Exam 1 review

Which of the following glands are not exclusively classified as endocrine glands but contain hormone secreting cells? Hypothalamus Pancreas Ovaries Kidneys All of these glands are correct.

All of these glands are correct.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? Down-regulation may occur if a hormone is present in excess. Down- regulation results in an increase in the number of target-cell receptors. In up-regulation, a target cell becomes more sensitive to a hormone. If a hormone is present in excess, the number of target cell receptors decreases.

Down- regulation results in an increase in the number of target-cell receptors.

Which hormone is related to the muscle atrophy that occurs with aging? Calcitonin Insulin Follicle stimulating hormone Human growth hormone

Human growth hormone

Underactivity of glands resulting in diminished secretion.

Hyposecretion

A hormone secreted by the gonads that inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the anterior pituitary

Inhibin

What two substances are necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine?

Iodine and tyrosine

Spherical sac that forms the parenchyma of the thyroid gland and consists of follicular cells that produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroid follicles

An endocrine gland with right and left lateral lobes on either side of the trachea connected by an isthmus; located anterior to the trachea just inferior to the cricoid cartilage; secretes thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.

Thyroid gland

Calcitriol stimulates absorption of calcium from food in the gastrointestinal tract while parathyroid hormone promotes release of calcium from bone. T or F?

True

Eating a meal rich in carbohydrates and proteins would stimulate insulin release while decreased blood glucose level after exercise or mainly protein meals would stimulate glucagon secretion T or F?

True

The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion. T or F?

True

The level of blood glucose controls secretion of insulin and glucagon by negative feedback. T or F?

True

The posterior pituitary contains hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and stores and releases hormones while the anterior pituitary produces and releases hormones. T or F?

True

The stress response is generally controlled by the hypothalamus which is stimulated by stressors. T or F?

True

Three types of signals that control hormone secretion are nervous system signals, chemical changes in blood, and other hormones. T or F?

True

Tumor of the adrenal gland that liberates excessive androgens, causing virilism (masculinization) in females. Occasionally, adrenal tumor cells liberate estrogens to the extent that a male patient develops gynecomastia.

Virilizing adenoma

Which of the following organs is/are incorrectly matched with the hormones they secrete? 1. Kidneys - Renin 2. Placenta - Human chorionic somatotropic 3. Adipose tissue - Leptin 4. Heart - Atrial natriuretic peptide 5. Pancreas - Glucose-dependent insulin tropic peptide 6. Gastrointestinal tract - Cholecystokinin

5 is incorrectly matched

The inner part of an adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Adrenal medulla

Which of the following statements is/are correct? Control of glucocortacoids secretion occurs by negative feedback. The renin-angiotensin pathway controls secretion of aldosterone. Chromaffin cells are under autonomic control All of these statements are correct.

All of these are correct

Hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles. Also called vasopressin (vāz-ō-PRES-in).

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A type of cell in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) in the pancreas that secretes the hormone insulin

Beta

Cell that has an affinity for chrome salts, due in part to the presence of the precursors of the neurotransmitter epinephrine; found, among other places, in the adrenal medulla.

Chromaffin cells

In a thyroidectomized mouse, T3 and T4 levels would

Decrease

A primary germ layer of the developing embryo; gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, urethra, and respiratory tract

Endoderm

A gland that secretes its products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body.

Exocrine Glands

A cell in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) that secretes pancreatic polypeptide.

F cells

Local hormone can be divided into two large classes: lipid soluble such as nitric oxide and water soluble hormones such as thyroid hormones. T or F?

False

Hormones secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland, especially cortisol, that influence glucose metabolism.

Glucocorticoids

A bundle of axons containing secretory vesicles filled with oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone that extends from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

The adrenal cortex is derived from _______ while the adrenal medulla is derived from _____________.

Mesoderm; ectoderm

An outgrowth of ectoderm located on the floor of the hypothalamus that gives rise to the posterior pituitary.

Neurohypophyseal bud

Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that can stimulate secretion of hormones of the anterior pituitary.

Releasing hormones

Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? The nervous and endocrine systems act together to help to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system acts through nerve impulses while the endocrine system uses hormones to control body activities. The endocrine uses neurotransmitters for communication while the nervous system communicates using hormones.* Neurotransmitters and hormones may both exert effects by binding to target cell receptors. The endocrine system responds slowly while the nervous system responds quickly.

The endocrine uses neurotransmitters for communication while the nervous system communicates using hormones.

Which of the following statements about melatonin is incorrect? ore melatonin is released during darkness than in light. Melatonin is thought to promote sleep. Melatonin is thought to contribute to the setting of the body's biological clock. The hypothalamus secretes melatonin. Melatonin is an amino acid hormone derived from serotonin.

The hypothalamus secretes melatonin.

A severe state of hyperthyroidism that can be life-threatening. It is characterized by high body temperature, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea), agitation, tremors, confusion, seizures, and possibly coma.

Thyroid crisis (storm)

Prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are found in virtually all body cells except red blood cells and act as paracrines or autocrines in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli. T or F?

True

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes in amphibians; continued administration produces darkening of skin in humans.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that helps set the timing of the body's biological clock.

Melatonin

The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels, and muscles.

Mesoderm

The rupture of a mature ovarian (Graafian) follicle with discharge of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity.

Ovulation

Which of the following statements is incorrect? The hypothalamo hypophyseal tract extends from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to the posterior pituitary. The supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus secrete antidiuretic hormone. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones are released into the capillary plexus of the infundibular process of the anterior pituitary.

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones are released into the capillary plexus of the infundibular process of the anterior pituitary

A cluster of endocrine gland cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.

Pancreatic islets

One of usually four small endocrine glands embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid glands

A hormone secreted by the chief (principal) cells of the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium level and decreases blood phosphate level.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones control the release and suppression of hormones from the anterior pituitary. T or F?

True

Most water soluble hormones circulate freely in blood plasma while most lipid soluble hormones are transported bound to transport proteins. T or F?

True

Ovaries are classified as endocrine glands as well as reproductive organs because they produce gametes as well as hormones. T or F?

True

Which of the following statements is incorrect? a) Thyroid hormones decrease metabolic rate. b) Thyroid hormones function in maintenance of normal body temperature. c) Thyroid glands help to regulate metabolism d) Thyroid hormone up-regulate beta receptors. e) a and d are incorrect.

a) Thyroid hormones decrease metabolic rate.

Which thymic hormone plays a role in immunity? thymosin thymic humoral Factor (THF) thymic factor (TF) thympotietin all choices are correct

all choices are correct

Which of the following statements regarding the stress response is correct? The fight-or-flight response begins with hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla. The fight-or-flight response rapidly increases circulation, promotes ATP production and decreases nonessential activities. The resistance reaction is initiated by releasing hormones of the hypothalamus and involves longer lasting reactions and acceleration of processes which produce ATP. Exhaustion results from depletion of body resources during the resistance stage. All of these statements are correct.

all of these statements are correct

A type of cell in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) in the pancreas that secretes the hormone glucagon.

Alpha

The secreting cell of a gastric gland that produces pepsinogen, the precursor of the enzyme pepsin, and the enzyme gastric lipase. Also called a zymogenic (zī?-mō-JEN-ik) cell. Cell in the parathyroid glands that secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH). Also called a principal cell.

Chief cells

Which of the following hormone interactions is mismatched? Effects of epinephrine in stimulating lipolysis is increased when small amounts of thyroid hormones are present. - Permissive effect Two hormones acting together exert a greater effect than either acting alone - Synergistic effect Insulin promotes synthesis of glycogen by liver cells while glucagon stimulates glycogen break down in liver. - Antagonistic effect Development of oocytes in ovaries requires both follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen - Permissive effect

Development of oocytes in ovaries requires both follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen - Permissive effect

Parathyroid hormone is regulated via negative feedback loops involving the pituitary gland. T or F?

False

Stress can temporarily inhibit certain components of the immune system resulting in decreased risk of disease. T or F?

False

The adrenal cortex is composed of modified sympathetic ganglia which secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine while the adrenal medulla is subdivided into zones each of which secretes a different group of hormones. T or F?

False

Triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels are regulated by a negative feedback loop involving thyroid stimulating hormone and thyrotropin inhibiting hormone. T or F

False

Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; it initiates development of ova and stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogens in females, and initiates sperm production in males.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A gland that produces gametes and hormones; the ovary in the female and the testis in the male.

Gonads

A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells of the body.

Hormone

A female hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta that increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix to ease delivery of a baby.

Relaxin (RLX)

The responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone is determined by:

The concentration of the hormone in the blood The number of hormone receptors on the target cell Influences exerted by other hormones All of these determine the responsiveness of a target