Exam 1

Which major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.

What began the War of Austrian Succession?

Frederick II invaded Silesia

How did European governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

Why did the Antifederalists oppose the new American Constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention? Group of answer choices

They feared losing the individual freedoms for which they had fought.

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans

What family secured royal power in the wake of the Time of Troubles in Russia?

Romanovs

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying and controlling the territories surrounding France

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

Which definition describes the Republic of Letters?

A cosmopolitan network involving western Europe and its colonies as well as eastern Europe and Russia

Which of these was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

All men must be given the right to vote.

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve it.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?

Combination Acts of 1799

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-1653, known as the Group of answer choices

Fronde

Moses Mendelssohn is most closely associated with what?

Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment)

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.

How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.

What happened to King Charles I of England?

He was beheaded.

What royal family ruled Prussia?

Hohenzollern

Which change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement? Group of answer choices

Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and antislavery delegates?

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.

Who invented the spinning jenny?

James Hargreaves

Who wrote Frankenstein in 1816?

Mary Shelley

The British Mines Act of 1842 and the various Factory Acts between 1802 and 1833 provide evidence that in the early and mid-nineteenth century

Parliament was sympathetic to the new industrial working class.

The Junkers were

Prussian and Brandenburger nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state.

The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

Several thousand Parisian women

Folklorists like Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm employed Romantic ideas in service of which other concept from the middle of the nineteenth century?

Socialism

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style capital on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg.

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?

The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.

Which factor caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?

The Girondists' more moderate policies

The attack on the Bastille had which political effect?

The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

The population was significantly reduced due to malnutrition and starvation.

Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?

The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, which conclusion did Andrew Ure come to about conditions in most factories?

They were not harsh and even quite good.

The primary cause of the 1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England was

a fear that James II would establish Catholic absolutism.

Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to

aspire to a life of the mind.

The reformer Robert Owen sought to

create a single large national union for British workers.

In the nineteenth century, Eugène Delacroix's work typically featured

dramatic, colorful scenes.

In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement.

For Newton, what was the most important, defining force in the universe?

gravity

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1840.

The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain.

In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on

interest payments on debt.

According to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was

profit stolen from the working class.

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819

required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.

In 1685, King Louis XIV infuriated Huguenots and caught the attention of European leaders when he...

revoked the Edict of Nantes

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

Between 1789 and 1791, the National Assembly passed legislation to undermine the power of

the Catholic Church.

According to Marx, the driving historical force in the nineteenth century was

the economic relationship between classes.

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in

the economy as little as possible.

In the nineteenth century, Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that

the key to progress was proper social organization.

Descartes' deductive mathematical reasoning and Bacon's inductive experimentalism combined to help produce....

the modern scientific method.

David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that

the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

At the Troppau Conference in 1820, Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim

their support for the principle of active intervention to counter threats to all autocratic regimes.

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. In terms of political practice, this meant that

voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.

Johannes Kepler believed that the speed of a planet in its elliptical orbit

was precisely related to the distance from the sun.

The Loyalist faction in the American Revolution

was primarily wealthy and politically moderate.

In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.

Victor Hugo's political evolution was the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose

youthful radicalism turned into restraint and caution.

Which key development in the eighteenth century allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?

Establishment of limited liability investment

Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?

It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

The Romantic movement was characterized by

an emphasis on emotion, imagination, and spontaneity.

The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in preventing the exploitation of children in that it

banned children under nine years of age from employment.

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

become landless rural wage earners.

During the Enlightenment, most thinkers believed that

both European women and non-Europeans were inferior to European men.

Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to

find the unique greatness of their respective peoples' histories and cultures.

Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.

In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.

Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)?

Adam Smith

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

In 1850, in which occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

Farming and agriculture

Which statement best characterizes the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution because sovereignty was placed in Parliament, which only represented the upper classes

When liberals in the late eighteenth century called for equality, they were primarily concerned with equality for Group of answer choices

white propertied men.

Voltaire and other philosophes saw Confucianism as

a natural religion.

Louis XIV selected councilors from

capable men of modest birth.

Who was William Cockerill?

An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium

How did Frederick William of Prussia, the Great Elector, persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.

Which statement describes a consequence of Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?

Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?

In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe to the French Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the Spanish throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.

Which was a social consequence of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.

Which statement correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?

The Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century, when Galileo popularized it.

Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor?

They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General or National Assembly?

They were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs.

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

a concept of the world in which communal needs outweigh individualistic competition and profit.

In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by

abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.

The trivial rituals performed at the court of Versailles were important because they gave nobles

access to Louis XIV.

In his Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism

Catherine the Great, Joseph II, and Frederick the Great are considered....

enlightened absolutists or despots

The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included

everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.

Carl Linnaeus is best known for

naming and classifying living organisms

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

During the Enlightenment, reading changed as a result of the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

Antifederalists said the framers of the Constitution had...

taken too much power from the states and made the federal government too strong.

In the late-seventeenth-century Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of Group of answer choices

the House of Orange.

Perhaps best known as the long-time companion of Voltaire, female scholar Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published Correct!

the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.

The abbé Sieyès considered the third estate

the true strength of the French nation.

Within the Ottoman government, which group staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy?

The sultan's slave corps

Which event occurred during the Hundred Days in France?

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.

The baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic Reformation.

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

military dictatorship.

Louis XIV's controller general, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, sponsored French exploratory missions in

Canada and along the Mississippi River.

Which benefit did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?

Capital and skills in salesmanship

Who was the Italian author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?

Cesare Beccaria

The heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments led to which outcome?

Growth in armed forces

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?

Mary Wollstonecraft

In North America, the French and Indian War raged from 1754-1763. What larger conflict was it a part of?

Seven Years War

How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?

The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.

Why did the British decide to stop fighting the Americans at Yorktown in 1781 and to offer such favorable terms to the Americans in Paris in 1783?

To cut their losses and end a war that had gone global

Which function did the Crystal Palace serve?

It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.

Which aspect of society during the Enlightenment enabled elites in the Western world to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism