Exam 1 MC

Which of the following is a belief? 1)God forbids stealing. 2)People who steal should be punished. 3)Stealing is illegal. 4)Crime rates are falling in the U.S Thinking Empirically

1)God forbids stealing.

Rationalization is a feature of modern life in which social relationships become more 1)standardized 2)respected 3)strained 4)volatile Theory Quiz

1)standardized

Which of the following is an opinion? 1)Stealing is illegal. 2)Crime rates are falling in the U.S. 3)People who steal should be punished. 4)God forbids stealing. Thinking Empirically

3)People who steal should be punished.

When a behavior violates our idea of what is normal, we call it 1)punishment 2)deviant 3)discourse 4)crime Deviance

2)deviant

Which of the following is an example of material culture? 1)Singing the national anthem at a baseball game as an expression of patriotism 2)Booing an umpire to express disapproval of a decision to call a ball a strike in baseball 3)Doing the "wave" at a baseball game as an expression of solidarity with other fans 4)Popcorn and crackerjacks Culture

4)Popcorn and crackerjacks

When people are taught, whether through implicit instruction or modeling, how to act, think, and even feel according to the rules of their culture, they are experiencing 1)bureaucratization 2)generalization 3)normalization 4)socialization Socialization

4)socialization

Which of the following is an example of qualitative research? 1)In-depth interviews with patients who have been treated at a cancer center to learn how the center could improve their care of customers 2)A poll to see who is the most popular person currently running for governor 3)Counting the number of incidents of sexism in a TV episode 4)A telephone survey that people hear when they conclude a call to customer service that asks them to rate their experience on a variety of questions, including the politeness of the customer service representative, the length of their wait, etc. Thinking Empirically

1)In-depth interviews with patients who have been treated at a cancer center to learn how the center could improve their care of customers

What theory of deviance says that people become deviant when they are labelled as deviant people? 1)Labeling theory 2)Stigma theory 3)Moral crusader theory 4)Social control theory Deviance

1)Labeling theory

Bailey is a single mother who wants to provide her children with nutritious lunches while they are at school, but she also finds that the time she required by planning and packing lunches takes away from the time she would like to spend reading books with her children at bedtime. What is Bailey experiencing? 1)Role strain 2)Peer pressure 3)Normalization 4)Role conflict Social Interaction

1)Role strain

How do sociologists and psychologists differ in their approaches to understanding deviance? 1)Sociologists tend to emphasize the social factors that lead someone to take on an identity as deviant, while psychologists tend to focus on personality factors, which they see as heavily influenced by genetics. 2)Sociologists tend to theorize deviance without measuring it scientifically, while psychologists use social scientific observation to study it. 3)Sociologists tend to use methods of scientific observation to study deviance, while psychologists tend to work in the world of theory. 4)Psychologists tend to emphasize the social factors that lead someone to take on an identity as deviant, while sociology tend to focus on personality factors, which they see as heavily influenced by genetics. Deviance

1)Sociologists tend to emphasize the social factors that lead someone to take on an identity as deviant, while psychologists tend to focus on personality factors, which they see as heavily influenced by genetics.

What is the objective of SlutWalks? 1)To publicly challenge the notion that women's clothing is responsible for sexual violence against women 2)To celebrate women's bodies in a non-judgmental way 3)To make high-end fashion more accessible to the public 4)To demand the testing of untested rape kits Social Interaction

1)To publicly challenge the notion that women's clothing is responsible for sexual violence against women

When sociologists say that "biology is not destiny," what do they mean? 1)While biology is one factor that shapes our bodies and our health, social factors also impact these. 2)Biological factors established before birth, such as our genes, are influential over our social lives, but biological factors that appear after we are born, such as injuries and illnesses, are not. 3)We expect that, in the future, researchers will be able to locate the exact genes responsible for different social outcomes. 4)Biology and social forces are equally influential over social outcomes in our lives. Socialization

1)While biology is one factor that shapes our bodies and our health, social factors also impact these.

As groups increase in size, they become more 1)complex 2)scrutinized 3)unstable 4)important to their members Social Interaction

1)complex

A moral crusader is someone who 1)exaggerates a public danger in order to create the feeling of a threat 2)studies the relationship between morality and deviance 3)translates research on deviance into actionable policies to address it 4)presents himself or herself as a moral leader but is secretly engaged in serious deviant activity Deviance

1)exaggerates a public danger in order to create the feeling of a threat

Cultural hierarchies can be a way to enforce 1)exclusion in social life based on class 2)feelings of insecurity among those who are wealthy 3)legal protections for people with minority status in a society 4)surveillance in the educational system Culture

1)exclusion in social life based on class

In contrast to the past, today sociology seeks to develop theories that 1)focus on specific situations in a given place and at a given time 2)will explain all historical events through a single lens 3)are equally applicable to people in all societies 4)push toward a global unification of culture Theory Quiz

1)focus on specific situations in a given place and at a given time

As we move through childhood, ______________ tend to become a more powerful socializing force, while the influence of ____________ may diminish. 1)peer groups, families 2)families, peer groups 3)schools, families 4)media, schools Socialization

1)peer groups, families

Charles Horton Cooley's idea of the "looking glass self" says that 1)society serves as a mirror that we use to develop our own self-concept as we see ourselves as others see us 2)we do not see the differences between ourselves and those close to us until society tells us that we are different from them 3)individuals serve as a canvas on which society paints a unique picture 4)despite growing up in different societies, all people develop similar self-images Theory Quiz

1)society serves as a mirror that we use to develop our own self-concept as we see ourselves as others see us

In any given situation, we have to figure out which of the many _____________ we hold is most relevant, which in turn helps us decide which roles to enact. 1)statuses 2)looking-glass selves 3)organizational cultures 4)social networks Social Interaction

1)statuses

The sociological canon is 1)the ideas that have become seen as "required reading" to have a firm understanding of the foundations of sociology 2)a collection of writing that was once important but that few sociologists read any more 3)the over-valued contributions of powerful but ultimately mediocre thinkers from the 19th century 4)the entire body of sociological scholarship ever written Theory Quiz

1)the ideas that have become seen as "required reading" to have a firm understanding of the foundations of sociology

Dominant culture consists of 1)the ideas, values, beliefs, norms, and material culture of society's most powerful groups 2)the most long-lasting cultural practices, which explicitly seek to honor tradition 3)the cultural practices of younger generations, who will quickly come to control the market of what is "cool" 4)the cultural practices that most push the boundary of what is acceptable in a society at that time Culture

1)the ideas, values, beliefs, norms, and material culture of society's most powerful groups

An in-group is a group 1)you are connected to in a positive way and to which you feel bonded 2)you feel intimidated by 3)whose culture is difficult to learn 4)you look down on Social Interaction

1)you are connected to in a positive way and to which you feel bonded

An out-group is a group 1)you look down on 2)whose culture is difficult to learn 3)you are connected to in a positive way and to which you feel bonded 4)you feel intimidated by Social Interaction

1)you look down on

What happens, according to George Herbert Mead, during the game stage of child development? 1)Children become very upset when others cheat because they value fairness, but they invent exceptions to the rules when doing so benefits them. 2)Children learn problem-solving skills, including how to get along with peers when they disagree about the rules of play. 3)Children seek their parents' attention by arguing with their friends and siblings over the rules of games. 4)Children invent games to impress each other with their creativity. Socialization

2)Children learn problem-solving skills, including how to get along with peers when they disagree about the rules of play.

Cultural domination hurts local cultures in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one? 1)Local techniques to produce material items may be lost if a product is made elsewhere. 2)Global marketing brings consumer goods that may make life easier for people, especially women, since they do most of the work in family life, where many consumer goods are used, in local communities. 3)Global products are less likely to reflect traditions of the local culture and may eventually replace them. 4)The money generated by the sale of global products flows back to global headquarters, which is usually far away from where the product is sold. Culture

2)Global marketing brings consumer goods that may make life easier for people, especially women, since they do most of the work in family life, where many consumer goods are used, in local communities.

What led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code? 1)Experiments on college students in which they were assigned the role of "prisoner" or "guard" in a fake prison, which emboldened some of them to become violent toward others 2)Nazi experimentation on Jewish people, people with disabilities, and others during the Holocaust 3)The choice of medical researchers in Alabama to deny African American men with syphilis treatment known to manage the disease in order to study how the disease progressed and killed people 4)The practice of pharmaceutical companies to conduct more dangerous research on people in less wealthy nations, which tend to have more lax rules about experimentation than do Western nations Thinking Empirically

2)Nazi experimentation on Jewish people, people with disabilities, and others during the Holocaust

Which of the following statements is falsifiable? 1)The U.S. should pass a law mandating pay equity between men and women. 2)On average, women earn less money than men, even in the same field of work and with similar experience and training. 3)Countries with greater gender equality are more pleasant places to live. 4)There are too many reasons why women earn less than men to be able to solve the problem of pay inequity. Thinking Empirically

2)On average, women earn less money than men, even in the same field of work and with similar experience and training.

For Mead, who comprises the "generalized other"? 1)People in our reference groups 2)People in society in general, but not specific individuals 3)People in our primary groups 4)People who are close friends Socialization

2)People in society in general, but not specific individuals

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group? 1)The teenager players on a high school golf team 2)Spectators at a children's swim meet 3)The parent-coaches of a Little League baseball team 4)Two sociologists working together on research on the impact of parental pressure on student athletes Social Interaction

2)Spectators at a children's swim meet

The practice of public sociology is built upon 1)transparency in how research funds are spent 2)a commitment to using sociological ideas in wider public conversations and struggles for social justice 3)the public funding of research 4)the crowdsourcing of data collection Theory Quiz

2)a commitment to using sociological ideas in wider public conversations and struggles for social justice

Which of the following items is part of the hidden curriculum for children in the early years of school? 1)how to write their names 2)how to ask a question without disrupting class 3)how to identify shapes 4)how to skip a rope in Physical Education Socialization

2)how to ask a question without disrupting class

Which of the following is empirically measurable? 1)People who steal should be punished. 2)God forbids stealing. 3)Crime rates are falling in the U.S. 4)The punishment for stealing should be harsher. Thinking Empirically

3)Crime rates are falling in the U.S.

Many sociologists argue that societies need deviance. Why? 1)Deviance creates victims, and we need victims in order to practice feeling empathy for others. 2)When we spend tens of thousands of dollars (or more) on jail cells, taxpayers get the opportunity to share a common burden, which builds community. 3)In punishing deviance, societies define the boundary between what is normal and what is not normal. 4)Deviance provides important jobs in the prison industry, especially for rural towns where many prisons are located. Deviance

3)In punishing deviance, societies define the boundary between what is normal and what is not normal.

Which of the following examples illustrates how fashion has symbolic meaning? 1)Clothing that is produced using traditional techniques and that rejects, in its production, the exploitation of workers is often termed "slow clothing." 2)Many young children are sensitive to uncomfortable clothes, including tags, seams, and rough fabrics. 3)In the past, high-heeled shoes were worn by the wealthy, regardless of gender, but now they are seen as a signal of femininity. 4)Making clothes using sweatshop labor often keeps prices low for consumers. Culture

3)In the past, high-heeled shoes were worn by the wealthy, regardless of gender, but now they are seen as a signal of femininity.

For Durkheim, what advantage does organic solidarity have over mechanical solidarity? 1)It excludes people who might threaten the values of the community. 2)It is easier to achieve. 3)It can produce solidarity even with people whose experiences we do not share. 4)It produces stronger connections between people. Theory Quiz

3)It can produce solidarity even with people whose experiences we do not share.

What is one reason why controlled experiments are less common in sociology than in the natural sciences? 1)People are not interested in serving as research participants in controlled experiments. 2)They are time consuming. 3)The legal and ethical rules for experimenting on people prevent much experimentation on people. 4)They do not produce accurate results when completed on humans. Thinking Empirically

3)The legal and ethical rules for experimenting on people prevent much experimentation on people.

Which of the following is an example of ideal culture? 1)A teacher's whistle 2)a red rubber playground ball 3)The rules of kickball 4)A playground Culture

3)The rules of kickball

According to Marx, society is shaped primarily by the history of 1)religious conflict. 2)conflict over gender 3)economic conflict 4)racial conflict. Theory Quiz

3)economic conflict

James' parents have forbidden him from driving a snowmobile, saying that he has not shown the maturity necessary to drive one. One day he attends an ice-fishing trip with some friends, all of whom are permitted to drive snowmobiles. When James tells his friends that he is not permitted by his parents to drive a snowmobile, they tease him for being controlled by his parents and unwilling to act independently. Still, James refuses to break his parents' rules. James has just successfully navigated 1)the hidden curriculum 2)resocialization 3)peer pressure 4)adult socialization Socialization

3)peer pressure

The DSM is a guidebook to 1)legal definitions of criminal behavior 2)illegal behaviors in different countries, for tourists seeking experiences that might be illegal in their home nation but legal in other places 3)the signs and symptoms of mental illness 4)mandatory sentencing for people convicted of crimes Deviance

3)the signs and symptoms of mental illness

Why are deviant subcultures more likely to exist in urban areas than in rural or suburban ones? 1)Urban areas typically have fewer laws than rural or suburban ones. 2)Urban areas typically have more men than rural or suburban areas, and men are more likely to engage in deviant behavior than are women. 3)Urban areas typically have fewer police officers than rural or urban ones. 4)Because cities have more diverse populations, with people coming to them from many different communities and countries, people in large urban areas are more likely to find norm-breaking subcultures. Deviance

4)Because cities have more diverse populations, with people coming to them from many different communities and countries, people in large urban areas are more likely to find norm-breaking subcultures.

What happens, according to George Herbert Mead, during the play stage of child development? 1)Children watch adult behavior such as swearing and flirting, during their childhood. 2)Children invent games with complicated rules in order to establish authority among their peers. 3)Children change the rules of games as they play in order to advantage themselves and practice manipulation. 4)Children pretend to be other people, like a parent or a doctor or a teacher, which helps them understand the world from others' perspectives. Socialization

4)Children pretend to be other people, like a parent or a doctor or a teacher, which helps them understand the world from others' perspectives.

What is the difference between crime and deviance? 1)Deviance is the breaking of civil laws, while crime is the breaking of criminal law. 2)Deviance includes Part I crimes, while crime involves Part II crimes. 3)Deviance is the breaking of minor laws, while crime is the breaking of major laws. 4)Crime breaks laws, but, while deviance may involve law-breaking, it does not have to. Deviance

4)Crime breaks laws, but, while deviance may involve law-breaking, it does not have to.

Which of the following is an example of systematic research? 1)Jeremy wants to find the best pizza shop in the city where he has just moved, so he asks his co-worker, who has an Italian last name. 2)Karenna cannot remember the name of a song that is stuck in her head, so she does an internet search for the lyrics, which helps her find the song title. 3)Jeff wants to be supportive of his best friend, who lives with and battles depression. Jeff spends a lot of time reading articles from books, magazines, and blogs about how to support someone with depression. 4)Kelsey wants to know how viewers feel about reality TV stars, so she asks 50 reality TV stars to let her read, code, and analyze their fan mail. Thinking Empirically

4)Kelsey wants to know how viewers feel about reality TV stars, so she asks 50 reality TV stars to let her read, code, and analyze their fan mail.

Which of the following examples illustrates that individuals' lives are not entirely shaped by social structures? 1)President Franklin D. Roosevelt was related to 11 other presidents. 2)In the U.S., upward economic mobility-the ability to enter a social class that is higher than the one you were born into-is relatively weak. 3)The children of movie stars often go on to become movie stars. 4)Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty but rose to become one of the wealthiest people in America. Theory Quiz

4)Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty but rose to become one of the wealthiest people in America.

What kind of group is most likely to foster a feeling of belonging? 1)Organizational culture 2)Secondary group 3)Bureaucracy 4)Primary group Social Interaction

4)Primary group

What do sociologists mean when they say that deviance is socially constructed? 1)Each of us gets to decide what acts of other people offend us. 2)Some acts, such as child abuse, are considered crimes in all societies, but other acts, such as theft, are not. 3)Individuals decide for themselves what acts violate their personal ethical codes. 4)Societies choose what behaviors they consider deviant and which they consider normal. Deviance

4)Societies choose what behaviors they consider deviant and which they consider normal.

When sociologists say that socialization is a force of social control, what do they mean? 1)Socialization is an explicit process, one that often uses violence and the threat of physical force to ensure compliance. 2)Most people regret their participation in the socialization process of others after the fact, but when they are participating in socializing another person, they are unaware of what they are doing. 3)When we comply with agents of socialization, our individual consciences feel at peace because we are consistently acting in ways that we think are right. 4)Through socialization, we internalize the rules of our culture so that violence or physical threats are not required to make us comply. We learn the rules so well that we don't even think of ourselves as complying with them-instead, we are just acting "normally." Socialization

4)Through socialization, we internalize the rules of our culture so that violence or physical threats are not required to make us comply. We learn the rules so well that we don't even think of ourselves as complying with them-instead, we are just acting "normally."

Which of the following research projects would likely be called unethical? 1)Asking parents and teachers for permission to observe parent-teacher conferences in order to study parent-teacher interactions 2)Putting a suggestion box in the school cafeteria so that students can offer feedback about meals 3)Asking all parents in a school district to complete an anonymous survey about their satisfaction with the district's new online lunch payment system 4)Using a hidden camera to record parent-teacher conferences without parent permission but with teacher permission, in order to study how teachers interact with parents and make recommendations for how they can improve their communication strategies Thinking Empirically

4)Using a hidden camera to record parent-teacher conferences without parent permission but with teacher permission, in order to study how teachers interact with parents and make recommendations for how they can improve their communication strategies

What does it mean to say that all people are sociologists? 1)High school students who study sociology are more likely to say they enjoy making observations about human behaviors. 2)More jobs than ever require employees to understand how people relate to each other. 3)We can rely on common sense to help us understand the world accurately. 4)We use ideas about our social world to navigate our way through life. Theory Quiz

4)We use ideas about our social world to navigate our way through life

A commodity is 1)an object you make for yourself to enjoy 2)a skill that is now extinct because of competition from global culture 3)a skill you pass on to a member of the next generation 4)an object bought or sold in the market Culture

4)an object bought or sold in the market

According to Max Weber, all modern institutions are organized 1)organically 2)reflexively 3)mechanically 4)bureaucratically Theory Quiz

4)bureaucratically

Stereotypes 1)are always negative 2)are always directed from less powerful to more powerful people 3)are always rooted in some germ of fact 4)can be positive or negative, though both positive and negative stereotypes cause harm Culture

4)can be positive or negative, though both positive and negative stereotypes cause harm

Role conflict occurs when 1)one role makes conflicting demands on us 2)our personal goals have changed but our role has not and we are frustrated by the misalignment of goals and roles 3)the role we are given is defined by someone else, with little or no input from us 4)multiple roles that we hold make conflict demands on us Social Interaction

4)multiple roles that we hold make conflict demands on us

The process by which social standards of normal behavior are used to judge people and to reform those who are determined not to be normal is called 1)generalization 2)bureaucratization 3)socialization 4)normalization Socialization

4)normalization

Role strain occurs when 1)the role we are given is defined by someone else, with little or no input from us 2)our personal goals have changed but our role has not and we are frustrated by the misalignment of goals and roles 3)multiple roles that we hold make conflict demands on us 4)one role makes conflicting demands on us Social Interaction

4)one role makes conflicting demands on us

In response to rioting in their neighborhood, some younger residents agree to stay overnight in the homes of elderly people in the neighborhood who are unable, due to health reasons, to leave the area during the time of increased violence. Each night of rioting, a team of young adults visits the neighborhood elders and offers to stay overnight with them. Most elderly people accept the offer with relief. This example illustrates the power of deviance to 1)shift power from the old to the young 2)overrule the desires of people in the minority 3)prevent an increase in crime by allowing people to "blow off" anger in smaller acts of deviance 4)reinforce social bonds of those who oppose it Deviance

4)reinforce social bonds of those who oppose it

Informed consent requires 1)the oversight of a review board 2)written permission 3)only research on adults 4)the understanding of the research participant or their guardians about what the research project requires of them Thinking Empirically

4)the understanding of the research participant or their guardians about what the research project requires of them

When ethnocentrism remains unchallenged, it can lead to 1)multiculturalism 2)globalization 3)cultural relativism 4)xenophobia Culture

4)xenophobia

One general trend about culture, especially pop culture, is that 1)adults tend to welcome warmly cultural innovations introduced by youth 2)distinct cultures for youth and adults have only been around for about 25 years 3)young people often create the laws that govern culture 4)young people tend to discard cultural practices as their elders adopt them Culture

4)young people tend to discard cultural practices as their elders adopt them