Exam #1 - Psychology 100

Sam's sister has an independent study proposal due next week, and she has asked for help deciding on a topic. She is interested in studying what makes humans so similar to each other. He should recommend that she focus on _____.

Evolutionary psychology

Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks "goth" and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?

No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity

Angela is a 7-month-old baby who rolled over for the first time at 4 months of age and can now sit without support. These milestones reflect:

a maturing nervous system

Thirteen-year-old Ariana is more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the MOST likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?

a pubertal hormonal surge

The increasing rates of autism spectrum disorder may suggest:

a relabeling of childhood disorders

Aaron is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Aaron was placed in a foster home where he was repeatedly abused. As an adult, Aaron is more likely to be a(n) _____ parent.

abusive

Caitlyn is 16 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Caitlyn is in what stage of development?

adolescence

Five-year-old Lilah is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to the growth of neural networks in her _____ lobes.

frontal

Nigel has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at his company. According to Erik Erikson, he is likely experiencing the _____ versus stagnation stage.

generatively

An organism's complete set of genetic instructions is called a:

genome

Using principles of natural selection, _____ attempts to study how behavior and the mind have evolved

genome

Research has shown that American couples who live together before marriage:

have higher rates of divorce

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What explains Celia's behavior?

her frontal lobes are developing

Ulysses suffers from substance use disorder. Who is MOST likely to suffer from it as well?

his identical twin

For research purposes, you need to focus on a small sample of individuals who are most likely to develop an alcohol use disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Given what is known about gender differences, you should focus on a sample made up of a group of _____.

adult males

Elyse is concerned because she cannot remember events before she was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.

amnesia

Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. Tommy's initial understanding BEST illustrates the process of:

assimilation

Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.

atrophy

Henri's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to tell them why he wants to stay out late while also explaining why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Henri's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritative

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of another person's state of mind are MOST characteristic of:

autism spectrum disorder

Maturation is the orderly sequence of _____ growth, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

biological

Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance use disorder. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his substance misuse. Dr. Brooks is MOST clearly using a(n) _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

Maryann suffered brain damage due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Although she cannot consciously see, she can still interact with objects placed in front of her—as though she can see. She has:

blindsight

In her business meetings, Leslie is very vocal with her opinions and even slightly intimidating to her colleagues. This behavior is somewhat unusual because women tend to be more _____ than men.

democratic

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. Dr. Matsuko is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

As a young child, Samantha was extremely shy. She spent most of her time alone in her room while the other children played together outside. As an 11-year-old, she spends her time outdoors with a group of newly acquired friends. Samantha's behavior is consistent with the view that:

developmental patterns can change

Farzana thinks she conceived about seven days ago. She rushes to find a book on pregnancy so that she can learn more about it. The book says that around the seventh day of pregnancy the cells of the zygote begin to _____.

differentiate

In his business meetings, Mark expresses support for his colleagues and welcomes their opinions, listening intently when they are speaking. This behavior is somewhat unusual because men are usually more _____than women.

directive

When a fetus is exposed to unusual levels of sex hormones, the individual may develop a _____.

disorder of sexual development

Adolescents are influenced by what their friends:

do and say, and what they believe their friends are doing

As we age, we remember events that occurred _____ best.

during our teenage years

Compared with a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life

earlier; later

Kevin is a tall and popular 16-year-old. He is also starting to use alcohol. It is likely that Kevin matured at a(n) _____ age.

early

Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in?

early adult hood

Darnell is a 27-year-old man starting a new career. He would be considered to be in what stage of adult development?

early adulthood

Clay is hiding under his blanket to make himself invisible. He believes that if he cannot see his parents, they cannot see him. Clay is demonstrating:

egocentrism

When her mother asked to see the picture she just drew, Shelly held it up to her own eyes. Shelly is demonstrating:

egocentrism

Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as:

emerging adulthood

Dr. Chu studies the environmental influences on gene expression by studying identical twins that have been reared apart. Dr. Chu field of study is called

epigenetics

Using principles of natural selection, _____ attempts to study how behavior and the mind have evolved.

evolutionary psychology

Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:

experience menarche at an earlier age

Which is NOT a legal drug 1. viagra 2. libido patches 3. adderall 4. These are all legal drugs

4. These are all legal drugs

A doctor at the local hospital has always told new parents to make sure that their babies sleep on their backs and not their stomachs because this will reduce the risk of _____.

smothering crib death

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.

social

Anthony has signed up for a horticulture class. When he walks into the classroom on the first day he realizes that everyone else in the class, including the teacher, are women. He is aware of his:

social identity

Nine-year-old Jared and his one friend, Linus, spend a great deal of time playing one-on-one basketball and often can be heard talking about a wide range of personal topics. Compared with other boys his age, Jared is:

somewhat unusual, because most boys his age typically play in large groups and do not engage in intimate discussion.

Men experience a gradual decline in _____, testosterone level, and speed of erection and ejaculation.

sperm count

Research has found that hyperactive 5-year-old children required more teacher effort at age 12. This finding demonstrates the _____ of development.

stability

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the _____ and change developmental issue is that both are important.

stability

Continuity and _____ is a major issue for developmental psychologists.

stages

Eli thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of continuity and _____.

stages

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states, that is, how feelings, perceptions, and thoughts might predict behavior is referred to as _____.

theory of mind

As in all stages of development, the sequence of adolescent development is more predictable than the _____.

timing

Jason smokes crack cocaine. At first, it took a small amount of the drug for him to get high but now he needs to smoke more and more to get the same high. This is an example of:

tolerence

Some baby animals form a rigid attachment through the process called _____.

imprinting

Margie is 90 years old. She still plays golf and walks two miles a day. This exercise aids memory by stimulating the development of ______.

neural connections

A game of peek-a-boo with his dad excites William during the first six months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks:

object-permanence

Which of the following is a psychological factor that helps people flourish in later life?

optimistic outlook

Alcohol and drug addiction rates have been low among people who are actively:

religious

Which of the following are more difficult for younger adults?

remembering meaningful information

A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a _____.

rite of passage

When a baby's cheek is touched, she will turn toward the touch and open her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _____ reflex.

rooting

The brain uses parallel processing for ____; it uses sequential processing for ____.

routine business; solving new problems

Dianne feels overwhelmed because she never has a moment to herself. She helps her adult daughter financially and cares for her grandchildren. She also is the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. Dianne is a part of the _____ generation.

sandwich

Female breasts are to _____ as male testes are to _____.

secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics

Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. He becomes distressed when she leaves for a few moments and runs to her when she returns. Then he resumes playing, periodically going to her for reassurance. Adam MOST clearly displays signs of:

secure attachment

Dr. Penhale conducts research on how humans are able to focus on particular stimuli. She is studying:

selective attention

Visibly intoxicated people may insist they are capable of driving because of reduced:

self-awareness

Which is NOT a state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously?

sensory deprivation

Antonio is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Antonio is more likely to be:

sexually active

Dr. Granite studies _____ of consciousness, such as normal waking awareness, meditation, and dreaming.

skates

Which traits will be MOST alike in two biologically unrelated adopted children raised by the same adoptive parents?

values

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the stability and change developmental issue is that:

while some characteristics are stable, both stability and change are part of development.

Laura drinks a cup of coffee in the morning, then several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily cups of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that Laura experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of:

withdrawal

At its inception, _____ was "the description and explanation of states of consciousness."

psychology

The time when we mature sexually is called:

puberty

Who is unlikely to abuse drugs? 1. All of these individuals are unlikely to abuse drugs. 2. Emma, who understands the physical and psychological repercussions of drug use 3. Cheyenne, who generally feels good about who she is 4. Anna, whose friends would not approve of her using drugs

1. All of these individuals are unlikely to abuse drugs.

Almost all the girls in a class are taller than the boys. Most likely the girls and boys are:

12

Of the following people below, who is most likely to show the most severe grief?

Melanie, whose wife died in a car accident (other options were cancer etc. this scenario Melanie did not see coming)

Cocaine is powerful stimulant that can increase aggressive behavior. A research team hypothesizes that participants who are given cocaine will be more aggressive than participants who are not given cocaine. In the experiment, which of the following findings would support their hypothesis?

Men who were given cocaine were MORE likely to punish a pseudo-participant.

According to the psychologist _____, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have achieved the formal operational stage of cognitive development.

Piaget

Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic effect that results from a mother's heavy alcohol use during pregnancy?

Sasha, who has marks on her DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off, causing fetal alcohol syndrome.

Jenny has agreed to babysit for a family that has a 6-year-old boy and an 8-year-old girl. What can Jenny possibly anticipate with respect to the behavioral differences between the children?

The girl will spend more time talking to Jenny, while the boy will spend more time in physically active play.

When people breed dogs, are they capitalizing on any component of natural selection?

Yes- they are taking advantage of variable traits in the dog population

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development is called;

a critical period

According to Bouchard's critics, if a researcher were to compare stories of identical twins' similarities with those of same-sex sibling pairs who are emotionally close, they would be likely to find:

both twins and same-sex siblings have many things in common.

Trevor is a magician who amazes his audience by seeming to make objects disappear into thin air. He is exploiting his audience's _____, for example, by distracting them with hand movements as he slips objects down his sleeves.

change blindness

Gabe was rushed to the emergency room because he had convulsions and went into cardiac arrest after using:

cocaine

Dr. McNeil asks questions about how consciousness arises from the material brain. She is studying _____.

cognitive neuroscience

Which field of study is interdisciplinary in nature?

cognitive neuroscience

Two beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after the liquid in one beaker is poured into a shorter, wider beaker. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.

conservation

What is NOT a major issue of debate for developmental psychologists?

consistency and irregularity

Blanca thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. Her belief is most directly relevant to the issue of _____ and stages

continuity

Eric is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer at Buddy Ball this summer, helping disabled children play baseball. Eric knows that this will look good on his college applications. He is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

conventional

Studies that compare people of different ages with one another are called _____ studies.

cross-sectional

Which is NOT a physiologically induced state of consciousness?

daydreaming

Research has found that out-of-control 3-year-olds were the most likely to smoke cigarettes as teenagers. This finding is consistent with the view that development:

is stable

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every three years is conducting a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Daniel is being treated with chemotherapy for liver cancer. The treatments produce intense nausea and vomiting; as a solution, he has decided to try using _____, which reduces his nausea.

marajuna

Infants' tendency to gaze longer at a novel object and turn away from a familiar one provides compelling evidence regarding their:

memory capacities

In a study on aggression, a group of university students were given an experimental task intended to be frustrating. Then, the participants were given a task that forced them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what is known about gender differences and aggression, it is not surprising that _____ administered more painful electric shocks.

men

The first menstrual period in girls in the United States occurs usually within a year of age 12-1/2 and is known as:

menarche

Adrianne is elated because she hasn't gotten her period in over a year and doesn't have to worry about an unintended pregnancy. Adrianne is probably experiencing _____.

menopause

In everyday interactions, males are more likely to state their opinions, and females to offer support. However, females tend to become more assertive, and males more empathetic in:

middle adulthood

According to Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a preconventional _____.

morality

When adolescents reach the stage of formal operations, they tend to become:

more idealistic

Mary was born with one kidney. This variation in an inherited trait is most likely caused by a _____.

mutation

Ants that become immune to ant insecticides and are therefore able to multiply are an example of:

natural selection

Ty's parents divorced when he was 5. His father moved out of state, and his mother is busy with work. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor trouble with the law. Despite this, his mother allows Ty to come and go as he wishes and rarely, if ever, punishes him. She feels guilty about the divorce and his absent father. Ty's mother has a(n) _____ parenting style.

permissive

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

Pete is in his mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If he were to worry about getting sick, he should probably worry most about _____.

pneumonia

Paul thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Paul demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

pre conventional

According to Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality

preconventional

A visual _____ track enables us to recognize things and to plan future actions.

prescription

Chemicals that change perceptions and moods are referred to as _____ drugs.

psychoactive

As we age, we remember things from our _____ best.

teens

Janine is at a party talking to a friend while groups of people are talking all around her. When she hears her name mentioned, she immediately looks in the direction of the voice to see who was talking about her. Hearing her name being spoken in this situation is an example of:

the cocktail party effect

Sandra and Sara are identical twins. When Sara turned 20, she began experiencing auditory hallucinations (hearing voices). She was diagnosed as having schizophrenia. Sandra became concerned because the psychiatrist told her that this disorder tends to run in families and that she had a very good chance of developing it. However, 20 years later, Sandra lives a mentally healthy life with no symptoms of schizophrenia. Even though Sandra and Sara have identical genes, Sandra did not develop the disorder. This example serves as evidence of the importance of:

the interaction between genes and environment