Exam 1 Analysis of Movement

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Arrangements Parallel: Sartorius, Rectus Abdominis Convergent: Pectoralis Major Pennate: uni, bi, multi Fusiform: Brachioradialis Spiral: Latissimus dorsi Circular: Orbicularis Oris

(Don't think will be tested on but maybe

Skeletal Muscle Nomenclature Muscles are usually need based on one or more of the following criteria: 1. Visual appearance - serrates anterior 2. Anatomical location- rectus Femoris 3. Function - elevator scapulae 4. Shape - Deltoid, Rhomboid 5. Size- gluteus maximus 6. Number of divisions- triceps bracii 7. Direction of its fibers- external oblique 8. Action- adductor magnes

(Just know this slide, prob not on exam)

Somatic Nervous system Stretch Reflex

(look at power point notes of picture)

neuromuscular junction

(look at powerpoint notes of picot)

Somatic Nervous System Afferent

(look at powerpoint notes of picture)

Anatomical position

(position we go to when analyzing motion)

Three classes of levers that differ in order of mechanical components Order of mechanical components affects the type of advantage provided - - - -

- Balance - Force enhancement - Speed of motion - Range of motion

Determines degree of Joint Movements (BTQSR) - - - - -

- Bones - Thickness and laxity of ligaments - Quantity of fat and muscle - Strength and flexibility of muscle - Resistance of other structures (Vasculature, nerves, skin, and fascia)

Types of bone tissue - -

- compact bone - cancellous bone

Structures of a long bone (edepmf) - - - - - -

- epiphysis - diaphysis - Epiphyseal plates - periosteum - medullary cavity - foramen

Bones classified by shape are: - - - - -

- long bones - short bones - flat bones - Irregular bones - Sesamoid

What are bones functions?

-movement -support -protection -Erythropoiesis

(In class said a lot of info will be applied like the assignments we have been doing)

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(In class said names of certain muscles and bones from lab will be on exam)

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• Mechanical Advantage (MA)MA = MAF / MRF • MA > 1.0 allows the applied (muscle) force to be less than the resistive force to produce an equal amount of torque • MA < 1.0 requires greater applied force to produce equal torque

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Shape of muscles and Fiber Arrangement - Muscles have different shapes and fiber arrangements - Shape and Fiber arrangement affect 1) - muscles that are short or have shorted fibers allow for greater force production 2) - Muscles that are longer or have longer fibers allow for greater range of motion

1) Force production 2) Range through which it can effectively exert force onto the bones (short = Stronger) (Longer = greater range of motion)

Mechanical Arrangements Machines perform four functions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Balance multiple forces 2. Enhance the application of force in an attempt to reduce total force required to overcome a resistance 3. Enhance range and speed of movement so that resistance may be moved further or faster than the applied force 4. Alter direction of the applied force

Diarthrodial Joints 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Hinge joint 2. Ball & socket joint 3. Irregular joint 4. Condyloid joint 5. Saddle Joint 6. Pivot Joint

Arrangement of musculoskeletal system provides for 3 types of machines in human body 1. 2. 3.

1. Levers (most common) 2. Wheel-axies 3. Pulleys

- Produces balanced movements when axis is midway between force and resistance - Produces speed and range of motion when axis is close to force - Produces force when axis is close to resistance

1st class lever

Approximately ______ bones in the body

206

-Produces forceful movements - Allows large resistance to be moved by a relatively small force application

2nd Class Lever

- Produces movements of great speed and range-of-motion - Most common lever type in human body - Requires a great deal of force to move even a small resistance

3rd Class levers

Skeletal Muscle - More than ______ skeletal muscles in the human body, _____ named - Grouped based on __________ ex) Elbow extensors and flexors - Muscle _________________ produces force to cause or control joint movement

600 240 function contraction

____________________ nerves send impulses towards CNS (sensory)

Afferent

- Causes joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically - Considered to be primary muscle involved in active joint motion

Agonist

- A gymnast rotates with the axis of ration passing through the center of the uneven bars

Angular motion

-Rotation around a central imaginary line known as the axis of rotation, which is oriented perpendicular to the plane in which rotation occurs

Angular motion

_____________ motion - rotational movement around an axis of rotation

Angular motion

- Located one opposite side of joint from agonist - Performs opposite motion of agonist when contracting concentrically - Works in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement

Antagonist

___________________ skeleton: arms, hands, legs and feet (126 bones)

Appendicular skeleton

Wheel and Axle • Enhances range and speed of motion - Functions as a form of a lever - Center of the wheel is the ______ - ___________ of the wheel functions as a lever EX) shoulder Joint has large range of motion and speed with internal rotators attach to humerus - Center of the humeral head acts as the axie - Minimal humeral rotation results in hand and wrist traveling a great distance - Allows significant speed generation for throwing objects

Axis Radius

- Center of rotation of a limb or body during movement in a get plane - there is a perpendicular (90 degree) relationship between a plane and axis of motion

Axis of Rotation

________________________ - application of mechanical principles to the study of biological organisms 1.) Potential 2.) Limitations

Biomechanics

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Arrangements Fusiform example:

Brachioradialis

What type of muscle does this describe? Involuntary, heart A) Smooth B) Cardiac C) Skeletal D) Myology

Cardiac

_______________ nervous system- brain and spinal cord

Central

Spinal Nerves _______ plexus - Neck _______ plexus -Arms ________ plexus - Anterior thigh and abdominals _________ plexus - Posterior thigh, lower leg, foot __________ plexus - skin in coccygeal area

Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus Pudendal (coccygeal) plexus

- Circular movement of a limb the delineates an arc or describes a cone - Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction - When shoulder joint and hop joint move in a circular fashion - Also referred to as circumflexion

Circumduction

______________ - Muscle develops tension as shortening occurs - Occurs when muscle generates force created than applied resistance - Causes movement against gravity or resistance - Described as being a _____________ action

Concentric Positive

Anatomical landmarks of Bones _______________ - large knob at either end of long bones

Condyles

What type of joint is there between the metacarpal and phalanx?

Condyloid joint

What tissue type does this describe? -bone, cartilage, and soft tissue (skin, fascia, tendons, and ligaments)

Connective Tissue

Skeletal Muscle properties ______________________- ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated

Contractility

Linear Motion - _____________________ (curved trajectory movement) --Rider mainting a motionless posture as the motorcycle moves along a curved road

Curvilinear

- Inferior movement of shoulder girdle - Returning to normal position from a shoulder shrug

Depression

What are the plane and axis of these? - Golf swing - Baseball OVERHAND pitch (a softball throw would be transverse plane vertical axis) - Footbal punt

Diagonal or Oblique Plane and Axis

Joints _________________ - separation between articles surfaces and joint cavity present

Diarthrodial

What are the two major types of joints?

Diarthrodial & Synarthrodial

- Flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward the surface of the anterior tibia bone

Dorsal Flexion

- Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm

Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)

_________________________ - Muscle develops tension as lengthening occurs - Occurs the Muscle generates less force than applied resistance Causes movement in the same direction as gravity or resistance - Described as being a _____________ action

Eccentric Negative

____________________ nerves send impulses away from CNS (motor)

Efferent

- Superior movement of shoulder girdle - Shrugging the shoulders

Elevation

What tissue type does this describe? -respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive

Epithelial tissue

- Turning sole of foot outward or laterally - Standing on inner edge of foot

Eversion

Anke and foot specific movements

Eversion, Inversion, Dorsal flexion, Plantar flexion

Skeletal Muscle properties ______________________- ability of muscle to be stretched back to its original length following contraction

Extensibility

- Straightening movement that results in an increase joint angle by moving bones apart, usually in sagittal plane - Elbow joint when hand moves away from sholder

Extension

- Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body (rotation laterally, outward rotation, and lateral rotation)

External rotation

________________- pertaining usually to muscles that arise or originate outside of body part upon which they act ex:) forearm muscles that attach proximally on distal humerus and insert on fingers

Extrinsic (opposite of this is intrinsic)

Fa = MaF= Fr+ Mrf=

Fa = Force applied to the lever MaF= Moment arm of the applied force Fr= Force resisting rotation of the lever Mrf= Moment arm of the resistive force

- Bending movement that results in a decrease joint angle by bringing bones together, usually in sagittal plane - Elbow joint when hand is drawn to sholder

Flexion

- Cardinal _______________ plane divides the body equally into anterior and posterior segments - ____________ planes dived body segments anteroposteriorly ex:) Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, reduction, ulnar and radial deviation -______________________ passes from anterior to posterior though the body or body segment that is in motion

Frontal Sagittal axis

What are the plane and axis of these? - Jumping jacks - Cartwheel - Lateral Squat

Frontal Plane Sagittal axis

What plane and axis doe these movements belong to? ex:) Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, reduction, ulnar and radial deviation

Frontal Plane Sagittal axis

EX) a thrown softball involves linear motion of the curved path of the ball (up and down) and angular motion of the spin of the ball

General motion

EX) leg movement during walking involves linear motion of the entire leg in a forward direction and angular motion at the hip alternating periods of flexion and extension

General motion

Most movement is ___________ motion that involves both linear and angular motion

General motion

_____________________ movements - abduction - adduction - flexion - extension - circumduction - diagonal abduction - diagonal adduction - external rotation - internal rotation

General movements

Anatomical landmarks of Bones _________________________ - large bump __________________________ - small bump

Greater tuberosity lesser tuberosity

Skeletal Muscle contraction

H-zone where only Thick (myosin) Filaments contract

What type of joint is there between the ulna and humerus?

Hinge joint

- Movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from midline of body - also know as horizontal extension or transverse abduction

Horizontal abduction

Specific movements of shoulder joint

Horizontal abduction & Horizontal adduction

- Movement of humerus in horizontal plane toward midline of body - Also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction

Horizontal adduction

- Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body (rotation medially, inward rotation, and medial rotation)

Internal rotation

- Turning sole of foot inward or medially - Standing on outer edge of foot

Inversion

Skeletal Muscle properties ______________________- property of muscle being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli

Irritability

____________________ - Dynamic action using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions - Speed (or velocity) of movement is constant - Muscular contraction (ideally maximum occurs throughout movement - requires Biodex, Cyber, Lido

Isokinetic

Skeletal Muscle Contraction _____________ - Tension is developed within muscle but joint angles remain constant - Static action - Significant amount of tension may be developed in muscle to maintain joint angle in relatively static or stable position

Isometric (ex: pushing hands together)

Skeletal Muscle Contraction _____________ - involves muscle developing tension to either cause or control joint movement - Dynamic actions - The varying degrees of tension in muscles cause joint angles to change - Two types: -- _______________- muscle shortens during contraction -- _______________- muscle lengthens during contraction

Isotonic concentric eccentric

- Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline - Abduction of spine

Lateral flexion (side bending)

Specific movements of the spine

Lateral flexion (side bending) & Reduction

Levers = Axis = Force = Resistance = Levers of human body cannot be altered

Levers = Bones Axis = Center of joints Force = Insertion of Muscle Resistance = Body Segment + External Load

- Body moves a a unit and portions of the body do not move relative to each other

Linear Motion

____________ motion - Translational motion where the body moves along a straight path; can be rectilinear or crvillinear

Linear motion

Musculoskeletal system may be thought of as a series of simple __________________ - ________________ are used to increase mechanical advantage - Consider the mechanical aspect of each component in an analysis with respect to components' _____________-like function

Machines

- The quantity of matter in a body

Mass

What tissue type does this describe? -Neurons (neurons, sinal cord, spinal nerves, cranial nerves) and neuroglia (support cellular processes)

Nerve tissue

Anatomical landmarks of Bones __________- cut area to allow passage of other structures

Notch

- Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with fingers

Opposition of the thumb

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Arrangements Circular example:

Orbicularis Oris

- Flexion movement of wrist with solar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm

Palmar flexion

Specific movements of the Wrist and Hand - - - - -

Palmar flexion Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) Radial flexion (radial deviation) Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation) Opposition of the thumb

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Arrangements Convergent example:

Pectoralis Major

_____________________ nervous system: - Somatic - voluntary and controls muscles - ____ pairs of cranial nerves - both sensory and motor functions, senses (smell, sight, temperature, pain, pressure, hunger, thirst, fatigue, & balance) - _______ pairs of spinal nerves - divided into plexuses and innervate muscle to create movement

Peripheral 12 31

What type of joint is there between the humerus and radius?

Pivot joint

- Imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved - Motion through a plane revolves around an axis

Plane of motion

- Extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body

Plantar Flexion

- internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm

Pronation

Radioulnar joint specific movements

Pronation & Supination

- Forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine - Abduction of the scapula

Protraction

_______________ change the effective direction of force application ex) lateral malleolus, patella

Pulleys

- Abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm

Radial flexion (radial deviation)

Linear Motion -____________________ (straight trajectory movement) -- Rider maintaining a motionless posture as the motorcycle moves along a straight road

Rectilinear

- Return of spinal column to anatomic position for lateral flexion - adduction of spine

Reduction

- Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine - Adduction of the scapula

Retraction

- Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially and downward

Rotation downward

- Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally and upward

Rotation upward

- Cardinal _______________ plane divides the body equally into two bilateral segments - ___________ planes divide body segments bilaterally -- ex:) flexion, extension movement _______________ axis passes Horizontally though the body or body segment that is in motion

Sagittal Frontal axis

What plane and axis doe these movements belong to? ex:) flexion & extension movements

Sagittal plane frontal axis

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Arrangements Parallel examples:

Sartorius, Rectus abdominis

What type of muscle does this describe? Voluntary, Skeleton A) Smooth B) Cardiac C) Skeletal D) Myology

Skeletal

What type of muscle does this describe? Involuntary, hollow organs A) Smooth B) Cardiac C) Skeletal D) Myology

Smooth

__________________ movements - Eversion - Inversion - Dorsal flexion - Plantar flexion - Pronation - Supination - Depression - Elevation - Protraction - Retraction - Rotation downward - Rotation upward - Horizontal abduction - Horizontal adduction - Lateral flexion - Reduction - Palmar flexion - Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion - Radial flexion (radial deviation - Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation) - Opposition of the thumb

Specific

- Surronds joint or body part - Contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force & move - Known as fixators - Essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements

Stabilizers

- Externally rotation radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resolution in palm-up position of forearm

Supination

Joints __________________ - NO separation between articular surfaces or joint cavity present

Synarthrodial

____________________________________ - NO separation between articular surfaces - Only slightly moveable - Classified by structure -- Suture -- Cartilaginous -- Ligamentous

Synarthrodial joints

- Assists action of agonist - Not the prime movers for the action - Known as guiding muscles - Assist in refined movement prevent out undesired motions

Synergist

Skeletal muscle structure (t,f,sm,e,p,e,mf,s,m,s,m)

Tendon, Fascia, skeletal muscle, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, Muscle fiber, sarcolemma, myofibril, sarcoplasm, Myofilaments thick (myosin) and thin (actin)

What plane and axis doe these movements belong to? ex: internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction, spinal rotation

Transverse Plane Vertical Axis

Skeletal muscle fiber types: Slow-twitch, Dark A) Type I B) Type IIa C) Type IIX D) B & C

Type I

Skeletal muscle fiber types: Fast-twitch, light A) Type I B) Type IIa C) Type IIX D) Type B & C

Type IIa & Type IIx

- Adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm

Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)

- The effect of gravity on mass

Weight

-lateral movement away from midline of trunk in frontal plane -Raising arms or legs to side horizontally

abduction

What movements take place in the frontal plane?

abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, reduction, ulnar and radial deviation

________________- movement of a joint resulting from concentric contraction - An individual muscle or several muscles may be said to cause the _______. - A muscle may cause more than one ________, can be at the same joint or a different joint depending on architecture

action

-movement medially toward midline of trunk in frontal plane -lowering arm to side or thigh back to anatomical position

adduction

Appendicular skeleton: - - - - How many bones are in the Appendicular skeleton?

arms, hands, legs, and feet 126

Joint movements -Terms are used to describe actual change in position of bones relative to each other - Angles between bone change -Movement occurs between the ______________ surfaces of joint - there are ____________ & ________________ movements

articular general & specific movements

Anatomical landmarks of Bones ___________________________ - part of condyle that articulates with another bone

articular surface(s)

___________ skeleton: skull, vertebrae, and hips (80 bones)

axial skeleton

What type of joint is there between the scapula and the head of humerus?

ball and socket joint

type of penate of rectus femoris?

bipenate

connective tissue: - - -

bone, cartilage, & soft tissue

_______ form joints (articulations)

bones

Occasional Variations of bones - successful sprinters have long ____________ -Extra or missing __________ and ___________ -Second ___________ located posterior called the labella embedded in the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle

calcanei ribs and vertebrae patella

Shoulder Girdle specific movements

depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, rotation downward, rotation upward

-Diagonal movement a limb away from midline of body

diagonal abduction

-Diagonal movement toward and across midline of body

diagonal adduction

Skeletal Muscle properties ______________________- ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching

elasticity

Anatomical landmarks of Bones ____________________ - small knob above condyles

epicondyles

What are the four types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

Anatomical landmarks of Bones ___________ - smaller flatter smooth surface

facet

What movements take place in the sagittal plane?

flexion, extension

Anatomical landmarks of Bones ________________ - hole in bone

foramen

Anatomical landmarks of Bones _________ - hollow surface

fossa

Autonomic nervous system- _________, ___________, and _______________________ -sympathetic -parasympathetic

glands, organs, and smooth muscle

identifying types of motion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xQp2sldyts The snatch

What movements take place in the transverse plane?

internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction, spinal rotation

_________________- pertaining usually to muscles within or belonging solely to body part upon which they act ex:) small __________ muscles found entirely within the hand

intrinsic

What type of joint is there between all the carpals?

irregular joint

______________________________ - physical structure of bones - strength, number, and anatomical position of ligaments - Vasculature, neves, skin, and fascia

joint strength

Diarthrodial Joints Synovial joints: - have ______ range of motion - space between articular surfaces - Articular surfaces covered in articular cartilage - Synovial membrane -joint (articula) capsule

largest

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Arrangements Spiral example:

latissimus dorsi

Type of penate of deltoid?

multipenate

What tissue type does this describe? -skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

muscle tissue

__________________ provide force for movement

muscles

Nerve tissue: - -

neurons and neuroglia

Diarthrodial Joints Classified by degree of movement: ______________ joint - allow only gliding movement ______________ joint - movement in one plane _____________ joint - movement in two planes _____________ joint - movement in three planes

nonaxial joint uniaxial joint biaxial joint triaxial joint

____________- proximal attachment of skeletal muscle, generally considered the least movable portion of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to the midline or counter of the body ______________ - distal attachment, general considered the most movable portion of a muscle or the part that attaches farther away from the midline or center of the body

origin Insertion

Anatomical landmarks of Bones ____________ - projection from a bone

process

Single _____________ function to change effective direction of force application - mechanical advantage = 1 ______________ may be combined to form compound ______________ to increase mechanical advantage -Each additional rope increases mechanical advantage by 1

pulleys

Epithelial tissue: - - - -

respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive

What type of joint is there between the carpal and metacarpal of thumb????

saddle joint

What two joints can perform circumduction?

shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip joint

_______________ muscle responsible for most active movement of entire body as well as individual joints _____________ contraction produces force that causes joint movement Muscles also provide: - - -

skeletal muscle muscle contraction - Protection - Posture and Support - Produce a major portion of total body heat

muscle tissue: - - -

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Axial skeleton: - - - How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebrae, and hips 80

Anatomical landmarks of Bones __________________________________- long thin projection from bone

spine or spinous process

- Cardinal _____________ plane divides the body equally into upper and lower segments - ___________________ planes divide body into upper and lower segments ex: internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction, spinal rotation ____________________ passes longitudinally though the body or body segment that is in motion

transverse Vertical axis

Anatomical landmarks of Bones _____________ - smaller bump

tubercle

Anatomical landmarks of Bones ________________- bump

tuberosity

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Arrangements Penate examples:

uni, bi, multi

type of senate of flexor policis longus?

unipenate