cost any ATP b. only two of these answers ARE true c. All of these answers ARE true d. It is created by stretching the elastic components of the muscle e. Elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with muscle, is an important contributor to the passive tension

c. All of these answers ARE true

Which of the following axons is likely to have the slowest conduction velocity? a. A myelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 37ºC b. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 25 μm at 37ºC c. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 30ºC d. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 37ºC e. A myelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 30ºC

c. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 30ºC

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Which of the following statements is false? a. Three of these answers b. Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies are made that prevent normal function of neurotransmitter receptorâ true c. Black Widow Spider Venom inhibits acetylcholinesterase d. Curare prevents the neurotransmitter from binding with its receptorâ true e. The Botulinum toxin prevents normal SNARE protein function and thus prevents release of neurotransmitter â true

c. Black Widow Spider Venom inhibits acetylcholinesterase

In class we discussed cystic fibrosis (CF). In these individuals, lack of functioning CFTR results in an inability to form and regulate________________. This results in thick sticky mucous that can result in several problems including an increase in risk of infection. a. Sodium channels b. Nicotinic receptors c. Chloride channels d. Myelin e. Calcium channels

c. Chloride channels

Proprioceptive information is brought up the spinal cord via ascending spinal cord tracts called the ____________________________ a. Pyramidal tracts b. Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts c. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system d. Corticospinal tracts e. Afferent nervous system

c. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system

Which of the following statements is not completely correct? a. during translation peptide bonds are formed between amino acids b. It is possible to get more than one protein from a gene due to alternative splicing; not all exons may be translated into a protein c. Epigenetics is about how the environment changes our DNA base pairs d. Human's 20,000 genes constitute < 2% of the 3.2 billion base pairs of the human genome e. three of these answers f. The tRNA anticodon for the methionene start codon is UAC

c. Epigenetics is about how the environment changes our DNA base pairs

The __________________________ is the part of the central nervous system that regulates body temperature, thirst, urine output, and food intake. a. None of these b. Thalamus c. Hypothalamus d. Limbic system e. Cerebellum

c. Hypothalamus

The __________________________ is the part of the central nervous system that regulates body temperature, thirst, urine output, and food intake. a. Limbic system b. Cerebellum c. Hypothalamus d. None of these e. Thalamus

c. Hypothalamus

The ___ is an organelle that plays an important role in protein breakdown. This protein degradation is catalyzed by ____ (a type of enzyme found in this organelle). a. Lysosomes, oxidative enzymes b. Ubiquitin, calpains c. Lysosomes, cathepsins d. Mitochondria, proteolytic enzymes e. Peroxisomes, oxidative enzymes

c. Lysosomes, cathepsins

The following are parts of the cerebral cortex involved in movement. Which is matched with the wrong description? a. Somatosensory cortex - proprioreception (awareness of body position) b. Premotor cortex - coordination of complex movements c. Primary motor cortex - decision to move, planning voluntary activity d. none of these are mismatched e. Supplementary motor cortex - programming of complex movements

c. Primary motor cortex - decision to move, planning voluntary activity

Which of the following would NOT tend to increase the conduction velocity of an axon? a. all of these answers would increase conduction velocity b. an increase in myelin c. a decrease in length of the axon d. an increase in temperature e. an increase in diameter

c. a decrease in length of the axon

The somas (cell bodys) of ___________________are outside of the central nervous system a. interneurons b. All of these c. afferent neurons d. efferent neurons e. two of these

c. afferent neurons

The autonomic nervous system is an important regulator of many homeostatic functions in the body. The responses of our organs and tissues to autonomic stimulation are determined by the specific neurotransmitter released and the specific neurotransmitter receptors that are found in those locations. Which of the following is/are NOT true about autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors. a. Beta-1-adrenergic receptors have equal affinity for epinephrine and norepinephrine b. all of these ARE true c. alpha-adrenergic receptors have lower affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine d. muscarinic receptors bind with acetylcholine from parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers e. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors have greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine

c. alpha-adrenergic receptors have lower affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ prevents release of acetylcholine from the terminal bouton. a. Black Widow Spider Venom b. organophosphates c. botulinum toxin d. Myasthenia Gravis e. Curare

c. botulinum toxin

Comparing the Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tracts to the Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal System, The Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tracts ........ a. send information from only mechanoreceptors b. send information more rapidly than the other c. cross over as the information enters the spinal cord d. none of these e. allows for great localization and intensity discrimination f. two of these

c. cross over as the information enters the spinal cord

Which of the following metabolic processes/pathways does NOT take place in the mitochondria? a. citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) b. beta oxidation c. glycolysis d. oxidative phosphorylation e. electron transport chain

c. glycolysis

Which of the following is/are NOT true about glycolysis? a. Only two of these answers (are NOT true about glycolysis) b. glycolysis is the catabolism of a 6C glucose to two 3C pyruvate molecules c. hexokinase catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis d. All of these ARE true about glycolysis e. under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis nets only 2 ATP

c. hexokinase catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis

Which of the following is/are true about sodium (Na+) and nerve cells? a. if sodium ion channels open, we would expect Na+ to enter the cell b. Na+ is found in higher concentrations outside the cell c. only two of these answers are true d. all of these answers are true e. at rest, the membrane is more permeable to sodium than potassium

c. only two of these answers are true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic nervous system? a. Three of these are NOT true b. parasympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers c. sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers d. sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord at the lumbar and Thoracic levels e. All of these ARE true f. sympathetic nervous system has short pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

c. sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

Proprioceptive information is brought up the spinal cord via ascending spinal cord tracts called the ____________________________ a. Corticospinal tracts b. Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts c. Pyramidal tracts d. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system e. Afferent nervous system

d. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system

_________________________ refers to multiple presynaptic input releasing excitatory neurotransmitters at nearly the same time, thus bringing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to threshold, and ultimately causing an action potential if threshold is reached. a. Frequency coding b. Population coding c. Temporal summation d. Spatial summation e. End plate potentials

d. Spatial summation

_________________________ refers to a single presynaptic input releasing excitatory neurotransmitters rapidly and repeatedly, thus bringing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to threshold, and ultimately causing an action potential if threshold is reached. a. End plate potentials b. Population coding c. Frequency coding d. Temporal summation e. Spatial summation

d. Temporal summation

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating eye movements and balance? a. none of these b. cerebrocerebellum c. supplementary motor area d. vestibulocerebellum e. spinocerebellum

d. vestibulocerebellum

The following figure represents the arrangement of filaments in a resting sarcomere. The red circles are the thin filaments and the big dark circles are the thick filaments. This figure is likely taken from what part of the sarcomere? a. H zone b. I Band c. None of these answers d. A band e. Z line

d. A band

Which of the following is NOT a role of the cerebellum a. None of these answers ARE roles of the cerebellum b. Regulation of muscle tone c. Coordination of skilled voluntary movement d. All of these answers ARE roles of the cerebellum e. Maintenance of balance and control of eye movements

d. All of these answers ARE roles of the cerebellum

which of the following is/are true about sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and membrane excitability? a. only two of these are true b. there is a higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell c. Na+ ions would move into the cell if the membrane became permeable to Na+ d. All of these are true e. there is a greater concentration of K+ inside the cell

d. All of these are true

which of the following is/are true about sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and membrane excitability? a. there is a greater concentration of K+ inside the cell b. there is a higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell c. Na+ ions would move into the cell if the membrane became permeable to Na+ d. All of these are true e. only two of these are true

d. All of these are true

People with Duchene muscular dystrophy have mutations in the gene that encodes for the protein ___________________ a. Troponin b. Titin c. Myosin d. Dystrophin e. Ryanodine Receptor

d. Dystrophin

The enzyme ________________ catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen. Patients with McArdle's disease lack a functional version of this enzyme. a. None of these b. Phosphofructokinase c. Citrate Synthase d. Phosphorylase e. Hexokinase

d. Phosphorylase

In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction. a. Most of the calcium comes from the extracellular fluid b. SERCAs release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. Dihyrdopyridine receptors release calcium d. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum e. IP3 causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is/are true regarding refractory periods in neurons? a. Three of these answers ARE true b. The absolute refractory period occurs because Na+/K+ pumps pump 3 Na+ into the cell for every 2+ they pump out of the cell c. The absolute refractory period occurs because after an action potential, the membrane is temporarily hyperpolarized d. The refractory periods ensure unidirectional propagation of action potentials e. The relative refractory period occurs because after opening, Na+ channels become inactivated

d. The refractory periods ensure unidirectional propagation of action potentials

Some sensory receptors may stop having receptor potentials even though the stimulus is still present. This means the subject will not perceive the stimulus even though it is present. This is the principle of __________________________, which happens in receptors that are classified as _______________________. a. threshold, exteroreceptors b. adaptation, tonic receptors c. projection, mechanoreceptors d. adaptation, phasic receptors

d. adaptation, phasic receptors

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in initiating and planning voluntary activity? a. vestibulocerebellum b. spinocerebellum c. none of these d. cerebrocerebellum e. supplementary motor area

d. cerebrocerebellum

Which of the following is/are NOT true about glycolysis? a. glycolysis is the catabolism of a 6C glucose to two 3C pyruvate molecules b. Only two of these answers (are NOT true about glycolysis) c. All of these ARE true about glycolysis d. hexokinase catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis e. under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis nets only 2 ATP

d. hexokinase catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis

Pacinian corpuscles are sensory receptors in our skin that can detect vibration and adapt fairly quickly. Which of the following is/are most likely to be true? a. they are thermoreceptors b. if you stimulated it electrically, you would feel like someone was touching you c. they are tonic receptors d. they are phasic receptors e. their adequate stimulus is pressure

d. they are phasic receptors

The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins, and according to the central dogma, mRNA is _______________________ from DNA a. translated b. amino acidified c. photocopied d. transcribed e. elongated

d. transcribed

Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter involved in autonomic nervous system function. Which are true about its roles: a. it binds with muscarinic receptors on effector organs b. it is released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers c. all of these answers d. two of these answers e. it is released from only sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers

d. two of these answers

The parasympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs. a. Epinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic b. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic c. two of these d. Acetylcholine, nicotinic cholinergic e. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic

e. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ causes explosive release of all vessicles of Ach from the terminal bouton a. Curare b. organophosphates c. botulinum toxin d. Myasthenia Gravis e. Black Widow Spider Venom

e. Black Widow Spider Venom

________________________ is a transcription factor that promotes production of the hormone erythropoietin. a. Cyclic AMP b. Vaults c. RNA polymerase d. Ribosomes e. Hypoxia inducible factor

e. Hypoxia inducible factor

In class we discussed multiple functional regions of each cortex of the cerebrum. Which region is NOT matched with the appropriate cortex? a. Visual cortex: occipital lobe b. Pre-motor cortex: frontal lobe c. Two of the above d. Auditory cortex: temporal lobe e. Somatosensory cortex: frontal lobe

e. Somatosensory cortex: frontal lobe

Which of the following is/are NOT completely true regarding resting membrane potential? a. The resting membrane potential is closer to the potassium equilibrium potential than to the sodium equilibrium potential b. A common value in neurons would be around -70mV c. At rest, the membrane is more permeable to potassium and thus positive charges are leaking out, making the inside of the membrane seem relatively more negative d. Two of these answers e. The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out

e. The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out

Speaking requires multiple parts of the brain. Which of the following are true regarding speaking and language. a. info from Wernickes area is sent to Broca's area b. Wernicke's area chooses the sequence of words to be spoken c. Broca's area develops a programmed sound pattern d. the sound pattern from Broca's area is sent to the primary motor cortex e. all of these f. only two of these are true

e. all of these

Comparing the Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tracts to the Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal System, The Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tracts ........ a. allows for great localization and intensity discrimination b. two of these c. send information from only mechanoreceptors d. none of these e. cross over as the information enters the spinal cord f. send information more rapidly than the other

e. cross over as the information enters the spinal cord

If we made 10 NADH through a metabolic process, how many ATP would we get as the electrons from these reducing equivalents are used in the electron transport chain? a. 1.5 b. 15 c. 2.5 d. none of these e. 25

e. 25

During glycolysis we form two pyruvate molecules from a single glucose molecule. Which of the following are possible fates of pyruvate? a. pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA b. lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to lactate c. Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates pyruvate to make pyruvate-6-phosphate d. Phosphorylase phosphorylates puruvate to make pyruvate-1,6-bisphosphate e. A & B are possible fates of pyruvate f. B & C

e. A & B are possible fates of pyruvate

Which of the following axons is likely to have the fastest conduction velocity? a. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 37ºC b. A myelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 30ºC c. A myelinated axon in a patient with advanced multiple sclerosis with a diameter of 20 μm at 37ºC d. A myelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 10μm at 37ºC e. A myelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 37ºC

e. A myelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 37ºC

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and breaks down a lot of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP consumption in active skeletal muscle? a. None of these are true b. SERCAs are a major consumer of ATP during muscular exercise, and may consume over a quarter of all of the ATP use in muscle during exercise. c. Two of these d. Roughly 70% of the ATP breakdown during muscular exercise is by myosin ATPase e. After Myosin ATPase, the next biggest consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria

e. After Myosin ATPase, the next biggest consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria

Which of the following is/are true about the Basal Nuclei? a. Parkinson's disease is associated with lack of dopamine secretion here b. It inhibits muscle tone c. It helps to suppress useless movement d. It plays roles in coordination of slow sustained movements like those involved in maintaining posture e. All of theses answers

e. All of theses answers

are spinal cord tracts involved in voluntary control of movement that go from the cortex down the spinal cord to stimulate motor neurons. a. Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts b. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system c. vesibulospinal tracts d. efferent nervous system e. Corticopsinal tracts

e. Corticopsinal tracts

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ binds with nicotinic receptors and thus prevents acetylcholine binding a. Black Widow Spider Venom b. botulinum toxin c. Myasthenia Gravis d. organophosphates e. Curare

e. Curare

Which of the following are NOT true about fat metabolism in our cells? a. All of these ARE true b. Two of these c. The breakdown of fatty acids to make energy takes place in the mitochondria; unlike glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm d. The process by which we break down fatty acids to make energy is called beta oxidation e. Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle

e. Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle

PFK catalyzes the rate limiting step of which of the following processes? a. Glycogenesis b. Glycogenolysis c. Gluconeogenesis d. None of the above e. Glycolysis

e. Glycolysis

The _______________________ is an organelle that processes raw proteins into their finished products and sorts and directs these products to their final destinations. a. Nucleus b. Vaults c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum e. Golgi Complex

e. Golgi Complex

________________________ is a transcription factor that promotes production of the hormone erythropoietin. a. RNA polymerase b. Ribosomes c. Cyclic AMP d. Vaults e. Hypoxia inducible factor

e. Hypoxia inducible factor

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere? a. It would be in part of the A band b. There would be six thin filaments around each thick filament c. There would be three thick filaments around each thin filament d. Two of these answeers e. This is where we would find alpha-actinin

e. This is where we would find alpha-actinin

Which of the following are true about neural pathways involved in pain transmission? a. substance P is one of the important neurotransmitters in pain transmission b. two of these c. endogenous opiates inhibit substance P secretion via presynaptic inhibition d. the slow pathway is slower in part because its nerve fibers are unmyelinated e. all of these

e. all of these

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? a. cytochrome c oxidase b. complex II c. Hydrogen ions d. ATP synthase e. oxygen

e. oxygen

Perceiving sensory signals from across the body is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. occipital b. frontal c. cerebellum d. temporal e. parietal

e. parietal

Perceiving sensory signals from across the body is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. cerebellum b. occipital c. temporal d. frontal e. parietal

e. parietal

Perceiving sensory signals from across the body is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. occipital b. frontal c. cerebellum d. temporal e. parietal

e. parietal

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. 3 of these are NOT true about CF b. Chloride ion channels are not formed and regulated correctly c. it is due to a mutation in the CFTR gene d. CF patients have a lot of thick sticky mucous in the lungs & pancreas e. the main problem in CF is that the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized f. All of these ARE true about CF

e. the main problem in CF is that the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized

The central dogma of biology illustrates how our genes encode for proteins.Which words would make this phrase correct: DNA →__________→mRNA →__________→protein. Which processes by which DNA results in mRNA and mRNA results in protein are a. two of these are correct b. initiation, elongation c. mitosis, meiosis d. translation, transcription e. transcription, translation

e. transcription, translation

Which of the following enzymes is matched with the wrong metabolic pathway/process? a. isocitrate dehydrogenase: citric acid cycle b. two of these answers c. phosphofructokinase: glycolysis d. citrate synthase: citric acid cycle e. Complex IV: electron transport chain f. hexokinase: citric acid cycle g. ATP synthase: oxidative phosphorylation

f. hexokinase: citric acid cycle

What type of intercellualar communication works slowly and over long distances with longer lasting effects? a. temporaroy cell-cell linkup b. gap junctions c. paracrine d. neural e. autocrine f. endocrine

f. endocrine

Which of the following is/are NOT true about glycolysis?

hexokinase catalyzes the rate limmiting step of glycolysis

Which of the following enzymes is matched with the wrong metabolic pathway/process?

hexokinase: citric acid cycle

In order to make a protein DNA is first transcribed to make a strand of ______________.

mRNA

Which of the following is/are true regarding synapses and summation? a. If the neurotransmitter Glutamate was released at a synapse, we would expect it to cause IPSPs in the postsynaptic cell b. none of these are true c. GABA is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter d. Temporal summation is when two or more excitatory synapses release their neurotransmitter at nearly the same time and cause an action potential. e. two of these are true

none of the above are true

Hearing, speaking and language functions are especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

temporal

If a muscle were performing a concentric action, we would expect the following to decrease in length EXCEPT: the distance between Z-lines the H zone the I band the A band two of the above

the A band

The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins, and according to the central dogma, mRNA is _______________________ from DNA

transcribed

The central dogma of biology illustrates how our genes encode for proteins. The processes by which DNA results in mRNA and mRNA results in protein are, in order: DNA -> - - -> mRNA ->- - -> Protein

transcription, translation

In order to make a protein mRNA is _______________________ to make a protein.

translated