exam 1
Aristotle's strategy for classification
- arguments about the past (forensic arguments) - arguments about the present (epideictic or ceremonial arguments) - arguments about the future (deliberative arguments)
Why is humor effective?
- puts readers at ease - suspend reader judgement - deal with sensitive issues - used to ridicule other arguments - used as satire
Why do people and institutions that want to influence us do everything they can to establish character and credibility?
with more credibility, more trust about claims made
inartistic proof
(inartistic appeal) support for an argument using facts, statistics, eyewitness testimony, or other evidence the writer finds rather than creates
which of the following is true about pie charts?
the size of a slice should represent a classes relative frequency
What background information do we need about any statistics we use?
to see if it's credible or not
When can using emotion fail?
use too much emotion and you offend a person
Suppose a frequency distribution has the following consecutive classes: $20 up to $30 $30 up to $ 40 $40 up to $50 What is the midpoint for the first class? -$25 -$10 -$20 -$30
$25
Suppose a frequency distribution has the following consecutive classes: $20 up to $30 $30 up to $40 $40 up to $50 What is the class midpoint for the first class?
$25
Suppose a frequency distribution has the following consecutive classes: $20 up to $30 $30 up to $40 $40 up to $50 What is the class midpoint for the first class?
$25
In the cumulative frequency polygon shown, Chart 2-7, about how many observations are there between a value of 200 and 250?
50
A business statistics instructor teaches a class with 83 students. Suppose he would like to create a frequency distribution to summarize their 83 final exam scores. Using the "2 to the k rule," how many classes should used?
7
Which of the following best describes a frequency table?
A grouping of qualitative data into classes showing the number of observations in each class.
Which of the following are characteristics of bar charts? Select all that apply.
Bar charts are used for qualitative data There should be gaps between bars Plotted rectangles should be the same width
What is the final step in creating a frequency distribution?
Count the number of observations in each class.
Place the following steps used in construction a frequency distribution into the correct order. Decide on number of classes Set individual class limits Tally the number of observations in each class Determine class width
Decide on number of classes Determine class width Set individual class limits Tally the number of observations in each class
Suppose the cumulative frequency distribution is used to summarize n observations. The cumulative frequency for the last class will always be
Equal to n
Which of the following is not a useful practice in setting individual class limits for a frequency distribution?
Excluding outliers that cause the interval to be too wide.
Which of the following is a feature of relative frequency distribution?
The sum of the relative frequencies must be one (Assuming no rounding errors)
Which of the following is a feature of a relative frequency distribution?
The sum of the relative frequencies must be one (assuming no rounding errors).
In a marketing study, 100 consumers were asked to select the best digital music player from the iPod Touch, Sony Walkman, and Zune HD. To summarize the consumer responses with a frequency table, how many classes would the frequency table have?
There are 3 music players given in the question, so in the frequency table, there should be three classes to capture the consumer responses. Hence, the number of classes is 3.
A set of data consists of 38 observations. How many classes would you recommend for the frequency distribution?
Use "2 to the k rule:" 2(to the 5th)=32 32 is less than 38, so 5 classes are not enough Try the next highest number: 2(to the 6th)=64 64 is greater than 38, so the recommended number of classes is 6.
Which of the following are characteristics of frequency distributions?
Use classes and frequencies to organize data It provides the tally for each class. Organize raw data
Which of the following are characteristics of raw data?
When the data is in its original form it is referred to as raw data Raw data can be either qualitative or quantitative
analogies
an extended comparison between something unfamiliar and something more familiar for the purpose of illuminating or dramatizing the unfamiliar.
Arguments to convince and inform
arguments that give you information based on a position
To divide data with a high value of H and a low value of L into k classes, the class interval must be:
at least (H-L)/k
Relative Frequencies are:
the fraction or percentage of observations in each class interval.
ethos
the self-image a writer creates to define a relationship with readers. In arguments, most writers try to establish an ethos that suggestions authority, fairness, and credibility
artistic proof
(artistic appeal) support for an argument that a writer creates based on principles of reason and shared knowledge rather than on facts and evidence
pie chart
A chart that shows the proportion or percentage that each class represents of the total number of frequencies.
A business statistics course has 2 accounting majors, 4 finance majors, 6 marketing majors, and 8 insurance majors. Which one of the following is true if a pie chart was constructed to depict majors of students? -the slice for marketing majors would be two times as big as the finance slice -the slice for accounting would represent 20% of the pie char -the slice for insurance would make up more than half of the pie chart - the marketing slice would be three times as big as the accounting slice
- the marketing slice would be three times as big as the accounting slice
stasis questions
who, what, where, when, why, how
In the cumulative frequency polygon shown, about how many observations are there between a value of 200 and 250?
50, you must subtract the observations for 200 from the observations for 250
A business statistics instructor teaches a class with 83 students. Suppose he would like to create a frequency distribution to summarize their 83 final exam scores. Using the "2 to the k rule," how many classes should be used?
7 is the smallest value of k that makes 2(to the k power) > n 2(to the 6th power) = 64 2(to the 7th power) = 128 128>83, so the answer is 6
Suppose you are trying to summarize a data set a maximum value of 70 and a minimum value of 1. If you have decided to use seven classes, which one of the following would be a reasonable class interval?
70-1=69; 69/7=9.9, closest is 10
Describe the similarities and differences between a frequency table and a frequency distribution. Be sure to include which requires qualitative data and which requires quantitative data.
A frequency table calls for qualitative data. A frequency distribution involves quantitative data
arguments based on degree
Arguments based on degree are very common that people barely notice them. Degree Arguments are mostly self-evident. Readers immediately comprehend the point of the author intends to make. Logical structure that readers can grasp.
Regarding frequency tables and frequency distributions, which one of the following is true?
Both show the number of observations in each class.
Regarding frequency tables and frequency distributions, which of the following are true?
Both use mutually exclusive classes. Only frequency tables use qualitative data.
Given below are the data for blood types: A B B AB O O O B AB B A B 0 O O A O A A 0 A B B 0 AB Which is the frequency for blood type AB?
3
Which of the following are characteristics of bar charts?
Plotted rectangles should be the same width. Bar charts are used for qualitative data. There should be gaps between bars.
In the histogram shown, Chart 2-4, the minimum profit was at least what amount?
$200
fallacies
(of an argument) a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect
Which of the following is an advantage of a cumulative frequency polygon over a histogram or frequency polygon?
It can show the total number of observations less than a particular class' upper limit.
deductive reasoning
a process of thought in which general principles are applied to particular cases
Which two of the following practices is commonly used in setting class limits for frequency distribution?
Rounding the class interval up Placing "excess" interval width equally in the two tails of the distribution
precedent
actions or judgments in the past that have established a pattern or model for subsequent decisions. Precedents are particularly important in legal cases
Which one of the following is true about pie charts?
The size of a slice should represent the relative frequency or percentage.
Which of the following is a feature of relative frequency distribution?
The sum of the relative frequencies must be (assuming no rounding errors).
hasty generalization
a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data
straw man
a fallacy of argument in which an opponent's position is misrepresented as being more extreme than it actually is, so it's easier to refute
non sequitur
a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically, one point doesn't follow from another
stack the deck
a fallacy of argument in which the writer shows only one side of an argument
deliberative arguments
an argument that deals with action to be taken in the future, focusing on matters of policy. Deliberative arguments include parliamentary debates and campaign platforms
warrant
in Toulmin argument, the statement (expressed or implied) that establishes the logical connection between a claim and its supporting reason
When is humor not effective?
- when it becomes offensive or taken the wrong way
Which of the following is the best definition of "class midpoint"? -halfway between the lower or upper limits of two consecutive classes -the average value of the observations in the class interval -halfway between the highest and lowest classes
-halfway between the lower or upper limits of two consecutive classes
histogram
A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars, and the bars are drawn adjacent to each other
class midpoint
Halfway between the lower or upper of two consecutive classes. It is computed by adding the lower or upper limits of consecutive classes and dividing by 2.
frequency table
a grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes showing the number of observations in each class
claim
a statement that asserts a belief or truth. In arguments, moth claims require supporting evidence. The claim is a key component in Toulmin argument
pathos (aka emotional appeal)
a strategy in which a writer tires to general specific emotions (such as fear, envy, anger, or pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim
logos (aka logical appeal)
a strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince audience members to accept a claim
Rogerian arguments
an approach to argumentation based on the principle, articulated by psychotherapist Carl Rogers, that audience respond best when they don't feel threatened. Rogerian argument stresses trust and urges those who disagree to find common ground
proposal arguments
an argument in which a claim is made in favor of or opposing a specific course of action
arguments of definition
an argument in which the claim specifies that something does or does not meet the conditions or features set forth in a representation; within stasis theory: What is the nature of the thing?
stasis theory
in classic rhetoric, a method for coming up with appropriate arguments by determining the nature of a given situation: a question of fact; of definition; of quality; or of policy
reason
in writing, a statement that expands a claim by offering evidence to support it. The reason may be a statement of fact or another claim. In Toulmin argument, a reason is attached to a claim by a warrant, a statement that establishes the logical connection between claim and supporting reason
Why should writers be careful when using statistics?
making sure that it is up to date
Match the term with the definition -mutually exclusive classes -collective exhaustive classes -the classes don't overlap -there is a class for each observation
mutually exclusive classes- the classes don't overlap collective exhaustive classes- there is a class for each observation
confirmation bias
situation where something in society confirms our world view (most people will naturally belief something that confirms with something they already think - or generally accepted view)
Arguments to persuade
tells the audience what actions to take/how to respond
rhetoric
the art of persuasion
What are some tips for considering what is "normal"?
- exploring assumptions - remembering ways of arguing differently across cultures - not assuming that people share the same cultural values, ethical principles, or political assumptions - respect the differences among individuals within a given group
Step 1 to create a frequency distribution
Decide the total number of classes. A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is the "2 to the k rule." This guide suggests you select the smallest number (k) for the number of classes such that 2^k (in words, 2 raised to the power of k) is greater than the number of observations (n).
frequency distribution
Does NOT summarize qualitative data, only Quantitative
regarding freq tables and freq distribution, which of the following is true?
both show the number of observations in each class
Arguments to make decisions
closely linked with exploratory arguments, the goal is consider various alternatives to make good, sound choices
arguments of evaluation
presents criteria and then measures people, ideas, actions, or things against those standards; within stasis theory: What is the quality or cause of the thing?
Explain the "the rhetorical situation" graphic on page 25 and how it relates to kairos.
rhetoric situations are embedded in all social complexity. Through context and media, it connects to writers/speakers, through text messages, and through readers/viewers/listeners based on circumstances
intended readers
the actual, real-life people whom a writer consciously wants to address in a piece of writing
Place the following steps used in constructing a frequency distribution into correct order. -tally the number of observations in each class -decide on the number of classes -determine class width -set individual class limits
-determine the number of classes -determine the class width -set individual class limits -tally the number of observations in each class
A frequency distribution table shows the number of observations for each class interval of data. How is this data plotted as a frequency polygon? -frequency is plotted on the horizontal axis and the class interval is plotted on the vertical axis -frequency is plotted on the vertical axis and the class midpoint is plotted on the horizontal axis -frequency is plotted on the vertical axis and the class interval is plotted on the horizontal axis -the cumulative proportion of observations for each class is plotted on the vertical axis and the class upper limit is plotted on the horizontal axis
-frequency is plotted on the vertical axis and the class midpoint is plotted on the horizontal axis
Which of the following features is an advantage that the frequency polygon has over the histogram? -it can directly compare two or more frequency distributions -it depicts each class as a rectangle, with the height representing the number of observations -the frequency polygon show relative frequencies with respect to a circle, not bars
-it can directly compare two or more frequency distributions
Which of the following is an advantage of a cumulative frequency polygon over a histogram or frequency polygon? -it can show the number of observations in a given class -it can show the total number of observations less than a particular class' upper limit -it shows class midpoints as points on the polygon
-it can show the total number of observations less than a particular class' upper limit
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a frequency distribution? -It displays the number of observations in each class -it summarizes qualitative data -it uses mutually exclusive classes -it uses collectively exclusive classes
-it summarizes qualitative data
Which one of the following is regarding raw data? -raw data are the tally of data in each class -raw data refers to the form of the data after grouping has taken place -raw data are the result of dividing frequencies by the total number of observations -raw data are simply a listing of data before summarizing it
-raw data are simply a listing of data before summarizing it
Suppose you are trying to summarize the data set with a maximum value of 70 and a minimum value of 1. If you decide to use seven classes, which one of the following would be a reasonable class interval? -10 -1 -7 -70
10
bar chart
A graph that shows qualitative classes on the horizontal axis and the frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are proportional to the heights of the bars.
frequency distribution
A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes showing the number of observations in each class
Step 2 to create a frequency distribution
Determine the class interval. Generally, the class interval is the same for all classes. The classes all taken together must cover at least the distance from the minimum value in the data up to the maximum value. Expressing these words in a formula: i>= (Maximum Value - Minimum Value)/ k where i is the class interval, and k is the number of classes
invitational arguments
a term used by Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin to describe arguments that are aimed not at vanquishing an opponent but at inviting others to collaborate in exploring mutually satisfying ways to solve problems
mutually exclusive classes
the classes don't overlap
class frequency
the number of observations in each class
kairos
the opportune moment; in arguments, the timeliness of an argument and the most opportune ways to make it
the value shown on the vertical axis of a cumulative frequency polygon for a particular class is found by
counting the numbers of observations less than the upper limit of the class
Regarding frequency tables and frequency distributions, which one of the following is true? -only frequency distributions use mutually exclusive classes -both show the number of observations in each class -only frequency tables use collectively exhaustive classes
-both show the number of observations in each class
The value shown on the vertical axis of a cumulative frequency polygon for a particular class is found by: -counting the number of observations less than the upper limit of the class -counting the number of observations less than the upper limit of the class -dividing the class frequency by the total number of observations
-counting the number of observations less than the upper limit of the class
A relative frequency distribution shows: -the fraction or percentage of observations in each class interval -the number of observations in each class interval -the number of observations of a particular value in a set of data
-the fraction or percentage of observations in each class interval
Which of the following is not part of a histogram? -quantitative data divided into classes -adjacent bars whose height represents the number of frequencies -the frequency of occurence of data within a class -the frequency of occurence of a nominal variable
-the frequency of occurence of a nominal variable
What is the difference between arguments to convince and arguments to persuade?
convince means "to cause someone to believe firmly in the truth of something." persuade means "to cause someone to do something through reasoning or argument." In essence, the main difference between convince and persuade is that convince deals with a person's mind while persuade focuses on the resulting action.
What role does culture play in ethos?
credibility in different beliefs and different cultures
convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency distribution
each class frequencies is divided by the total number of observations
Why must we read critically for pathos?
emotions go through many ways, such as: patterns, word choice, literary devices, various sentence types - and reading critically for them allows us to understand how an author crafts their pathos
Arguments to understand or explore
examine relevant topics to personal or societal issues
What does it mean to appeal to an audience?
exploring the occasions and types of arguments available that will lead audiences that are being addressed and in the specific ways to appeal to them
Who can claim authority? Why are more credentials sometimes necessary?
those who hold high degrees. Credentials are necessary to show that someone that specializes in that topic agrees with you
Step 3 to create a frequency distribution
Set the individual class limits. State clear class limits so you can put each observation into only one category. This means you must avoid overlapping to unclear class limits
The number of observations in each class is called the class ____________. -limit -interval -midpoint -frequency
frequency
frequency table
frequency tables only list QUALITATIVE data
which of the following is a feature of a relative frequency distribution
the sum of relative frequencies must be one (assuming no rounding errors)
How should a writer establish trustworthiness and credibility?
using credible sources, such as doctors, well-known organizations, etc.
Which of the following can be observed from a histogram? Check all that apply. -the spread of the data -the relationship between two variables -the shape of the distribution -the approximate number of observations -the concentration of the data
-the spread of the data -the shape of the distribution -the approximate number of observations -the concentration of the data
Why would you want to use emotion to connect to your reader?
an effective way to connect with readers is to have them understand your negative experiences.
to divide data with a high value of H and a low value of L into K classes, the class interval must be
at least (H/L)/k
Advantage of the frequency polygon over the histogram
It allows us to compare directly two or more frequency distributions.
cumulative relative frequency distribution
Shows the percent of observations less than a given value.
collective exhaustive classes
there is a class for each observation
What role does an author's motives play in his/her perceived ethos?
their argument is based off of their motives & what they chose to use to build their arguments' credibility
What kind of facts count most in scholarly argumentation?
those most credible?
Why should we carefully analyze arguments based on character?
to understand the point of view and background of character that lead them to make certain arguments
When does using emotion work?
using emotional appeals, you can make an argument more memorable and also there is a varying range of emotion
Why and how should poll numbers be questioned?
whether or not the population questioned is credible/representative of all people
In the histogram shown, how many vehicles were sold for a profit less than $1,400?
42
Suppose that the miles per gallon for 80 cars is summarized in a frequency distribution. Below is a part of the distribution. What would the relative frequency be for the class "20 up to 24"? MPG Frequency 16 up to 20 10 20 up to 24 16 -80 -0.125 -10 -0.20 -16 -1.00
-0.20
Which of the following are characteristics of bar charts? -bar charts are used for qualitative data -plotted rectangles should be the same width -plotted rectangles should be the same height -there should be gaps between the bars
-bar charts are used for qualitative data -plotted rectangles should be the same width -there should be gaps between the bars
What is the final step is creating a frequency distribution? -decide the number of classes -set the individual class limits -count the number of observations in each class -determine class width
-count the number of observations in each class
In using the "2 to the k rule" to determine the number of classes for a frequency distribution, what is the meaning of the value k? -k is the greatest number of classes such that 2^k < n where n is the number of observations -k is the smallest number of classes such that 2^k is greater than the number of observations -k is the number of observations which is to be summarized
-k is the smallest number of classes such that 2^k is greater than the number of observations
Which two of the following practices is commonly used in setting class limits for a frequency distribution? -deleting data which is too low or too high to fit convenient intervals -overlapping the upper limit with the lower limit of the next higher class -placing "excess" interval with equally in the two tails of the distribution -rounding the class size up
-placing "excess" interval with equally in the two tails of the distribution -rounding the class size up
Suppose that the miles per gallon for 80 cars is summarized in a frequency distribution. Below is a part of the distribution. What would the relative frequency be for the class "20 up to 24?"
0.20 , 16/80=0.20
Suppose you are trying to summarize a data set with a maximum value of 70 and a minimum value of 1. If you have decided to use 7 classes, which one of the following would be a reasonable class interval? 1 10 7 70
10
Suppose you are trying to summarize a data set with a maximum value of 70 and a minimum value of 1. If you have decided to use seven classes, which one of the following would be a reasonable class interval?
10
In the histogram shown, Chart 2-4, what class had the second highest number of vehicles sold?
1400 to 1800
In the cumulative frequency polygon shown, Chart 2-7, about how many observations are there between a value of 100 and 150?
25
A frequency distribution table shows the number of observations for each class interval of data.How is this data plotted as a frequency polygon?
Frequency is plotted on the vertical axis and the class midpoint is plotted on the horizontal axis.
Which of the following are used to summarize quantitative data? Select all that apply. Frequency table Frequency polygon Bar Chart Histogram
Frequency polygon Histogram
Which of the following would be a use for a frequency table? Select all that apply. Gender of students in a Business Statistics course. Age of students in a Business Statistics course. State of residence of students in a Business Statistics course. Majors of students in a Business Statistics course.
Gender of students in a Business Statistics course. State of residence of students in a Business Statistics course. Majors of students in a Business Statistics course.
Which of the following is the best definition of "class midpoint"?
Halfway between the lower or upper limits of two consecutive classes.
Which of the following graphs are used to summarize quantitative data? Select all that apply.
Histogram Frequency Polygon
To divide data with a high value of H and a low value of L into k classes, the class interval must be:
In most instances, this value will be fractional and the number of classes should be an integer. When this calculation results in an integer, the limit must be increased to include all observations.
Which of the following are true regarding the class midpoint? Select all that apply. Its is halfway between the lower limits of two consecutive classes. Its is halfway between the upper limits of two consecutive classes. It best represents the values in a class. It is halfway between the highest and lowest classes. The average value of the observations in a class interval.
Its is halfway between the lower limits of two consecutive classes. Its is halfway between the upper limits of two consecutive classes. It best represents the values in a class.
A small-business consultant is investigating the performance of several companies. The fourth-quarter sales for last year (in thousands of dollars) for the selected companies were: Identify a bar chart that compares the fourth-quarter sales of these corporations.
Maxwell clearly has the highest fourth-quarter sales from last year with $24,612,000, with is 60.4% of the total revenue from all six companies. They made more than twice than the second highest earner, Long Bay. Below Long Bay is J&R. These three companies ranked the highest out of the six in the fourth-quarter earnings last year. Mizell and Mancell did not fare so well, earning just 2% of the total revenue from all six companies. Hoden was also on the low end, coming in between J&R and Mancell.
Which of the following are characteristics of frequency tables?
No observation can fit into more than one class. They can be used for qualitative data.
The level of measurement required for qualitative variable are either nominal or ordinal. Interval and ratio scale measurements for qualitative variable are not appropriate because they both require that the magnitude of the difference between two variables is constant; however, the magnitude between two different qualitative variables cannot be determined. Qualitative variable?
Nominal and Ordinal
Which one of the following is true regarding raw data?
Raw data are simply a listing of data before summarizing it.
frequency polygon
Shows the shape of the distribution and is similar to a histogram. It consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the intersections of the class midpoints and the class frequencies. The midpoint of each class is scaled on the X-axis and the class frequencies on the Y-axis.
Which of the following would be a use of a frequency table? Select all that apply.
State of residence of students in a business statistics course Majors of students in a business statistics course Gender of students in a business statistics course
Which of the following can be observed from a histogram? Select all that apply. The approximate number of observations. The spread of the data. The concentration of the data. The Shape of the distribution. The relationship between two variables.
The approximate number of observations. The spread of the data. The concentration of the data. The Shape of the distribution.
Which of the following is true about pie charts?
The area of a slice for a class relative to the whole pie should match its relative frequency.
Which of the following can be observed from a histogram? Check all that apply.
The concentration of the data. The spread of the data. The shape of the distribution. The approximate number of observations.
Relative frequencies are
The fraction or percentage of observations in each class interval.
Which is the following features is not part of a histogram?
The frequency of occurrence of a nominal variable.
Which of the following features is not part of a histogram?
The frequency of occurrence of a nominal variable.
scare tactics
a fallacy of an argument presenting an issue in terms of exaggerated threats or dangers
slippery slope
a fallacy of argument exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have serious adverse consequences in the future
false authority
a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials
begging the question
a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute
dogmatism
a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable with in a given community
faulty analogies
a fallacy of argument in which a comparison between two objects or concepts is inaccurate or inconsequential
either/or choices
a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other
bandwagon appeals
a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it
equivocations
a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance o truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented ni deceptive language
red herring
a fallacy of argument in which a writer abruptly changes the topic in order to distract readers form potentially objectionable claims
sentimental appeals
a fallacy of argument in which an appeal is based on excessive emotion
A frequency polygon shows the shape of a distribution and is similar to:
a histogram
What is the benefit of drawing out the inferences within enthymemes?
claim and reasoning
In a frequency polygon the points are plotted at the intersection of the class frequencies and the:
class midpoints
In a frequency polygon, the points are plotted at the intersection of the class frequencies and the:
class midpoints
The value shown on the vertical axis of a cumulative frequency polygon for a particular class is found by:
counting the number of observations less than the upper limit of the class
The number of observations in each class is called the class _____.
frequency
The number of observations in each class is called the class ______.
frequency
enthymeme
in Toulmin argument, a statement that links a claim to a supporting reason. In classic rhetoric, an enthymeme is a syllogism with one term understood but not stated
Which of the following can be observed from a histogram? Check all that apply. -the approximate number of observations -the spread of the data -the relationship between two variables -the concentration of the data -the shape of the distribution
-the approximate number of observations -the spread of the data -the concentration of the data -the shape of the distribution
cumulative frequency distribution
Scale the upper limit of each class along the X-axis and the corresponding cumulative frequencies along the y-axis. To provide additional information, you can label the vertical axis on the right in terms of cumulative relative frequencies.
arguments of fact
an argument where the claim can be proved or disproved with specific evidence or testimony; within stasis theory: Did something happen?
invoked readers
the readers implied in a text, which may include some whom the writer didn't consciously intend to reach
Place the following steps used in construction a frequency distribution into correct order.
Decide on the number of classes Determine class width Set individual class limits Tally the number of observations in each class
Which of the following is NOT a useful practice in setting individual class limits for a frequency distribution? Excluding outliers that case the interval to be too wide. Set clear limits so that observations will only fit one limit. Place excessive interval space equally in the two tails of the distribution. Round the class interval up to get a convenient class size.
Excluding outliers that case the interval to be too wide.
Which of the following practices is commonly used in setting class limits for a frequency distribution? -overlapping the upper limit with the lower limit of the next higher class -rounding the class size up -deleting data which is too low or too high to fit convenient intervals -placing "excess" interval width equally in the two tails of the distribution
- rounding the class size up -placing "excess" interval width equally in the two tails of the distribution
Which of the following is an advantage of a frequency polygon over a histogram?
It allows comparing directly two or more frequency distributions.
Which of the following practices are commonly used in setting class limits for a frequency distribution?
Placing "excess" interval width equally in the two tails of the distribution. Rounding the class size up.
Which of the following operations is true regarding relative frequency distributions?
The relative frequency is found by dividing the class frequencies by the total number of observations.
In the cumulative frequency polygon shown, about how many observations are there between a value of 100 and 150?
25, to get this amount, you must subtract the cumulative frequency for 100 from that for 150
faulty causality
a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also known as post hoe, ergo propter hoc, faulty causality forms the basis of many superstitions
forensic arguments
an argument that deals with actions that have occurred in the past. Sometimes called judicial arguments, forensic arguments include legal cases involving judgement of guilt or innocence
epideictic or ceremonial arguments
an argument that deals with current values and addresses questions for praise and blame. Also called epideictic, ceremonial arguments include eulogies and graduation speeches
b. Suppose that 1,000 graduates will start a new job shortly after graduation. Estimate the number of graduates whose first contact for employment occurred through networking and other connections. c. Would it be reasonable to conclude that about 90% of job placements were made through networking, connections, and job posting websites?
b. To estimate the number of students receiving a job through networking, multiply 70% by 1,000: Estimated job by networking= 0.7 x 1000=700 It is estimated that 700 students will receive their jobs from networking. c. The proportion of jobs through website is 20%, through networking is 70%. Assuming that students are only allowed to pick one choice for how they receive their jobs, then 90% of students receive jobs thought network and website.
syllogism
in formal logic, a structure of deductive logic in which correctly formed major and minor premises lead to a necessary conclusion: - major premise: all human begins are mortal - minor premise: Socrates is a human being - conclusion: Socrates is mortal
In using the "2 to the k rule" to determine the number of classes for a frequency distribution, what is the meaning of the variable k?
k is the smallest number of classes such that 2 (to the k) is greater than the number of observations.
In using the "2 to the k rule" to determine the number of classes for a frequency distribution, what is the meaning of the variable k?
k is the smallest number of classes such that 2k is greater than the number of observations.
A useful way to determine the number of classes (k) in a frequency distribution of n items is the "2 to the k rule." Which of the following correctly describes this rule?
k is the smallest number such that 2(to the k)>n
What are some of the cultural problems with logos?
not all cultures have the same beliefs - logically speaking, everyone has a different point of view
A cumulative frequency distribution
shows the number of observations less than each class upper limit
What are problems with syllogisms
sometimes even though it's set up the right way, it's incorrect
A relative frequency distribution shows:
the fraction or percentage of observations in each class interval
Two thousand frequent business travelers were asked which Midwestern city they prefer: Indianapolis, Saint Louis, Chicago, or Milwaukee. One hundred liked Indianapolis best, 450 liked Saint Louis, 1,300 liked Chicago, and the remainder preferred Milwaukee. Prepare a frequency table and a relative frequency table to summarize this information. (Round "Relative Frequency" answers to 3 decimal places.)
Indianapolis 100 (frequency)/2000 = 0.05(Relative Frequency) St Louis 450/2000= 0.225 Chicago 1300/2000=0.65 Milwaukee 150/2000 = 0.075
The level of measurement required for qualitative variable are either nominal or ordinal. Interval and ratio scale measurements for qualitative variable are not appropriate because they both require that the magnitude of the difference between two variables is constant; however, the magnitude between two different qualitative variables cannot be determined. Quantitative variables?
Interval and Ratio
Which of the following features is an advantage that the frequency polygon has over the histogram?
It can directly compare two or more frequency distributions.
Which of the following are true regarding the class midpoint? Select all that apply.
It is halfway between the lower limits of two consecutive classes. It is halfway between the upper limits of two consecutive classes. It best represents the values in a class.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of frequency distribution?
It summarizes qualitative data.
A set of data consists of 45 observations between $0 and $29. a. How many classes would you recommend for the frequency distribution? b. What class interval would you recommend? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
First, determine number of classes using "2 to the k rule:" 2(to the 5)=32 32 is less than 45, so 5 classes are not enough Try the next highest number: 2(to the 6th)=64 64 is greater than 45, so the recommended number of classes is 6. The class interval is given by: i(greater than or equal to)H-L over (divided by) k Where i is the class interval, H is the highest observed value, L is the lowest observed value, and k is the number of classes Calculate class interval: $29-$0 divided by 6=$4.38 Round up to get the class interval of $5
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of a frequency distribution?
It summarizes qualitative data.
A business statistics course has 2 accounting majors, 4 finance majors, 6 marketing majors, and 8 insurance majors. Which one of the following is true if a pie chart was constructed to depict majors of students?
The marketing slice would be three times as big as the accounting slice.
What information is shown on the horizontal axis of a bar chart?
The qualitative class labels.
ad hominem arguments
a fallacy of argument in which a writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his/her character
