Exam 1

The small intestine has three sections. What is the last section (closest to the large intestine) called:

ileum

A diet is a mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients, and ____ refers to the daily supply of nutrients (feed) that is fed to an animal

ration

What is the scientific name of the disease when a ruminant eats environmental debris that can puncture the GI tract wall (this is also generically known as hardware disease).

reticulitis

Which nutrient is considered most important / most critical for survival for all animals?

water

Unique to most dog breeds as you were supposed to read in class, Dalmatians may require more _____ in order to prevent ____

water, bladder stones

Pure vitamin supplements add this exact percentage of calories to the diet:

zero

How many calories can 1 g of fat generate?

9.45

What are the 2 primary differences between fats and oils? (This does not require a lot of detail). Please list your answers #1 & #2

#1. fats are solid at room temperature and oils are liquid at room temperature. #2. oils contain more unsaturated fatty acids than fats.

Both of these are considered to be a "readily available carbohydrate" in high energy feeds. Select one: 1.Starch and sugar 2.Fat and sugar 3.Fat and starch 4.Fat, starch, and sugar are all considered to be "readily available carbohydrate" 5.Fat, starch and sugar are all incorrect

1

During fat digestion, this plays an important role in dogs, but not in goats Select one: 1.pancreatic lipase 2.lipoprotein lipase 3.micelles 4.chylomicron 5.none of the above

1

Select the most correct answer.Coprophagy is practiced by _____ species and for this function. Select one: 1.Rabbits; regain B-vitamins and vitamin K not available or absorbed the first time through the GI tract. 2.Poultry; regain B-vitamins and vitamin K not available or absorbed the first time through the GI tract. 3.Swine; to obtain the maximum amount of energy from the feed offered. 4.Poultry; to obtain the maximum amount of energy from the feed offered 5.Non-human primates; to rid the body of potential toxins in the system.

1

The two major organs that are not part of the GI tract but are involved in digestion. Select one: 1.Pancreas and liver 2.Liver and lungs 3.Pancreas and lungs 4.Kidney and pancreas 5.None of the above.

1

What is Kwashiorkor as discussed in your lecture notes (you were asked to review this on your own)? Select one: 1.A protein deficiency disease common in 3rd world countries where the people (or animals) appear swollen (have edema) but are severely lacking proper nutrition. 2.A disease cause by deficiency in iodine 3.A laboratory method used to analyze vitamin content of the diet 4.A laboratory method used to analyze mineral content of the diet 5.A severe malnutrition characterized by energy and calorie deficiency and the people or animals appear very thin and bony.

1

Which of the following is a current methods used to measure the fiber quantity in feeds include: Select one: 1.NDF 2.carbohydrate analysis 3.protein analysis 4.ether extract 5.ash analysis

1

When water loss in an animal reaches this range percentage (the lowest and highest number in the range), the animal is in danger of becoming delirious:

12-14

Choose the most correct answer. Concentrates are _______ while Roughages are ________. Select one: 1.High in fiber; high in energy and/or protein 2.High in energy and/or protein; high in fiber 3.Low in fiber; low in energy and/or protein 4.None of the above

2

Once nutrients enter the portal blood, they must all pass through this organ before going to the rest of the body: Select one: 1.Pancreas 2.Liver 3.Kidney 4.Spleen 5.None of the above

2

The pH you would expect a non ruminant animal's stomach contents to be.

2

VFA's are the main _____ source for ruminants. The most common VFA's include butyrate, ______, and _______. Select one: 1.Energy; acetate; lactose 2.Energy; acetate; propionate 3.Fat; lactose; proprionate 4.Fat; acetate; proprionate 5.Fat; acetate; lactose

2

Which of the following correctly lists all of the nutrients needed by an animal? Select one: 1.water, lipids, protein, & carbohydrates 2.water, lipids, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins & minerals 3.water, lipids, protein, carbohydrates & fiber 4.lipids, protein, amino acids, acid detergent fiber, carbohydrates, vitamins & minerals 5.water, vitamins & minerals

2

Which of the following sugars is absorbed at about 20% the efficiency of glucose? Select one: 1.sucrose 2.manose 3.galactose 4.fructose 5.none of the above

2

The laboratory procedure that analyzes for the total mineral content is called: Select one: 1.Starch determination 2.Kjeldahl 3.Ashing 4.Vitamin analysis 5.None of the above

3

The majority of water lost by an animal is from the: Select one: 1.urine 2.feces 3.lungs & skin 4.saliva 5.none of the above

3

This is the name when 3 fatty acids are attached to a glycerol backbone. Select one: 1.micelle 2.adipocyte 3.triglyceride 4.glycerine 5.None of the answers are correct

3

What is the scientific term for the eating strategy of an animal who naturally consumes both animal and plant products? Select one: 1.Herbivore 2.Carnivore 3.Omnivore 4.Frugivore 5.Cecotrope

3

Why do cells in the body have lipoprotein lipase on their surface? Select one: 1.To cleave protein molecules into amino acids for absorption. 2.To cleave triacylglycerol molecules into mono- and di-acylglycerol molecules for absorption into the cell. 3.To cleave triacylglycerol molecules into free fatty acids for absorption into the cell. 4.To release fat stored in body tissues so it can be oxidized for energy. 5.None of the above.

3

This nutrient class contains nitrogen: Select one: 1.fat 2.starch 3.vitamins 4.protein 5.carbohydrate

4

When a pig eats ground corn, what is the main nutrient class in this ingredient and where in the GI tract will the majority of its digestion and absorption be? Select one: 1.Fat, large intestine 2.Fat, small intestine 3.Carbohydrate, large intestine 4.Carbohydrate, small intestine 5.None of the answers are correct

4

Ruminants can digest fiber in what two places? Select one: 1.The rumen and the small intestine 2.The reticulum and the small intestine 3.The esophagus and the liver 4.The abomasum and the cecum 5.None of the above

5

Which are true regarding dietary fat in ruminants? Select one: 1.Too much fat interferes with digestion of fiber in the rumen. 2.Too much fat results in a reduction of Ca absorption. 3.Too much fat is anything over approximately 3%. 4.All of the above. 5.Only 1 and 2 are correct.

5

Which of the following are true regarding lipid functions in the body? Select one: 1.They can be used to create hormones. 2.They are used for thermoregulation. 3.They are used to store energy. 4.They are used to transport fat soluble vitamins. 5.All of the above. 6.None of the above.

5

How many ATP's can be produced from one mole of glucose in an animal's cell? Select one: A.38 if there's plenty of oxygen; 8 if oxygen is limiting B.38 if there isn't too much oxygen; 8 if too much oxygen is present C.6 if there's plenty of oxygen; 3 if oxygen is limiting D.6 if there isn't too much oxygen; 3 if too much oxygen is present E.None of the above

A

After a meal, the body typically has high blood sugar (also known as: ____ A _____), this typically causes the (_____B_____) to release the hormone (_____C_____) to trigger glucose to be taken up by the cells which lowers blood glucose concentrations which stimulates (_______D_________ ) and the storage of glucose in the form of (________E_______).

A → hyperglycemia B → pancreas C → insulin D → lipogenesis E → glycogen

Briefly, how does acidosis occur?Name two major reasons that make it a problem.

Acidosis occurs from feeding too much grain to a ruminant. Digestion of carbohydrates/fiber occurs via fermentation in the rumen. Fermentation is the anaerobic microbial breakdown of the carbohydrates/fiber. The break down of grain results in lactic acid. These can cause two major problems if enough lactic acid is produced- (1) the pH of the rumen (usually 6.5-7) can begin to lower, which, in turn, (2) further favors the bacteria that make lactic acid because they are not as sensitive to lowering pH as the bacteria that favor forages are. As the pH gets into the 5's the ruminant is in trouble. If the pH nears 5, the ruminant can die. ; Acidosis occurs when the pH drops too low and the salivary buffering can no longer do its job (buffering). Acidosis is a problem because the low pH will cause damage to organs, and ulcers can form. For example, too much starch in a ruminants diet will cause the pH to drop and this low pH will kill the fiber digesting bacteria, but lactobacilli can survive in low pH (>5.5) environments. The lactobacilli will produce lactic acid (10x more acidic than VFA's). If too much lactic acid is produced, death can occur

Briefly explain what essential amino acids are & then explain the concept of a "limiting amino acid." (Name ONE of the 3 that are usually limiting in common livestock animal diets).

Essential amino acids are amino acids that must be added to diets because they cannot be synthesized by the organism. This is especially important in monogastric species, whereas ruminant species have a microbiome capable of synthesizing all of their necessary amino acids. A limiting amino acid is one that limits the absorption of other amino acids. One common limiting amino acid is tryptophan, lysine, methionine

Describe and Trace the pathway of carbohydrate digestion from the mouth to the anus in a monogastric animal. This should include the organs / body parts, enzymes and processes that are involved.

Mouth- food enters mouth and is chewed to break down molecules into smaller molecules ● Esophagus - transports food from mouth to stomach ● Stomach - stomach cells secrete protective mucous, pepsin secreted to break down protein, HCl secreted to begin digestion and kill microbes ● Small intestine - secretin causes pancreas to secrete buffers into duodenum to raise pH level, pancreas secreres amylase, liapse, and proteases (as inactive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase), enterokinase activates trypsinogen to tyrpsin, trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen and carboxypeptidase. Carboxypeptidase breaks peptide bonds at carboxyl end of protein. Intestinal cells secrete aminopeptidase (breaks peptide bonds at amino end of protein) and dipeptidase. Amino acids are absorbed through intestinal wall via active transport. They enter portal blood system and then go to the liver. ● Cecum - no protein digestion occurs here, microbes ferment fiber here ● Large Intestine - no protein digestion occurs here ● Anus - whatever is not digested and absorbed is excreted in feces

There were several forum discussions discussed by students on the course moodle webpage. Please summarize one of these forum posts discussions with some detail for full credit.

One forum post discussion was about dalmations and how they are different from other dogs. Unlike most other dogs, dalmations produce uric acid that causes them to develop painful bladder and kidney stones. This can be prevented or managed with sufficient water intake and frequent urination.

Describe and Trace the pathway of carbohydrate digestion from the mouth to the anus in a monogastric animal. This should include the organs / body parts, enzymes and processes that are involved.

Protein digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase and continues into the stomach when HCl is released triggering the conversion from trypsinogen to trypsin. The trypsin triggers the conversion of chymotrypsinogen, carboxylinogen (proenzyme) and aminogen (proenzyme) to release chymotrypsin, carboxyl(--?), and amino(--?). the carboxyl will cut off an animo acid from the carboxyl -COOH end and the amino will cut off an animo acid from the amino group -NH2. The digestion of breaking down the protein into amino acids is called deamination and the amino acids are absorbed into the blood through the small intestine. What is not absorbed by the small intestine (specifically the duodenum) is released in the feces. B) Mouth --> Mechanical digestion of the food takes place in the mouth through mastication. After the food has been chewed it passes through the esophagus into the stomach. The trachea (windpipe/air tube) is covered by the epiglottis when the bolus is moving down the esophagus to prevent food from going into the lungs. Stomach --> After the food has moved through the esophagus, it lands in the stomach. The stomach is NOT the primary place of digestion of amino acids. However, this is when digestion is started. The pH in the stomach is low (about 2-3), so only certain enzymes can be secreted/utilized in this area. One of the enzymes that is utilized in the stomach is pepsin. Pepsin starts to break the peptide bonds in the polypeptide chains of the protein. After primary digestion has taken place, secretin 'tells' the pancreas to secrete buffers into the small intestine. This helps increase the pH and deactivate the pepsin. Small Intestine --> The small intestine is the primary site of digestion and absorption for proteins. There are three parts to the small intestine including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is where most of the digestion/absorption takes place. Trypsin, a protease (enzyme that breaks apart proteins) is released by the pancreas but activated by enterokinase from duodenum intestinal cells. There are two more proteases secreted by the pancreas: carboxypeptidase and chymosin. Both are activated by trypsin. There are also proteases that are secreted through the intestinal lining. An example is dipeptidase. Once the proteins have been broken down into individual amino acids, they are absorbed into the intestinal lining and enter the bloodstream. Cecum --> While monogastrics have a cecum, it is not relevant because any type of protein that is produced from fermentation will be lost in the feces. Large Intestine --> No to very little digestion/absorption of proteins/amino acids takes place in the large intestine. The large intestine is mainly responsible for water re-absorption. Therefore, any protein that is here will be most likely lost in the feces. Anus --> The feces passes out of the body through the anal canal/anus sphincter

In what ways are ruminants different from other animals in regards to glucose homeostasis? Please provide 2 differences.

RUMINANT animals are different with regard to the glucose homeostasis info previously presented in the following ways: ● No glucose absorbed in small intestine ● Starch is fermented in the rumen ● Main VFAs are acetate (C2) and propionate (C3) ● Liver converts all C3 into glucose

I just fed raw soybeans to my dog. In detail ... why is this a problem?(Hint: what will not be activated & what problems result)

Raw soybeans are a problem to a dog because they contain a trypsin inhibitor. This is a problem because it will inhibit the protease trypsin from being activated, so it will remain inactivated in its proenzyme form, trypsinogen. This is a problem because trypsin is a very important enzyme in protein digestion. It is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum and helps digest proteins by breaking the peptide bonds in the protein. Trypsin is also very important because it activates other proteases - chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase. Without these enzymes being active, the protein the dog eats will not be able to be digested and broken down into individual amino acids, and thus the amino acids will not be able to be absorbed through the small intestine. This is a major problem because monogastric animals, like the dog, require dietary protein and the absorption of amino acids and EAA for many processes and functions in the body, such as blood proteins, immunoglobins, enzymes, hormones, and hair/wool. If the soybeans had been heated/roasted, this would not be a problem because the heat would inactivate/destroy the trypsin inhibitor. ;; Raw soybeans should not be fed to monogastrics because they are trypsin inhibitors. Instead, they should be roasted in order to inactivate the protease inhibiting properties. Trypsin is a protease which is essential for protein digestion. Trypsin is activated by enterokinase and is an activator of proteolytic zymogens (proenzymes). Trypsin is required to activate carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin, which are proteases that digest proteins in the duodenum. Further, aminopeptidase in the small intestine also requires trypsin as an activator. Inactivation of trypsin will prevent effective protein digestion and therefore the dog will not be able to cleave peptide bonds from the soybean protein he consumed. This will prevent absorption of protein and likely, the protein he absorbed will be excreted in his feces

What are the major functions of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

The villi and the microvilli in the small intestine function to increase the surface area to then increase the digestive abilities of the small intestine. By increasing the surface area, it increases the amount of space for nutrient absorption and well as the amount of space for enzymes to break down material. For example, enterocytes are cells lining the small intestine for fat/oil digestion, so by increasing the surface area you increase the number of enterocytes for digestion; These projections increase the surface area of the small intestine, allowing more transfer of nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine to the cells lining the small intestine. They absorb some water as well as amino acids, free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol, and monosaccharides in monogastrics.

What is 1 question that wasn't discussed on this exam 1 that you wish was --- include the answer for credit, please!

What dental issue can be seen in rabbits? Answer: Malocclusion

Which of the following carbohydrate enzymes are produced from the mouth/pancreas? Select one: a. Amylase b. Maltase c. Lactase d. Sucrase

a

Select all that are true regarding feed additives: Select one or more: a. Feed additives have no nutritional value, only economic value b. Feed additives can be dewormers or medications c. Feed additives can be added for palatability enhancement d. Feed additives can be colorings that are added to make feed more appealing to the consumer or owner

a, b, c, d

The use of feedstuffs depends on which of the following? Select one or more: a. Palatability b. Cost of ingredients c. Available nutrients d. Absence of toxins e. Handling/mixing properties

a, b, c, d, e

Select all of the following that are true of the NCSU feed mill: a. Records are kept as both digital and hard copies in the control room. b. Vitamins, minerals, probiotics, enzymes, and medications are added and weighed by a machine c. The 500 lb mixer is used for small batches of feed d. Pellets are created to ensure a complete nutrient profile is ingested by the animal e. The two options for grinding feed at the feed mill include a hammer mill and a roller mill

a, c, d, e

Term that refers to the process of nutrients passing from the GI tract into blood or the lymph:

absorption

What is one specific symptom of ketosis?

alcoholic/acetone smell on breath is most common

Why do I want to feed high quality protein sources instead of just protein sources (provide at least 2 specific reasons). 1.

amino acids in similar ratios to what animal needs ; very digestible, provides more essential amino aids

List two sources of NPN typically fed to ruminants discussed in class.

ammonia, urea, poultry litter

The Gall bladder is discussed in nutrition texts as being responsible for the temporary storage of what? Select one: a.Insulin b.CCK c.Urine after the bladder d.Good bacteria for digestion e.Enzymes

b

What species of livestock is the most precisely studied model?

chicken

Essential fatty acids are essential for each specific species as discussed in the course material because: Select one: a.They produce more energy than other fatty acids. b.They are not present in proper quantities in the feed. c.They are present in too large a quantity in the feed to digest appropriately. d.They cannot be synthesized by these animal's bodies. e.They are needed to carry fat soluble vitamins

d

If we measure the energy an animal eats, then subtract out energy that is lost in feces we have this measure of energy:

digestible energy

What are the main sources of water? List the three of them in the blanks provided

drinking water, water within feed, metabolic water (metabolic processes)

From the attached photo match the following (poultry GI tract)

esophagus --> crop --> proventriculus --> ventriculus/gizzard --> small intestine --> cecum --> large intestine

true or false: The reticular groove functions to direct a food bolus straight to the abomasum when adult cattle need to save energy and not ruminate.

false

true or false: Polysaccharides can be absorbed directly from the GI tract.

false; only monosaccharides can

The "ether extract" procedure measures this in feed.

fat (lipids)

Fill in all three answers in the blanks below. A baby / young ruminant cannot digest __________ and therefore their stomach type is considered a _________ until it is about ________ week(s) of age.

fiber, non-ruminant, 6

List TWO of the 3 primary essential fatty acids for the majority of species discussed.

linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic

Term that refers to the "acceptability" or "like or dislike" of a feed by the animal.

palatability

Provide the molecular name of the disaccharide that has glucose and fructose:

sucrose

Cats require the additional amino acid ____ in their diet because they are obligate carnivores

taurine

true or false: Ruminant fat will always be firm even if they are fed oil sources of fat.

true

true or false: Ruminants do not need a source of protein in their diet for regular maintenance activities if they get enough non protein nitrogen.

true

true or false: The first step in the pellet mill is to add moisture and increase the temperature with a conditioner.

true

The active enzyme form that enterokinase produces is ____

trypsin