Exam 1

What are the assumptions of the ecological framework?

1. Mixed race people construct different racial identities based on various contextually specific logics. 2. There are no predictable stages of identity development because the process is not linear and there is no single optimal endpoint. 3. Privileging any one type of racial identity over another (i.e., multiracial over single-race identity) only replicates the essentialist flaws of previous models with a different outcome.

Subculture

A culture within a culture; group that has a lifestyle, norm, or value that differ from those of the dominant culture.

Cultural Competence

A lifelong process by which individuals and systems respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, backgrounds, and other diversity factors.

Immersion/Emersion Status

A person in this status idealizes one's own socioracial group and denigrates that which is perceived as White. One's own-group external standards are used to self-define, and own-group commitment and loyalty is valued. One may make life decisions for the benefit of the group.

Culture

A person's worldview that is informed by historical, economic, political forces. Consists of belief systems and value orientations that can influence customs, norms, practices, social institutions, and organizations.

Classism

A process wherein the wealthy are privileged and assigned high status, while the poor and the working class and their cultures are stigmatized and disadvantaged simply because of relative wealth.

Pluralism

A society, system of government, or organization that has different groups that keep their identities while existing with other groups or a more dominant group. Recognizes a larger number of competing interest groups that share the power.

Counterculture

A subculture at odds with the larger culture

Meritocracy

A system that rewards merit (ability + effort) with success. Despite growing economic inequality, recessions, and the fact that there is less mobility in the US, Americans have stably supported meritocratic principles over the last 2 decades.

Cultural Pluralism

A term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society.

Folkways

A type of norm; the conventional rules of everyday life that we follow almost automatically, such as styles of dress, manners, speech, and phrasing.

Stereotype

A widely held, but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

What are the 2 phases of white identity development?

Abandoning racism and defining a non-racist identity.

Dissonance (Encounter) Status

Ambivalence and confusion concerning one's own socioracial group commitment and ambivalent socioracial self-definition are experienced. One may be ambivalent about one's life decisions.

Thick Identity

An individual feels a strong tie to their respected group. Plays a large role in organizing the social life of individuals and collective action.

Integrative Awareness Status

An individual in this status has the capacity to value one's own collective identities as well as empathize and collaborate with members of other oppressed groups. Life decisions may be motivated by globally humanistic self-expression.

White racial consciousness

An individual's awareness of being White and the implications of that awareness in relation to those who do not have White group membership. Can be broken down into unachieved and achieved.

Frustration-Oppression-Displacement Hypothesis

As people move through life, they do not always get what they want or need and, as a result, experience varying amounts of frustration. Frustration in turn, creates aggression and hostility, which can be alternately directed at the original cause of frustration, directed inward at the self, or displaced onto a more accessible target.

Prejudice

Attitudes and internal states, thoughts. To think about other groups in negative ways. An attitude based on limited information, often on stereotypes. Prejudice is usually, but not always negative. Especially when directed toward oppressed people, prejudices are damaging because they deny the individuality of the person. Some are necessary for survival ("can't trust the police")

What are the types of unachieved white racial consciousness?

Avoidant, dependent, dissonant

What is not cultural competency?

Being "color blind" (you should not ignore culture)

Race

Biological; a way to classify people who have the same physical characteristics (skin color, hair color, height)

De Jure Segregation

Both conscious and intended; legally sanctioned and the existence of actual laws dictating racial separation.

Problem Approach

Built on the assumption that being a multiracial person in a society divided by race is a problem. Emerged in the 1920s Focus is on the negative experiences of multiracial individuals in a segregated society.

Institutional Discrimination

Cannot be attributed to prejudice, but instead is a consequence of society's normal functioning. Refers to organizational practices and societal trends that exclude minorities from equal opportunities for positions of power and prestige.

Border Identity

Conceptualize racial identity as being on the "border" of their heritage races. Instead of categorizing oneself as "Black" or "White," the individual chooses to understand him or herself as belonging to a third "biracial" category.

Helms's People of Color Racial Identity Theory Statuses

Conformity (Pre-Encounter) Status, Dissonance (Encounter) Status, Immersion/Emersion Status, Internalization Status, Integrative Awareness Status

The prejudiced nondiscriminator - the fair-weather bigot

Conforms to social pressures not to discriminate despite harboring prejudices toward ethnic minorities.

The prejudiced discriminator - the all-weather bigot

Consistent in belief and practice, rejecting the American creed and engaging in personal discrimination.

The unprejudiced nondiscriminator - the all-weather liberal

Consistently adheres to the American creed of equality for all in both belief and practice.

Melting pot

Different elements melting together into a harmonious whole within a common culture.

Attitudinal Discrimination

Discriminatory practices attributable to or influenced by prejudice. Avoidance, rejection, verbal attacks, physical threats and harassment, and physical attacks. May be manifested less dramatically merely by the acceptance by members of the dominant group of social definitions of traditional subordinate group roles.

What are the types of achieved white racial consciousness?

Dominative, conflictive, reactive, integrative

Why is "melting pot" not a good thing in modern society?

Due to the expectation that when people immigrate here, they take on White culture.

Singular Identity

Either Black or White; Traditional identity category

Variant Approach

Emerged in the mid 1980s and was widely recognized through the 1990s. Views mixed race as being distinct from other racial categories and attempts to explain psychologically, clinically, and developmentally, how multiracial people actively and consciously construct a bi or multiracial identity, which is more healthy than identifying with one particular race.

Difference between equality and equity?

Equity helps give people opportunities that others already have, while equality is more "you get what you get."

Is race or ethnicity the preferred term and why?

Ethnicity as it includes cultural and socialization processes

Values

Expressed through the norms that guide behavior in specific situations. Abstract and general notions about the qualities that members of a society consider good, right, and desirable.

Conformity (Pre-Encounter) Status

External self-definition is experience that implies devaluing one's own group and allegiance to White standards of merit. An individual in the status probably is oblivious to socioracial groups' sociopolitical histories.

In regard to meritocracy, Americans are more likely to believe that people are rewarded for their intelligence and skills and are less likely to believe that ____.

Family wealth plays a key role in getting ahead

Protean Identity

Flexible in terms of their racial identities; able to shift between identities based on the context or social interaction.

What were the racial categories on the first US Census?

Free White males 16+, free White males under 16, free White females, all other free persons, slaves

What are values of American society?

Freedom, equality, achievement, hard work, altruism.

Ideological Racism

Having a belief that there is a level of biological, intellectual, and/or cultural superiority/inferiority among different racial groups. White Supremacy

Racial Identity (Helms)

Having a sense of a shared identity based on the perception that one shares a common racial heritage with a particular racial group.

Ethnic Identity

Identification with an individual's ethnic group. Includes sense of belonging, self-labeling, etc. Without the development of a healthy identity, negative qualities become part of the individual's personality and can be evidenced through impaired self-concept, adjustment problems, psychopathology, and in its most brutal form, suicide/suicide attempts.

Conflictive type

Individuals are opposed to blatant discrimination however they are offended by and challenge programs or procedures enacted to reduce or eliminate discrimination.

Integrative type

Individuals have integrated their sense of Whiteness with a regard for minorities. Culturally pluralistic societies are valued and a deeper understanding of sociopolitical factors impacting race issues exists.

Reactive type

Individuals hold more egalitarian perspectives as they are aware of racism and discrimination and recognize the White Americans are responsible for and benefit from its existence.

Dependent type

Individuals look to others to determine the significance of event and issues. The person has not internalized his or her own attitudes to create a level of meaningfulness.

Who does People of Color include?

Individuals who do not identify their race/ethnicity as non-Hispanic White and whose purported ancestry is at least part African, Asian, or Indigenous.

Xenophobia

Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries

The unprejudiced discriminator - the fair-weather liberal

Internalizes and may even articulate the ideals of the American creed but may acquiesce to group pressures to discriminate.

Bigotry

Intolerance toward those who hold different opinion from oneself.

Acculturation

Keeping unique aspects of their culture but adopting values and interests of a new culture. The process of learning the practices and customs of a new culture.

What does cultural competence include?

Knowledge (clients' culture, impact of policies on clients of color, and power and privilege) Professional skills (specific practices and attitudes used in appropriate cultural settings to increase the quality of services, respond to cultural cues) Personal attributes (acceptance of differences, willingness to work with clients from different backgrounds)

Thin identity

Looser tie to their respected group. Organizes relatively little in regards to social life and collective action.

Discrimination

Manifested in various ways: jokes, threats, harassment, violence, etc. Unequal treatment of a person or persons based on group membership; overt actions, behaviors.

Minority Groups

Members of a group experience a pattern of disadvantage or inequality. Share a visible trait or characteristic that differentiates them from the other groups. Status usually determined at birth. Tend to marry within the group.

Identity Development

Never-ending process and an essential aspect of healthy development. Includes meanings that individuals attach to various roles in modern society. The element of race, and also that of multiple races, increases the complexity of this development for ethnic minorities. However, it is very relevant for minorities in the US maintain an ethnic identity.

Do norms apply equally to every group?

No

Can People of Color in the US be racists?

No, because you have to hold power (be in the majority group) to be racist.

Ethnocentrism

Our culture is superior to all others

Why did racial identity theories evolve?

Out of the need to explain the means by which minorities, often referred to as people/groups of color, adjust in environments where they are commonly denied privileges to societal resources and in which racial inferiority was used as justification for their maltreatment.

What do children learn though family ethnic/racial socialization?

Phenotypic and cultural differences, history, heritage, identity politics, prejudice, and discrimination.

Internalization Status

Positive commitment to one's own socioracial group, internally defined racial attributes, and capacity to assess and respond objectively to members of the dominant group are evident. One can make life decisions by assessing and integrating socioracial group requirements and self-assessment.

Institutional/Systematic Racism

Practices, policies, procedures, and culture of social institutions that deprive racially identified groups from equal access, opportunities, and treatment.

Race is...

Primarily unitary. You can only have one race.

What approaches are used for Bi/Multi-Racial Identity Development?

Problem Approach, Equivalent Approach, Variant Approach, and Ecological Framework.

How is racism different from racial prejudice, hatred, or discrimination?

Racism involves one group having the power to carry out systematic discrimination through the institutional policies and practices of the society and by shaping the cultural beliefs and values that support those racist policies and practices.

Implicit Bias

Refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. These biases, which encompass both favorable and unfavorable assessments, are activated involuntary and without an individual's awareness or intentional control. Residing deep in the subconsciousness, these biases are different from known biases that individuals may choose to conceal for the purposes of social and/or political correctness. Rather, implicit biases are not accessible through introspection.

Class

Relates to relative wealth and access to power.

De Facto Segregation

Separation that exists in actuality or after the fact but may not have been consciously created for racial or other purposes.

Ethnicity refers to...

Shared customs, language, foods, etc. Self-defined. May have more than one ethnicity and does not have to be by blood/biological.

Norms

Shared expectations and rules, both spoken and unspoken, that guide human behavior in life situations.

Ecological Framework for Understanding Racial Identity

Singular Identity, Protean Identity, Transcendent Identity, and Border Identity

Hispanic refers to

Spanish speaking

Nationality refers to...

Specifically to where you are a citizen of

Assimilation

Taking on the dominant culture; a process of being absorbed into a new culture.

Racism

The belief that objective or alleged differences between racial groups are justification for asserting the superiority of one racial group over another. The belief that one race is superior to another.

Cultural Racism/Ethnocentrism

The belief that the cultural ways of one group are superior to those of another. Can be found in both individuals and in institutions.

Individual/Personal Racism

The beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals that support or perpetuate racism. Can be intentional or unintentional Implicit Bias

White Supremacy

The idea (ideology) that White people and the ideas, thoughts, beliefs, and actions of white people are superior to People of Color and their ideas, thoughts, beliefs, and actions. Present in our institutional and cultural assumptions, not just extremist groups like the KKK.

Material determinism

The idea that a culture's material elements determine its values and beliefs.

Avoidant type

The individual lacks consideration of their own White identity and avoids concern for minority issues. Problematic issues are ignored, minimized, or denied.

Language

The means by which a society makes use of transmits, and changes elements of its culture; and culture makes it meaningful, enabling society to survive.

Familial ethnic/race socialization

The process by which family members and fictive kin communicate messages to children about the social meanings and consequences surrounding racial/ethnic identity.

Cultural relativeism

The recognition that each culture is unique to its context and no one culture can be used as standards for judging any other, which can help us transcend from ethnocentrism.

Cultural borrowing

The spread of material and non-material culture from one another and occurs largely through trade.

Mores

The strongest norm; comprise the basic moral judgments. Arouse intense feelings and have excessive consequences when violated.

Discovery

The sudden recognition that something already in existence suits our purposes.

Hyperghettoization

The urban poor are disproportionately concentrated and socially and economically isolated.

Dissonant type

There is a level of uncertainty regarding being White and minority issues. The individual is open to new information that may reduce uncertainty, but lacks commitment to his or her own ideas.

Dominant type

These individuals hold strong ethnocentric perspectives that justify the majority culture maintaining dominance over the minority. They hold views that Whites are superior, but often have limited knowledge outside of common negative stereotypes.

How does thick/thin identity differ from dominant/subordinate groups?

They have more to do with representation whereas dominant and subordinate groups deal more with power and prestige.

Transcendent Identity

Those who choose not to categorize themselves in terms of race. This option is only available to those individuals who have a high degree of ambiguity in their physical appearance.

What are the 6 categories of race?

White, Native American, Black, Asian, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Other

Equivalent Approach

Widely used from the mid 1960s to the mid 1980s. Based on mixed race that includes Black racial heritage. Assumes that most Black people are of mixed race, as a result of slavery; therefore, there is no reason to differentiate between mixed individuals of immediate parentage (children of interracial parents) and individuals mixed over generations (most Black Americans). Thus, the healthiest outcome for mixed-race individuals results from the identification of a Black racial identity.

Does racism include prejudice and forms of discrimination?

Yes

Ethnicity

You can claim multiple ethnic affiliations.

Ethnicity is usually associated with ___

a geographic region.

Monoracial identity development among minorities is seen as ___

almost a rite of passage

Hispanic is

an ethnicity

White racial identity is seen as ___

an invisible and privileged opportunity

Ethnicity is not ___

associated with nationality.

Race is ___; ethnicity is ___.

biological; socially constructed

The meaning of race has been...

created and sustained not by science but by historical, social, and political processes.

Society is held together by ____; the objects of culture are put to use by ____.

culture; society

Pluralism includes groups that ____

have not assimilated or acculturated; they maintain their own identity

Examples of cultural racism?

holidays and celebrations; personal traits; language; standards of dress; standards of beauty; cultural icons

Aspects of identity theory consist of...

how social structure affects the structure of an individual and how structure of the self influences social behaviors, as well as how the internal dynamics of self impact social behavior.

Children learn about race and ethnicity through ____

modeling, discussion, observation, reinforcement, and imitation.

Race has ___ implications

negative

____ = a system of advantage based on race

racism

____ = a system of oppression based on race

racism

____ = a white supremacy system

racism

_____ = race prejudice + social and institutional power

racism

Latina refers to

region

What is the roadmap to discrimination?

stereotype --> prejudice --> bigotry ---> discrimination