Exam 1

In 1990 the Academy of Kinesiology changed to....

Biomechanics Academy

When/How did kinesiology begin?

Biomechanics was originally taught as kinesiology; Derived from the medical field from Hippocrates, Galen, and Aristotle

What is the most significant factor that affects stability?

Bone Shape

What was one of the main component of health taught now from the first PE department?

Cardiovascular health

Joint Movement

Cartilage is a factor that is going to improve your stability -Cartilage is not static through the ROM -The bones roll an glide through the ROM

Types of Diarthrosis

Classified by the # axes and how the bones articulate - Gliding - Hinge - Pivot - Condyloid - Saddle - Ball and socket

Short Bone

Direct Forces -carpals, tarsals

Agonists

Directly responsible for producing a movement

Physician Assistant

Don't even need a bachelors degree - Just need a decent GPA and pre-recs for PT school - First line of seeing a physician - Prescribing medicine

Ergonomics

Evaluate worksites and jobs to prevent injuries

Sagittal axis

Frontal plane (medial/lateral) abduction/adduction Anterior to posterior (front to back)

What is Exercise Science?

It is the study of movement in relation to physical activity and health

Irregular Bone

Many Roles - Spine, Sacrum

What are some risks with double joint?

More flexibility results in less stability and higher risk of injury; angle of pull is compromised and results in high tension of ligaments and pressures in joints rise

Muscular Arrangement

Muscle that span joints aid in stability - Especially when bony structure contributes little to stability

How was the focus in Kinesiology 100 years ago when it was first coined?

Muscle/skeletal articulation and movement analysis

When bone structure does not provide stability, the _____________ helps to enhance it

Muscular arrangment

What are the 2 types of synergist?

Neutralizers and stabilizers

Synarthrosis

No space between the bones 3 ways you can glue the 2 bones together with no space - Ligaments: AC joint -Sutured: Skull, pelvis -Cartilage: pelvis

Are the components of cortical and trabeculae bone different?

No, they are made up of the same components; they only have different densities

Long Bone

**Large Movements** - Shaft, medullary cavity, - Epiphysis: growth plate in between bones at the end- Arms, legs, clavicle, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges

Cortical bone

**More dense** -<30% space between mineralization - Located in the shaft of the long bone - Affected most by bone loss or gains - Less modification and turnover change -Only change is when bone mineral density goes down

Kinesiology in the 1900's

PE teachers referred to themselves as kinesiologists - Kinesiology was part of the PE department - There was a branch called kinesiology and it later became more focused on muscle/skeletal studies

What academic disciplines are included in the Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education?

PE, Physical Therapy, Athletic training, Recreation and exercise science

Ligaments arrangements

- Ligaments are strong, flexible, stress -resistant, somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues that form bands or cords - Help maintain relationship of bones - Check movement at normal limits of joint - Resist movements for which joint is not constructed - Will stretch when subject to prolonged stress - Once stretched, their function is affected- Viscoelastic

Important live functions you need calcium

- Need muscle contraction - Not just skeletal muscle but you need blood vessel muscles, smooth muscles to do their work. Which controls blood flow and blood pressure - Need calcium to help heart contract. When the blood levels of calcium go down your body kicks in hormone release and that hormone stimulates the osteoclast to take the minerals out of the bones and release it into the blood so it can get to the important muscle contractions. - Your nervous system needs calcium and minerals

Cortical Bone (part 2)

- Not much remodeling because there is not as much blood supply!!! - An all or nothing type of bone - its either not going to break at all, or its going to snap/shatter

Exercise Physiology

- Oldest discipline in kinesiology - Exercise affects health (systems of body) -Big part of exercise physiology: cardiovascular/cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal

Trabeculae bone (calcium)

- Reasons we have these spaces is so the bone cells can do their work inside these spaces - Another reason you need these spaces is you can fit proteins in there. Strands of protein give the bones strength giving it its elastic property.

Opposite axes and plane work together

- Sagittal axes creates frontal plane motions -Frontal axes creates sagittal plane motions - Longitudinal axes creates transverse plane motions

trabeculae

- less dense/spongy bone -Are the cancellous bones located at the ends of long bones -Provides elasticity due being filled with collagen protein - Shock absorbing, elastic materials -Adjustments occur

What was the timeline of the department name for biomechanics?

Physical Education -> Kinesiology -> Biomechanics

What was the oldest academic in exercise science?

Physical education

In order to be considered a profession, it must have?

-A unique clear body of knowledge and understanding to be a professional. -Certification test required

Fitz (1930s)

-Another professor that said that we should do research instead of basing everything on non-research - He said the most important component to be taught was strength and power which is learned through anatomy.

ROM

-Can be too flexible -Not enough -Muscle tendon flexibility affect most

Exercise Physiology topics

-Metabolism -Energy -Nutrition -Weight Management -Cardiovascular -Body fat % -Calorie intake

Because there is a lot of space in the trabecular bone that's where all the working parts are which are cells. What are the two types of cells?

-Osteoblast: Glues together the minerals (build the bone) -Osteoclast: Erodes away or takes apart the mineral (break down the bone)

Ancient Greeks were

-Physicians -Ex. Physiologists -Personal trainers -Coaches

Kinesiology Field

-Replaces the Physical Education field name - PE is now a part of the Kines department; 1989

Shear

-This is where injuries occur -Opposite directions; applied force tends to slide the molecules across each other- we are not good at shearing

Certifications/Careers

-Titleist Performance Institute: Helping people improve their performance for sports- Developed by golf professor and chiropractor -Biomechanist (Cooper, CHEK, Golf) -Muscle Activation Therapist * Developed by a strength coach * Business certification -Somatotherapy: Believe that the connective tissue near the surface is what causes soreness *Pressure point things and such -Myofascial Release Therapist

Why would you want to have this system of taking away minerals?

-Your bones are your storage tank for your mineral -Main mineral is calcium

Gliding joint

0 axis

Hinge joint

1 axis - concave and convex - flexion/extension, ex. elbow

Pivot joint

1 axis - rotation, atlas/axis -radius/ulna Ex: forearm, first two vertebrae (C1-C2)

What are the 2 organizations where you get your information?

1. ACSM- American College of Sports Medicine (most credible clinical organization) 2. NSCA- National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978); non-clinical and 2nd most credible - These come up with screening tests

Exercise Science is made up of 2 things:

1. Exercise Physiology 2. Biomechanics

What are the 2 ways knowledge is gained in exercise science?

1. Non-research - Sell the idea; Comes from people who practice before us - passing down ideas and knowledge from one generation to the next - doesn't have to be tested and researched to be used- Ideas get passed from articles, journals, and conferences 2. Research -proof, results, scientifically controlled, reviewed by researchers to accept and publish - It's a good source to define the profession

Saddle joint

2 axis, 2 planes -saddle shape -concave & convex each bone - modified condyle -Ex: thumb • Can move side to side and front to back!

Condyle joint

2 axis, 2 planes - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, • Wrist (radius/carpal) • Knuckle (metacarpal/phalanges) o Some only hinge, but the first row of knuckles abduct and adduct

Ball & Socket joint

3 axis, 3 planes - Free movement in all directions -Ex: shoulders & hips

Axes

90° to the plane - An imaginary pin that allows rotation and movement - Can go through in three different directions in the joint -Ex. Shoulder: from front to back (anterior to posterior), lateral to medial

Fossa

A hollow depression or pit

Process

A projecting part of bone

Line

A raised line or small ridge

Spine

A sharp projecting part of bone

Fovea

A smaller hollow depression or pit

What are factors that determine adjustments?

Activity improves bone strength through osteoblast activity Inactivity (sedentary) the osteoclast tends to be more active

trabeculae (part 2)

Adds strength without weight - High turnover - most "remodeling" - porous - makes up joints - makes up the vertebrae

Biomechanics

Analyzing motions of the muscles and bones - certification - can be coach or researcher

What are the parts of the skeletal system that has a projection?

Process, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

Flat Bone

Protection, RBC -Sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis, patella

Tension

Pulling, bending, or stretching force directed axially through body

Joint Stability

Resist motion or resist displacement -Opposite of ROM -Resist in plane not intended or articulating surface move away from each other (shear: resisting or moving the opposite direction, or traction) - As more movement allowed, stability is sacrificed

Frontal axis

Sagittal plane; (front/back) flexion/extension Medial to lateral (side to side)

Factors Affect ROM

Same as stability Age Gender Exercise habits

Which force does soft tissue have the least ability to resist?

Shearing

Joint Capsule

Synovial membrane - when you put pressure and move joints, it fills with synovial fluid (the reason we warm up) Synovial fluid - reduces friction inside of joint Cartilage covers end of bones (hyaline) Ligaments

Bending

Tension and compression at the same time -Compression on the articular surfaces on one side -Tension on the ligaments and tendon/muscle on the opposite side

In 1989 the Academy of Physical Education changed to...

The Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education (kinesiology is the field name)

Neck

The part of the bone that joins the head to the shaft

Who were Hitchcock and Sargent?

They established the first department of physical education in early 1900's, Hitchcock was the professor and Sargent was the student who also did the first vertical jump test which is now named after him. - #1 pick was muscle fitness/physical appearance (muscle strength & power)

Define Physiotherapy

Those who treat injures, diseases and disorders though physical rehabilitation

What is the #1 factor that resist compression?

Trabecula bones -Because the ends of the bones are where the contact occurs -That's where you need shock absorbing ability

Longitudinal axis

Transverse plane: top to bottom (horizontal, rotational, pronation/supination) -Superior to inferior (top/bottom) - vertical pin

Risk of injury can increase when flexibility is too high True or False?

True

Is Exercise Science considered to be a profession?

Yes, but there is no specific body of knowledge. - No requirement for a license - No exam - Different criteria - Different certifications

Foramen

a hole, usually for nerves or vessels to pass through

Tuberosity

a knobby projection (bump on the front of your knee below your knee cap)

Trochanter

a large, knobby projection (ex. greater trochanter of femur)

Epicondyle

a rounded projection near the ends of a long bone but lateral to the axis and not exactly a part of the articulation (ex. at distal end of humerus)

Condyle

a rounded projection that articulates with another bone

Tubercle

a small, knobby projection on humerus

Facet

a small, smooth, and usually flat articular surface

Viscoelastic

ability to slowly stretch ex. yoga positions

Notch

an indentation on the border or the edge of a bone

What are factors that affect joint stability?

bone shape, ligaments, muscle tension, fascia, atmospheric pressure

What are 3 types of forces?

compression, tension, shear

Compression

is a pressing/squeezing force directed axially through the body -Trabecula resists at end -Cortical resist due to density (squared effect) -any loss in bone has squared effect on ability to resist

What is fascia and where is it located?

is made up of connective tissue; located in all layers of the body; outer layer fascia is most commonly focused on in rehabilitation etc. -Intense or prolonged stress may cause permanent stretch - Iliotibial tract and thick skin covering the knee joint are examples

What is high turnover?

it the remodeling process where new cells are created or put together by osteoblasts; occurs in spongy bone.

Irregular/gliding/plane

non-axial, curved/smooth/irregular shaped articulation - Carpals, tarsals, facets of vertebrae - Just shift, they direct forces around

In 1960, a professor, Barham, changed the names of the courses because kinesiology was such a broad term

o Anatomical Kines Later called biomechanics o Mechanical Kines o Psychology Kines o Physiological Kines Later called exercise physiology

Define Kinesiotherapist

o Requires a bachelors degree in ESS o Have to do a full semester internship o Working with the elderly o CERTIFICATION TEST NEEDED

Prolonged relaxation reduces

stability ex: sitting, catcher's position

Define Kinesiology

study of human movement

Diarthrosis

the joint has space in between two bones; a freely movable joint aka synovial joint

Head

the spherical articular end of a long bone

If you don't take in the calcium you need through your diet,

your body will go and find it from inside your body and it will start to break down parts of the body (bones) in order to keep its levels of calcium for the heart and brain