Exam 1 HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Today, women outlive men by how many years?

5

In 2006, the average infant in the U.S. could expect to live for ______ years.

78

Which of the following demonstrates the sociological implications of the HIV/AIDS epidemic?

All of the above. Its influence on modifying social norms, values, and lifestyles. How certain social behaviors lead to the transmission of the disease and result in a pandemic. The social rejection of AIDS patients. Moral and religious debates over the meaning of the disease and treatment options

Suicide is a major health concern for which minority group?

American Indians/Alaskan Natives.

For all causes of death, _____________ have the lowest death rates.

Asians/Pacific Islanders.

In 2008, a nationwide study of mortality in the United States revealed that life expectancy for part of the nation's women had ___________ significantly between 1983 and 1999.

Decreased.

In the United States, heart disease has ______________ over the past 30 years.

Decreased.

In developing his concept of the sick role, Parsons linked his ideas to which two classical theorists?

Durkheim and Weber.

What minority group is most likely to use hospital emergency rooms as their primary source of medical services?

Hispanics

Decline in deaths from infectious diseases in the second half of the nineteenth century was mainly due to:

Improvements in diet, housing, and public sanitation.

Since AIDS results from a private act that has extreme social consequences, serious moral and legal questions also arise about the rights of ____________ versus the welfare of _______________.

Individuals, society.

_________________ has special significance for a society because it is traditionally used as an approximate indicator of a society's standard of living and quality of health care delivery.

Infant mortality rate.

Medical sociology is an important area of study because:

It recognizes the role that social factors play in determining or influencing health.

Unlike infectious diseases, chronic diseases typically are _____________ and ______________.

Long term; incurable.

What federal program provides health insurance to those 65 years and older?

Medicare

For all causes of death, _____________ have the highest death rates.

Non-Hispanic blacks.

There are two categories of bioterrorism:

Overt and covert.

One of the greatest threats from infectious diseases worldwide comes from:

Sexually transmitted diseases.

Several studies find that the strongest and most consistent predictor of a person's health and life expectancy is

Social class

A ratio, such as the crude mortality rate, is expressed as:

Total number of cases divided by total population.

In which study were syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allowed to die?

Tuskegee.

Neighborhood disadvantage focuses on:

Unhealthy urban living conditions.

Which is not a major bioethical issue?

Use of adult stem cells.

What has been the general pattern in life expectancy during the 20th century with respect to men and women?

Women gained more than men in the first half of the century but since then men have made greater gains and the gap is narrowing.

The World Health Organization defines health as:

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

Which component of social class is consistently the strongest single predictor of good health?

Education.

Which of the following have been significant factors in the most recent epidemiologic transition, which has seen a reemergence of infectious diseases?

Globalization of trade and travel. Global warming and climate change.

The primary focus of the epidemiologist is on:

Health problems of social aggregates

What is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for more than one-third of all deaths?

Heart disease.

________________ is the leading cause of death for women after age 66

Heart disease.

According to Richard Wilkinson, which is the most important variable influencing a county's overall level of health?

Income inequality within a country.

In quantitative studies, what variables are used to measure socioeconomic status?

Income, occupational prestige, and education.

New research is showing that the relationship between occupation, income, education, and health changes over the life course, with __________ becoming more important for health as a person moves toward older age.

Income.

Which of the following trends is most likely to strain health care delivery systems and public health insurance in future years?

Increasing proportion of elderly in the population. Increasing size of the Hispanic population. Medical tourism. Reemergence of infectious diseases. (All of the above are correct)

Whose investigations into cholera outbreaks established the foundation of modern epidemiology?

John Snow.

________________ has been found to make women particularly vulnerable to psychological distress.

Lack of control.

As a nation shifts from primarily rural-agricultural to urban-industrial, what changes are seen in the health profile of the nation?

Leading causes of death change from mostly infectious diseases to chronic diseases.

Several studies in Britain, with its universal health care, have shown that the equalization of health care alone has _____________ the disparity in health between social classes.

Not reduced.

A major factor causing the infant mortality difference between blacks and whites is:

Poverty.

Which circumstance(s) particularly affected the development of medical sociology in its early stages?

Pressure to produce work that could be applied to medical practice and health policy. AND Rich development of theories unique to medical sociology by academic sociologists.

The Whitehall studies conducted in Britain demonstrated that regardless of cause of death, which group had the lowest rates of mortality?

Senior administrators.

A social class is a category or group of people who:

Share similar levels of wealth, status, and power.

Talcott Parsons's book The Social System contained which concept important for medical sociology?

Sick role.

The finding that even the upper middle class lives shorter than the uppermost class, and that every class lives longer than the one directly below it is evidence of what?

Social gradient in mortality.

Compared to women, men usually have substantial health inferiority in terms of life expectancy because of the combination of two major effects: biological and ___________ effects.

Social-psychological

People who become infected with HIV may be subjected to discrimination, which can isolate them socially. This social outcome is:

Stigma.

What caused the prevalence of STDs to soar around the globe?

The birth control pill. A worldwide ideology of sexual liberation and permissiveness. A new pattern of employment in developing nations. Greater availability of multiple sexual partners. (all of the above)

Which of the following is TRUE about incidence and prevalence?

The incidence for a given disease can be low at the same time that its prevalence is high.

What is the "fertility rate"?

The number of births per women of childbearing age.

The current public policy approach to dealing with AIDS is:

Through safe-sex education.