Exam 1 Colonization and History of Latin America
" huaca
" A sacred thing, person or place. Incas would take these huacas (usually artisans someone, or something important to an Ayllu) to Cusco and hold it hostage to enforce cooperation from the Ayllus.
" Quetzaltcóatl
""Feathered-Serpent God" Deity that protects Toltec history
Tlaxcala
"1 of the major groups unconquered by Aztecs (East) Aztecs tried to intimidate them into joining if not they'd go to war paid tribute to Aztecs of Conquered Sided with Spaniards (Cortes) when they came through Help Cortes defeat the Aztecs Safeguard from Aztecs Build brigadines for them to use in the final night"
Pedro Arias de Avila
"1440-1531, "Pedrarias" 1513 named to govern Tierra Firme Destroys All Order Brutal and Greedy
" Prestor John
"A Legendary figure, Prester John was reportedly a descendant of one of the Three Magi, said to be a generous ruler and a virtuous man, presiding over a realm full of riches and strange creatures, in which the Patriarch of the Saint Thomas Christians resided. The Portuguese explorers convinced themselves that they had found him in Ethiopia. Prester John's kingdom was the object of quests, firing the imaginations of generations of adventurers, but remaining ever out of reach.
ayllu
"A clan and the basic building block of the Indian society. Everyone identified themselves with their clan. The ayllu was similar to the Chinese Yin Yang in that it had an upper and lower part of the clan, each ruled separately by two different leaders. kin group that had a common ancestry and a kuraka advised by village elders placed settlers in different ecological zones as to ensure their access to a wider range of products
" Bartolomeu Dias
"A nobleman and explorer of the Portuguese royal household. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so.
yanacona
"A specialist, craftsman, or bureaucrat. Yanacona would be taken out of their Ayllu to serve the emperor in Cusco. Once removed from their Ayllu, yanacona would lose their association with their Ayllu.
pochteca
"Aztec Merchants traded over long distances
" Tenochtitlan
"Aztec main city: built on an island in the lake built paths/bridges to get to the island aqueducts built for fresh water into city
" Huitzilopochtli
"Aztec sun god He is the God of war and human sacrifice. Primary God of the Aztecs
" Reconquista
"Battle of Covadonga: Beginning of Reconquest Pelayo: Captain leading Christians over Muslims later becomes king of Asturias (Northern Spain) Cathedral of Santiago decompostela Becomes a battle of Religions Christians vs. Muslims Christians want muslims out of Spain Discovery of ancient Tomb: St. James Took over 400 years to complete reconquista. Last kingdom conquered is Granada.
" Prince Henry the Navigator
"Cape St. Vincent, Sagres, Portugal Set up School of Navigation find Gold, ivory, sage Goal is a crusader: Drive the Muslims out
" Teotihuacan
"City found N of D.F. 700 bce to 700 ce 1st great civilization to rise in central Mexico
" Potosí
"City of Bolivia: one of the major Silver mines in all the world 1545 Diego Guallpa found a bunch of Silver on a mountain, which was the rich hill of Potosi the economic motor of Peru
" mitimaes
"Colonists. Sent out by the Kuraka to establish an archipelago (in pre Inca times). Also ""resettlement"". These were originally groups of families taken from their communities by the Inca State and transferred to loyal or conquered towns to perform political, cultural, social, and economic functions.
" Malinche
"Dona Marina. Very smart woman. She helped Cortes conquer Mexico. She was his interpreter (originally spoke Nahuatl and Mayan then learned Spanish) and concubine. She had a son with him. Was an interpreter, advisor, lover, and intermediary for Hernán Cortés. She was one of twenty women slaves given to the Spaniards by the natives of Tabasco in 1519. Later, she became a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, Martín, who is considered one of the first Mestizos (people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry).
Huascar
"Eldest son of Huayna Capac. Huascar was the son of the principal wife Coya (sister wife). She was from Cuzco. Atahualpa was the son a wife from Quito. Initially Huascar decline being Sapa Inca but when Atahualpa takes control and wants to move the power move the capital to Quito, civil war breaks out. The Spaniards arrive at this moment. planned as puppet king after Atahualpa died, dies on journey to Cuzco
Antonio de Mendoza
"First Viceroy of New Spain IN MEXICO AND THE 2ND Viceroy of Peru He arrives from Spain to be the Viceroy. He is the embodiment of the king (Charles V) and He has all the power. Executive, judiciary. He oversees the church in Mexico. The viceroys are there to diminish the power of the conquistadores. Once Cortes dies he has a free way to set up a spanish government in the New World. he states that he obeys the new laws given by the king but he cannot obey them as opposed to nunez's tactic Obedezco pero no cumplo
" Juan de Zumárraga
"First bishop of Mexico. He was deemed the protector of the indigenous people but at the time did not have the power to enforce anything.
" Bernardino de Sahagún
"Franciscan Friar in New Spain. Sahagún is an early anthropologist - tried to make it easier to convey the Christian religion to the Indian people by making their gods saints, associating blood atonement of Christ with blood sacrifice, Christian baptism with traditional Aztec baptism Wrote the Florentine Codex. studied them to know how to convert them
" Pedro de Alvarado
"He appeared in Peru after Pizarro has won and Pizarro tells him to get lost and that they don't need him in Peru Was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of Yucatan and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernán Cortés. Known also for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations, and mass murders committed in the subjugation of the native peoples of Mexico.
Francisco Pizarro
"He conquers Perú and establishes Cuzco as the capital of Peru in the year 1535. He was a pig farmer in Spain. - is be completely irrelevant to life... Very competitive man but not as cruel as Cortes. He came from the same city as Cortes (extremadura). He worked with Almagro but ended up killing him because of how competitive he was. He captures Atahualpa from cajamarca and executes him in 1533. Pizarro is murdered in 1541 in Lima. Hernando de Luque is the priest that helps him. He is the one that does the numbers. Pizarro takes back all his relatives with him to Panama as well. He appoints himself as the captain in charge of everything and Almagro is in second charge. He used the civil war to his benefit. He was in Lima (founded Lima) (center of spanish power) when Cuzco was attacked Later there was a battle at Sacsayhuaman St. James appears and Mary and they received help they won because Amargro arrived from Chile and then Amargro seizes Cuzco Pizarro then retakes Cuzco and executes Amargro 1541 Pizarro is murdered in his house by Amargro people Peru is left as a very chaotic place without order.
" Hernando de Soto
"He has a long career. Starts in Central America. He becomes governor of Florida and takes an expedition to Florida. He is seen as the knight in the shiny armor man because he was traveling through the United States. He has long experience in Panama and Peru. He gets to the mississippi river and crosses it to Arkansa and at this time Coronado is in Kansas but he does not know that. Soto dies and is buried in the mississippi in 1542. Survivors go back to Mexico. He is the one that gets Atahualpa to come down and meet Pizarro.
" Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
"He leads the expedition to northern Mexico to Grand Canyon. They do not find the 7 cities full of gold but find lots of Indians tribes who have copper. They make it to Quivira (in Kansas) because an Indian (turk) tells them a story and makes them believe that there is lots of Gold there. It is hard to know what to do with the land Coronado finds because there was not a big economical instentitative.
" Huayna Capac
"He was the last Sapa Inca ruler before the Spanish set land in the Americas He dies from a fever. It is speculated that he died from smallpox in 1520. Following his death, two of his sons (Huascar and Atahualpa) became engaged in a civil war over the throne. Huascar was the son of the Inca's principal wife (The coya). The coya was sister of the Sapa Inca. She is from cuzco. Atahualpa was the son form one his other wives from Quito. It is a regional struggle more than a brotherly struggle.
" Cuauhtémoc
"He was the last aztec king who ruled. He was executed by Cortes in 1525. He was held captive in Tenochtitlan.
" Pachacuti
"He was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who, from ruling a simple chiefdom came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu (land of the 4 quarters). Ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco. prime architect of territorial expansion and the Inca administrative structure (Burkholder)
Hernán Cortés
"He works for Velazquez and helps him set up Cuba. He goes to Mexico against Velazquez will and conquers it. Has a lot of power and that is why Carlos V does not like him. He writes letters to the king to tell him why he went against Velazquez's will and to persuade the king to support him. He is referred to as the butcher because of how cruel he was
Nicolas de Ovando
"In Columbus 4th and Final journey (1502), Ovando is appointed governor Queen Isabel sends Nicholas Ovando with Pizarro Brings sugar cane Make new land profitable Hispaniola becomes storehouses for Exploration 2 orders make a profit AND protect the people
" Francisco de Orellana
"Known for being the first person to navigate the entire length of the Amazon River. 1511-1546 lost an eye in battle
" encomienda
"Land and people granted by the Spanish crown as reward to Spaniards who had served the crown. The indigenous leaders within the encomienda were in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. Encomenderos were to take responsibility for their indigenous charges, in particular their instruction in the Christian faith. The receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language. Enmenderos could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold, or other products.
" Quechua
"Language of the Incas Still spoken today in the Andes area (Peru, Bolivia).
" Treaty of Tordesillas
"Line of Demarcation between Spain and Portugal 370 leagues West of Cape Verde Island Spain got West side, Portugal got East side
" Tiwanaku
"Located in what is Modern day Bolivia. The site was first recorded in written history by Spanish conquistador Pedro Cieza de León. He came upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital Qullasuyu. One of the most important civilizations prior to the Inca Empire it was the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years."
" cacique
"Means chief. The Spanish used the word cacique as a title for the leaders of the other indigenous groups they encountered in the territories they occupied. In colonial Mexico, caciques and their families were considered part of the Mexican nobility, often also holding the Spanish noble honorific don and doña and some having entailed estates or cacicazgos.
" Tezcatlipoca
"Mexico City Deity symbol of the Jaguar
mita
"Mit'a was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government in the form of labor, i.e. a corvée. In the Inca Empire, public service was required in community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network. Military service was also mandatory. All citizens who could perform labor were required to do so for a set number of days out of a year (the basic meaning of the word mit'a is a regular turn or a season). Due to the Inca Empire's wealth, a family would often only require sixty-five days to farm the rest of the year was devoted entirely to the mit'a.
" Nahuatl
"Nahuatl (Tlaxcaltecs) were a group who had avoided being subjugated by the Aztecs. After being defeated in battle by the Spaniards, the Nahuatl entered into an alliance with Cortes that would be invaluable in the struggle against the Aztecs. The Spanish and Nahuatl forces marched upon several cities that were under Aztec dominion and ""liberated"" them, before they arrived in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. The Aztec language. Also spoken by the ancient Toltec people.
" Granada
"Originally a Moslem/Muslim Kingdom, last kingdom to be defeated in the spanish reconquesta. Has a city in Central America named after it. Moorish heritage.
" Antonio de Montesinos
"Spanish Dominican friar who was a missionary on the island of Hispaniola. Montesinos preached against the enslavement and harsh treatment of the Indigenous peoples of the Island. Montesinos' preaching led to Bartolomé de las Casas' conversion and his entering the Dominican Order.
Bartolomé de las Casas
"Spanish historian, social reformer who became a Dominican friar. As one of the first European settlers in the Americas, he participated in and eventually opposed the atrocities committed against the indigenous people by the Spanish colonists. In 1515, he gave up his Indian slaves and encomienda, and became an advocate before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, on behalf of native rights. He transcribed the logs of Columbus for a history book. The original logs have disappeared. The log we have is part Casas' words and part Columbus' words. 47/got the New Laws of 1542 made ...(inglês??)
" Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
"The adversary of Bartolomé de las Casas justifies the Spanish Conquest of the Indies. Sepúlveda was the defender of the Spanish Empire's right of conquest, of colonization, and of evangelization in the so-called New World. Believed the Amerindians were natural-born slaves. Justified war against the natives by referring to Aristotle's theory on ""natural slavery"". His reasons were that Indians were barbarous and inhuman and therefore did not deserve to own property. Instead they are destined to serve their natural masters the Spaniards.
" macehualtín
"The commoner social class of the Mexica commoners who owned land or lived in the urban capulli backbone of the agricultural labor force, remained subject to work by demands of the state and nobility, as well as military service (Burkholder)
" Francisco de Toledo
"The fifth Viceroy of Peru. Considered one of the most important Viceroys for Peru and also one of the most tyrannical. Has been praised as the ""supreme organizer"". Had the last Inca of Vilcabamba, Tupac Amaru executed. His forces kill tupac Amaru 1569-81 He also tried to reduce the indigenous people into central villages brings stability to Peru goes on an inspection tour/ a census takes an inca institution (MITA, which is rotating labor on public projects) began to use it for private projects, (providing labor for the mines) assigns a MITA to Potosi
" kuraka
"The head or Chief of the Ayllu. One for the upper part, one for the lower part of the Ayllu. The Kuraka was the provider for the people.
" Manco Capac Inca
"The legendary first Inca ruler. The name comes from the origin of the Incas. Myth of Pacariqtambo. He was the son of the sun and married his sister mama huanco. First Sapa Inca.
" Black Legend
"The term that Bartolome de las Casas gave to Spain saying that they killed and tortured all the Indians. perpetrated by the other imperial powers
Topiltzin-Quetzalcóatl
"Topiltzin: King focuses worship on Quetzalcoatl Civilizing Deity Does away with Human Sacrifices Throws down on other Gods (Tezcatlipoca) Indiscretion with his sister forced to be in exile promising to return to rule He leaves to Yucatan (reason for Toltec influence in Chichan-itza
" Marcos of Nice
"Vicer Antonio sends him up to investigate if the story of the seven cities of Cibula is true or not. Was a Franciscan friar. He was chosen to explore the country north of Sonora, whose wealth was depicted in the accounts of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. Upon arriving in Mexico City at the request of the viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, he crossed south-eastern Arizona, to the Zuni or the Seven Cities of Cibola, and returned to Culiacán in September. He claimed he saw Cibola only from a distance, and described it as being of equal size to Mexico City which was probably an exaggeration to what was actually there. This led Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to make his expedition the following year to Zuni Pueblo. Friar Marcos was the guide and the expedition was a great disappointment.
" Vasco da Gama
"Was a Portuguese explorer. He was the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route.
" Beltrán Nuño de Guzmán
"Was a Spanish conquistador and colonial administrator in New Spain. He was sent to Mexico to counterbalance the influence of the leader of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Hernán Cortés as the King worried he was becoming too powerful. Guzmán cracked down on the supporters of Cortés, stripping them of their encomiendas and giving them to his own followers. In 1537 he was arrested for treason, abuse of power, mistreatment of the indigenous inhabitants of his territories and he was sent to Spain in shackles.
" Pedro de Valdivia
"Was a Spanish conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile. He was sent to South America in 1534, where he served as lieutenant under Francisco Pizarro in Peru, acting as one of his seconds in command.
Lope de Aguirre
"Was a Spanish conquistador in South America. Nicknamed El Loco ('the Madman'), he styled himself '""Wrath of God, Prince of Freedom, King of Tierra Firme"". Aguirre is best known for his final expedition down the Amazon river in search of the mythical golden King El Dorado. In 1561 Aguirre sent a letter which defied the Spanish monarch Philip II by declaring an independent state of Peru. Aguirre's expedition ended with his death. 1511-1561 he arrived late in Peru and wasn't able to get an encomienda His expedition takes it over, kills the leaders, he declared Peru independent of spain in Venezuela, he is is met by royal forces, he murders his daughter and then dies. dude was cRAZY
" Martín Alonso Pinzón
"Was a Spanish mariner, shipbuilder, navigator and explorer. He sailed with Christopher Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492, as captain of the Pinta.
" Diego de Velásquez
"Was active in leading the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under orders from Diego Columbus. He founded a number of new Spanish settlements and cities on the island. Velázquez was appointed governor of Cuba. The new settlers did not wish to be under the personal authority of Diego Columbus, so Velázquez created a general cabildo (a local government council) which was authorized to deal directly with Spain, removing Velázquez and the settlers from under the authority of Columbus, their nominal superior.
" S. E. Morison
"Was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history. Wrote Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus (and several other books on history).
" Atahualpa
"Was held prisoner by Pizzarro in Cajamarca (he was there just after winning the civil war) and gave gold and silver to pay the ransom for his freedom He was then executed after being forced to be baptized. They strangled him, burn his body and throw the ashes into the river. Atahualpa wanted Huascar dead He was put in place by Pizzaro
" Blasco Núñez de Vela
"Was the first Spanish viceroy of Peru.. He was charged by King Charles I with the enforcement of the controversial New Laws, which dealt with the failure of the encomienda system to protect the indigenous people of America from the rapacity of the conquistadors and their descendants. When he arrived he brought the new laws of 1542 has to do with giving more rights to the indigenous peoples if you've got an encomienda it can survive for 3 lifetimes THEN the people in the encomienda revert back to the people of the crown not to the encomendero (land owner) he tries to enforce new laws, rebellion breaks out and he is then killed.
" Moctezuma II
"Was the ninth ruler of Tenochtitlan. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign. Was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
" Requirement
"Written document by Spaniards to read to the Indigenous/Indian/native people. States that the lands the Spaniards have landed on are given to them by God because they have authority from Peter to the Pope. The Spaniards are here to govern it in a Christian manner. The Indigenous must obey and cooperate because they have been "donated" to the Spanish Kingdom. It is required to be subjects ot the king and queen and let missionaries come i. Not required to be Christian--its a choice, but it's the right thing to do. If you don't comply your losses will be your own fault. Totally just for show because they couldn't understand, but had to do it to please the Church and Spain
" Francisco de Vitoria
"founder of global political philosophy", Spanish philosopher, founder of School of Salamanca
" Manco Inca
"he was chosen to be the puppet ruler of the Incas. He works with Pizarro and the Spaniards Chosen after the original man to be chosen (Altahula's rival, Huascar) died. He finally got fed up with how he and his people were being treated so he left with a horse, came back and attached the spaniards in Cuzco.
" Book of Prophecies
"is a compilation of apocalyptic religious revelations written by Christopher Columbus towards the end of his life. This journal conveys the medieval notion that in order for the end of the world or the second coming of Jesus Christ to occur, certain events must first be enacted.
Chichen-Itzá
"was a large city built by the Maya people. This city began to flourish after the overall decline of the Mayan culture - around 900 CE In earlier cities there is writing - in Chichen-Itzá there is no writing. The city is a combination of other groups, namely central Mexican groups. Toltec influence in the city.
" Sacred Round
"was the Mayan calendar. It was used to plan important agricultural events (when crops should be harvested) and religious events. It had 20 days and 13 months and was based off two cycles of numbers and pictures.
Diego de Almagro
"was the second man to Pizarro, got to Peru too late and missed out on the plunder. Was given the land below Peru but wasn't happy with what he was awarded and returned to Peru with murder in his eyes Was a Spanish conquistador and a companion and later rival of Francisco Pizarro. He participated in the Spanish conquest of Peru and is credited as the first European discoverer of Chile. took over Cuzco and then was killed by Pizarro, his men kills Pizarro after his death
" calpulli
(Aztec) Calpulli were groups of families that controlled the use of the land and performed other territorial functions, as well as performing social functions.
mayeque
An Aztec commoner - rural tenants who worked on the lands of nobility.
" audiencia
An appellate court in Spain and its empire. The name of the institution literally translates as Royal Audience.
" Hans Koning
Author and journalist. Writer of Columbus: His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth
" pipiltín
Aztec Nobles
" Cuzco
Capital City of the Inca Empire.
" Martin Waldseemüller
German cartographer. He is credited with the first recorded usage of the word America, on the 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia in honor of the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
" Aymara
Indigenous peoples of the Andes.Pre-Inca
" Long Count
Part of the Mayan Calendar a non-repeating, vigesimal (base-20) and base-18 calendar.
" Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Takes possession of the South sea for Spain (1514)
" New Laws of 1542
The New Laws issued by Charles 1 of Spain, under the influence of reformers such as Bartolomé de las Casas, had been established to improve the lot of the indigenous peoples of the Americas within the Spanish dominions.
" Palos de la Frontera
The place from which Columbus set sail in 1492.
" Huancavelica
Was the location of the major source of mercury which was important for mining
Charles V
was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and, as Charles I, king of the Spanish Empire.
