Exam 1 History

After the Revolutionary War, all of the lands seized from Loyalists were returned.

False; States soon repealed their test oaths for voting and officeholding. Loyalists who did not leave the country were quickly reintegrated into American society, although despite the promise of the Treat of Paris, CONFISCATED LOYALIST PROPERTY WAS NOT RETURNED. pg. 221 (pink highlight).

The French and Indian War began because some American colonists felt that:

France was encroaching on land claimed by the Ohio Company. pg 157

Which founding father had a hand in the messy beginnings of the French and Indian War?

George Washington; The company's members included the colony's royal governor, Robert Dinwiddie, and the cream of Virginia society-Lees, Carters, and the young George Washington. The land grant threatened the region's Indians as well as Pennsylvania land speculators, who also had claims in the area. It sparked the French to bolster their presence in the region. It was the Ohio Company's demand for French recognition of its land claims that inaugurated the Seven Years' War (known in the colonies as the French and Indian War), the first of the century's imperial wars to begin in the colonies and the first to result in a decisive victory for one combatant. It permanently altered the global balance of power. pg. 157

The conquest of the Aztec Empire was exclusively a fight between the Aztecs and the Spaniards; the Spaniards won primarily because of their superior weaponry.

False

The romance between Pocahontas and John Smith led to their marrying in England, where she then died.

False

Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense as a response to Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence.

False!

What was the primary city of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochtitlan is the capital city of the Aztec empire. The city was built on marshy islands on the western side of Lake Tetzcoco, which is the site of present-day Mexico City.

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson arrived in Massachusetts with her husband in 1634. She began holding meetings in her home where she led discussions of religious issues. Hutchinson charged that most of the ministers in Massachusetts were guilty of faulty preaching by distinguishing "saints" predestined to go to Heaven from the damned through activities such as church attendance and moral behavior rather than by an inner state of grace. In 1637, Hutchinson was placed on trial before a civil court for sedition (expressing opinion dangerous to authority). Hutchinson's examination by John Winthrop and deputy governor Thomas Dudley, excerpted below, is a classic example of the collision between established power and individual conscience. For a time, Hutchinson more than held her own. But when she spoke of divine revelations, of God speaking to her directly rather than through ministers or the Bible, she violated Puritan doctrine and sealed her own fate. Hutchinson and a number of her followers were banished. pg. 71-73

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson moved to Massachusetts in 1634 with her husband ans began holding meetings at her house where she led discussions of religious issues among men and women which included a number of prominent merchants and public officials. Many Puritans found the idea of religious pluralism extremely troubling and church and state reinforced each other, both ministers and magistrates were intent on suppressing any and all views that challenged their own leadership. For this reason, they denounced Hutchinson for Antinomianism-an individual putting their own judgement or faith above both human law and the teachings of the church. Puritans found her physical presentation as a women to be uncanny and when Hutchinson deliberated divine revelations of God speaking to her directly rather than through ministers or the Bible, she violated Puritan doctrine and chose her own fate. The Colony's leaders felt that this claim posed a threat to the existence of organized churches and to all authority so Hutchinson, along with various of her followers, were banished. Her and her family made it safely to Westchester where she later died during the Indian War. We are able to see the leaders discontent with her presence and actions as presented in the excerpt "The Trial of Anne Hutchinson" where she would be talked down upon by Governor Winthrop as he used words like "divulging" and "trouble" when expressing the opinions she has been conveying to her followers. Anne Hutchinson is important because her actions left a mark on the region's religious culture. In other words, her religious views and exertions gave an inside look on how dominative Puritans were in maintaining their religious and political establishment and how fast they were to act to fight against others who challenged them. Criticism soon rose to those who did not follow the same religious and political practices as them and were sure to be banished; It would be a long time until religious tolerations prospered in Massachusetts.

Which of the following statements are true about Hernan Cortes and his relationships with Mesoamericans? Mark ALL that apply. (Mesoamerica refers to the diverse civilizations that shared similar cultural characteristics in the geographic areas comprising the modern-day countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica).

Aztec: Mesoamerican people who were conquered by the Spanish under Hernán Cortés, 1519-1528. Engravings, from the Florentine Codex, of the forces of Cortes marching on Tenochtitlan and assaulting the city with cannon fire. The difference in military technology between the Spanish and Aztecs is evident. Indians who allied with Cortes had build vessels and carry them in pieces over mountains to the city. The codex (a volume formed by stitching together manuscripts pages) was prepared under the supervision of a Spanish missionary in sixteenth-century Mexico. The first explorer to encounter a major American civilization was Hernan Cortes, who in 1519 arrived at Tenochtitlan, the nerve center of the Aztec empire, whose wealth and power rested on domination of numerous subordinate peoples nearby. With only a few hundred European men, the daring Cortes conquered the Aztec city, relying on superior military technology such as iron weapons and gunpowder. He shrewdly enlisted the aid of some of the Aztecs' subject peoples, who suppled him with thousands of warriors, without who aid he could not have succeeded. His most powerful ally, however, was disease- a smallpox epidemic that devastated Aztec society. The people of the Huexotzinco, a town near Mexico City, had aided Hernan Cortes in his conquest of the Aztec empire. The codex was part of a successful lawsuit, endorsed by Cortes, in which the Indians challenged excessive taxation by colonial officials. The conquistador Hernan Cortes was impressed by the high quality of woven cotton clothing worn by the Aztecs. pg. 23 and pg. 27

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion was the largest popular revolt in the early English colonies which occurred in 1676 in Virginia. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon who was a wealthy and ambitious planter himself and went against Governor William Berkeley who had run a corrupt regime in alliance with an inner circle of tobacco planters, while heavy taxes reduced the prospects of small farmers. Tension arose when Berkeley refused to allow white settlement in areas reserved for Indians which angered colonists who saw landownership as central to freedom. Further, after Berkley refused settlers demands for the authorization of removing colony's Indians to open more land for the whites, support from small farmers, landless men, indentured servants, and even some slaves gave rise to a large group who supported Bacon. Nathaniel Bacon called for the removal of all Indians from the colony, a reduction of taxes, and an end to rule by "grandees." We are able to see the desperations calling for change from the rebellion group as represented in the excerpt "Nathaniel Bacon on Bacon's Rebellion" which stated many of the complaints that the rebels deliberated against governor Berkley. As expressed in the excerpt, many of the complaints consisted of obtaining more land, restoring lower taxes, and to cut connections of trade and commerce with Indians as well. This is important because although the Rebellion failed, it worried authorities and the uprising of future rebellions so as a result they reduced taxes, adopted a more bellicose Indian policy, and opened western areas to small farmers. Not only was the shift directed towards positive aspects that most individuals were then able to practice-through the implementation of lower taxes- but as a consequence it led to the development of a slave society which soon triumphed for many years to come. The integration of African-American slaves adopted the principle of white supremacy and embedded new slave codes which viewed slaves as property who were in complete control by their masters and the white community. Further, this caused Virginia to shift from a society with slaves where slavery was one system of labor among others, to a "slave society" where slavery stood at a focal center of the economic process.

Which of the following is a reason that a slave may prefer the task system of labor?

Even though they are assigned daily jobs, the completion of that would allow them time for leisure or to cultivate crops of their own under the "task" system that developed in eighteenth-century South Carolina. pg. 134

Which of the following is a true statement about the Atlantic slave trade's effect in West Africa? a. It had little effect on West Africa, because more than 90 percent of persons enslaved came from East Africa. b. It helped lead to the rise of militarized states in West Africa, whose large armies preyed upon their neighbors in order to capture slaves. c. It encouraged the expansion of West Africa's domestic textile industry, which supplied clothing for slaves. d. It led to an increase in West Africa's population during the 1700s as slave traders encouraged women to have more children who would then be sold into slavery. e. It successfully united West African nations to resist European slave traders, who reluctantly ended the trade by 1763.

It helped lead to the rise of militarized states in West Africa, whose large armies preyed upon their neighbors in order to capture slaves. pg. 130 pink highlight and found on other quizlet

In 1517, the German priest ________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption. This Reformation added a religious fervor to as a motivation for colonization.

Martin Luther pg. 27

What were "freedom petitions"?

Most dramatically, slaves themselves appreciated that by defining freedom as a universal right, the leaders of the Revolution had devised a weapon that could be used against their own bondage. The first concrete steps toward emancipation in revolutionary America were freedom petitions- arguments for liberty presented to New England's courts and legislatures in the early 1770s by enslaved African-Americans.

What was the Middle Ground?

On this MIDDLE GROUND , a borderland between the French and British empires and Indian Sovereignty, villages sprang up where members of numerous tribes lived side by side, along with European traders and the occasional missionary. The Ohio Valley became caught up in a complex struggle for power involving the French, British, rival Indian communities, and settlers and land companies pursuing their own interest. Here by mid-century resided numerous Indians, including Shawnees and Delawares who had been pushed out of Pennsylvania by advancing white settlement, Cherokees and Chickasaws from the southern colonies who looked to the region for new hunting grounds, and Iroquois seeking to exert control over the area's fur trade. Pg. 156-157 Indians hoped to preserve the middle ground, a borderland where various powers competed and none held sway, so that their own liberty could be maintained. pg. 159 As in the Spanish empire, New France witnessed considerable cultural exchange and intermixing between colonial and native populations. On the "middle ground" of the Great Lakes region in French America, Indians and whites encountered each other for many years on a basis of relative equality. pg. 39

What enabled Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense" to sell so many copies and be read so widely?

Paine pioneered a new style of political writing, one designed to expand dramatically the public sphere where political discussion took place. He wrote clearly and directly, and avoided the complex language and Latin phrases common in pamphlets aimed at educated readers. Essentially, Paine wrote the pamphlet in a language that normal individuals would be able to read and understand, it was not written to the educated elite so it did not have harsh and difficult vocabulary or Latin vocabulary. Further, Paine stated that his share of the profits would be used to buy supplied for the Continental army. pg. 186

The significance of the Columbian Exchange can BEST be described by the following:

Products introduces to Europe from the Americas included, corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and cotton, while people from the Old World brought wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep to the New. But Europeans also carried germs previously unknown in the Americas. The Columbian Exchange-the flow of goods and people across the Atlantic- included animals, plants, technology, and diseases. pg. 24

The Great Awakening was a religious movement occurring partially in response to the intellectual impulses of the Enlightenment.

True; Many ministers were concerned that westward expansion, commercial development, the growth of Enlightenment rationalism, and lack of individual engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion. The eighteenth century witnessed a resurgence of religious fundamentalism in many parts of the world, in part a response to the rationalism of the Enlightenment and a desire for greater religious purity. These fears helped to inspire the revivals that swept through the colonies beginning in the 1730s. Known as the Great Awakening, the revivals were less a coordinated movement than a series of local events united by a commitment to a "religion of the heart," a more emotional and personal Christianity than that offered by existing churches. pg. 149-150

Republican Motherhood

Republican motherhood was an ideology that rose in the late 1700s as a result of American independence where women played a vital role by training future citizens. Although this encouraged the expansion of educational opportunities for women so that would be able to communicate political wisdom to their children, females were still unable to practice in the direct involvement of politics. This idea strengthened the trend which was already prevalent in the eighteenth century which was a "companionate" marriage. This consisted of a voluntary union that was held together by affection and mutual dependency rather than relying solely on male authority. This is important because as a result of the Revolution, many of the ideals that women had obtained and were previously perceived as had shifted in a positive and impactful way. Not only were women viewed more vital to the society of the United States, but their status towards civilization was critical to keep America thriving. Without women being present and obtaining a suitable education, they would be unable to instruct their children the principles of liberty and government. We see this strong shift towards women as seen in the letters from Abigail Adams in "Abigail Adams and Republican Motherhood." Although she, and other women in this time where unable to have direct political influence, she had a strong interest in politics. As a mother, she was able to instill civic virtue in the new generation of citizens and prospered in this as she was not only the wife of the second president but also the mother of the sixth president, John Quincy Adams. As Abigail Adams writes in her letters to John Quincy Adams, you are able to see how seriously she positioned her role as a republican women and opens a window on how other women may have practiced this idea during the early republic. pg. 234

Which of the following is an example of settler-colonialism as discussed in lecture.

Settler colonialism- political and cultural domination establishing unwanted & government control over a territory, and replacing the indigenous people with new settlers, generally through the eradication and/or removal of indigenous peoples. (kind of going off from how the Spaniards dominated the lives of the Indian population by inhibiting them from following their own practice; just look at the top flashcard). The 4 settler colonial states in the U.S. were united states, Australia, new Zealand and Canada. pg. 33-35 talks about the Indian settlers that were dominated by the Spanish government.

Which of the following is TRUE about Pocahontas? Check all that apply.

She did not marry John Smith, she MARRIED John Rolfe. The marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas, the daughter of Virginia's leading chief, discussed below, is well known but almost unique. No such mixed marriage took place in seventeenth-century Massachusetts and only two more occurred in Virginia before the legislature outlawed the practice in 1691. pg. 56. After converting to Christianity, she took the name Rebecca. In the first two years of Jamestown's existence, relations with Indians were mostly peaceful and based on a fairly equal give-and-take. At one point, Smith was captured by the Indians and threatened with execution by Powhatan, only to be rescued by Pocahontas, reputedly the favorite among his many children by dozens of wives. The incident has come down in legend (most recently a popular animated film) as an example of a rebellious, love-struck teenager defying her father. In fact, it was probably part of an elaborate ceremony designed by Powhatan to demonstrate his power over the colonists and incorporate them into his realm. Pocahontas subsequently became an intermediary between the two peoples, bringing food and messages to Jamestown. John Smith's return to England raised tensions between the two groups, and a period of sporadic conflicts began in 1610, with the English massacring villagers indiscriminately and destroying Indian crops. Pocahontas herself was captured and held as a hostage by the settlers in 1613. While confined to Jamestown, she converted to Christianity. As part of the restoration of peace in 1614, she married the English colonist John Rolfe. Two years later, she accompanied her husband to England, where she caused a sensation in the court of James I as a symbol of Anglo-Indian harmony and missionary success. But she succumbed to disease in 1617. Her father died the following year (1618). pg. 59

Pueblo Indians lived in what is now:

Southwestern United States

Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire found in June 20, 1325 and was built on marshy islands on the western side of Lake Tetzcoco, which is the side of present-day Mexico City. With a population of about 250,000, Tenochtitlan was one of the world's largest cities. Its great temple, central market which related closely to those found in European capitals, and splendid royal palace made the Aztec's empire seem like "an enchanted vision," as stated by first Europeans who initially viewed the city. The beauty the city withheld can be described well in the excerpt "Bernal Diaz, A Spanish view of Tenochtitlan." In this reading, the beautiful commodities that the city withheld are largely expressed as the temple is described to be huge and extremely high that one could see far beyond the city and had a clear view of the lakes and its vast canoes it contained. Tenochtitlan is important because it gave an open outlook of practices that Indian societies of the Americas had long practiced before the colonization of Spaniards or Europeans. As viewed with the many practices the Aztec empire had implemented to the Tenochtitlan city, roads, irrigation systems, and trade networks were widely executed and had shaped the community in a positive way which had allowed them to rise up and succeed in their customs. These exercises allowed their societies to perfect farming, fishing, and developed structures of political power and religious belief which further impacted their means of trade and communication which has shaped our understanding of how well they were able to maintain equilibrium in their lifestyles.

Which of the following statements about Virgin soil epidemics are true? Mark ALL that apply.

The Plague (Thomas Morton Description of the Natives) Chicken Pox

Why is the Pueblo Revolt historically significant? In other words, what would be the Pueblos Revolt's "so what"? Mark ALL that apply.

The Pueblo Revolt was the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans and the only whiolesale expulsion of settlers in the history of North America. According to a royal attorney who interviewed the Spanish survivors in Mexico City, the revolt arose from the "many oppressions" the Indians had suffered. The victorious Pueblos turned with a vengeance on all symbols of European culture, uprooting fruit trees, destroying cattle, burning churches and images of Christ and the Virgin Mary, and wading into rivers to wash away their Catholic baptisms. They rebuilt their places of worships, called "kivas," and resumed sacred dances the frair had banned. "The God of Spainards." they shouted, "is dead." Cooperation among the Pueblo peoples, however, soon evaporated. By the end of the 1680s, warfare had broken out among several villages, even as Apache and Navajo raids continued. Pope died around 1690. In 1692, the Spanish launched an invasion that reconquered New Mexico. Some communities welcomed them back as a source of military protection. But Spain had learned a lesson. In the eighteenth century, colonial authorities adopted a more tolerant attitude toward traditional religious practices and made fewer demands on Indian labor. Basically, this revolt helped ensure the survival of Pueblo cultural traditions, lands, languages, religions, sovereignty, and practices. The revolt of the Indian population, in 1680, temporarily drove Spanish settlers from present-day New Mexico. pg. 33-35 and pg. 37 talks about an Indian who was questioned about the revolt

The Columbian Exchange was:

The Transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with Columbus's voyages in 1492. The transatlantic flow of goods and people, sometimes called the Columbian exchange, altered millions of years of evolution. Plants, animals, and cultures that had evolved independently on separate continents were now thrown together. Products introduces to Europe from the Americas included, corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and cotton, while people from the Old World brought wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep to the New. But Europeans also carried germs previously unknown in the Americas. The Columbian Exchange-the flow of goods and people across the Atlantic- included animals, plants, technology, and diseases. pg. 24

What was the Middle Passage?

The hellish and often deadly middle leg of the transatlantic "Triangular Trade" in which European ships carried maufactured goods to Africa, then transported enslaved Africans to the Americas and the Caribbean, and finally conveyed American agricultural products back to Europe; from the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, some 12 million Africans were transported via the Middle Passage, unknown millions more dying en route. For slaves, the voyage across the Atlantic-known as the Middle Passage because it was the second, or middle, leg in the triangular trading routes kinking Europe, Africa, and America-was a harrowing experience. Essentially, many slaves were crammed aboard vessels as much as possible to maximize profits and many would cry and shriek in pain as they died. They would be tied up by their necks and legs and would not be able to even turn around. Disease like measles and smallpox spread rapidly which caused ship captains to throw the sick overboard in order to prevent the spread of epidemics. The crews on slave ships also suffered a high death rate. pg. 130

The men of Jamestown searched tirelessly for gold and silver because they wanted to participate in which practice?

The hopes of locating RICHES such as the Spanish had found in Mexico were quickly dashed. "Silver and gold they have none," one Spanish observer commented, their local resources were "not much to be regarded," and they had "no commerce with any nations." They included few farmers and laborers and numerous sons of English gentry and high-status craftsmen (jewelers, stonecutters, and the like), who preferred to prospect for gold rather than farm. They "would rather starve than work," declared John Smith, one of the colony's first leaders. pg. 58

Who was Phillis Wheatley?

a black female poet who wrote about how African-Americans felt about freedom. Phillis Wheatley was brought as a slave to Boston in 1761 where Wheatley learned to read and published her first poem in a New England newspaper in 1765, when she was around twelve years old. The fact that a volume of her poems had to be printed with a testimonial from prominent citizens, including patriot leader John Hancock, affirming that she was in fact the author, illustrates that many whites found it difficult to accept the idea of blacks' intellectual ability. pg. 226

What would be a good representation of Enlightenment principles?

a botanist who studied nature to uncover why a certain plant kept dying pg. 149

Both the Aztec and Inca empires were:

a. rural and poor. b. small in population, but sophisticated in infrastructure. c. large, wealthy, and sophisticated. d. large in geographic size, but sparsely populated. e. rural, with few impressive buildings. answer-c

Bacon's Rebellion contributed to which of the following in Virginia? a. a large and sustained increase in the importation of indentured servants b. generous payments to Native Americans to encourage them to give up their lands to white farmers c. changes in the political style of Virginia's powerful large-scale planters, who adopted a get-tough policy with small farmers and hired their own militia to enforce their will d. the replacing of indentured servants with African slaves on Virginia's plantations e. an order from Governor Berkeley that Native Americans could serve in the militia

d. the replacing of indentured servants with African slaves on Virginia's plantations

The Stamp Act created such a stir in the colonies because:

it was the first direct tax Parliament imposed on the colonies.