Exam 1 Review
What is the difference between closed circuit and national leagues? Give an example of both.
National leagues get nationwide coverage on tv. MLB is closed circuit because it is shown based on region, not nationally. NFL and NBA are national leagues.
This realm has experienced huge layoffs and budget cuts over the last 15 years, but is making a comeback. Includes a business operations and production side and an editorial side. Which career is this?
Print Media
Describe the convergence of media entities.
Provides opportunities for adaptable people with strong skill sets. Involves writing, shooting, producing, editing video all done by one person.
What is the commodification of sport?
To make a sport commercial
In this society what is the number one reason sports changes?
To make money.
What is the mission of the IJSC?
To provide a platform for academics practitioners to disseminate research and information on the unique aspects and divergent activities associated with any communication in sport.
What is another way to secure sport communication education?
To study sport communication within a sport management, journalism, broadcasting, or telecommunications program.
When did football become the most popular college sport?
1890.
What are the percentages for coverage in the newspaper that make up the sports section from 1900-present?
1900- 9% 1975- 17% Present- More than 20%
When did radio emerge as a broadcaster for sport?
1920s
When was the Golden age of sports?
1920s
When did college football become a mass spectacle?
1920s.
HIggs and Mckinley said there are 3 reasons why people study sport. What are they?
1. Sport is omnipresent. 2. Sport coverage has increased dramatically over the past decade. 3. Sport provides role models.
When was the formation of the National League in baseball?
1876
How many super bowls did the Jets win while in the AFL/AFC after 1970?
11 out of 13.
When did pro baseball become entrenched as the national spectator sport?
1880s-1890s
When was the perspective period?
1930-1950
When was the first sport management program started?
1966
When did daily newspapers and weekly paper on the leisure life begin appearing in the U.S.?
19th century.
The Cowboys played in 5 super bowls in the 70s, how many did the win?
2
When did Boston recover from the curse of the Great Bambino?
2004 comeback win over the Yankees in the A.L.C.S.
The Steelers won how many super bowls in the 70s, including how many over the Cowboys?
4, 2 over the Cowboys.
The sport industry in the U.S. includes how many jobs?
5 million
Where and when was the NFL launched?
A car dealership in Canton, Ohio, in 1917.
Describe Rozelle and what he did for the NFL.
A former sportswriter, he hired Ed Sabol to run NFL films and develop NFL properties as a way for teams to share revenues from merchandise sales.
Who was Henry Chadwick?
A key pioneer in baseball's popularity and development; he was often called the "father of baseball." He also earned a place in the baseball hall of fame.
Experimental learning is considered what, in the field of sport communication?
A necessity
Sports PR and Marketing is an example of which career?
Support Services
Define sport communication.
A process by which people in sport, in a sport setting, or though a sport endeavor share symbols as they create meaning through interaction.
Sports offered an outlet for celebrating individual achievements and provided a respite from this faceless existence creating what?
A sense of community and social cohesion.
Sport represented a postwar optimism, or in other words?
An escape and a means for exhaling the human spirit, and some even viewed it as "the religion of health mindedness."
What is the core value/ability in various careers throughout sport communication?
Ability to communicate with key audiences.
Who is the father of baseball and when did he create it?
Abner Doudleday, 1839 in Cooperstown, NY.
What did the sports broadcasting act of 1961 do?
Allowed leagues to negotiate as a monopoly/cartel. Negotiated as 1 unit for a contract.
What became a primary form of competition for large corporations?
Advertising
When did the AFL and NFL agree to a merger?
Agreement was reached in 1966 and merged in 1970.
Why are internships and experimental learning important?
Although it has low and sometimes no pay, experimental learning and internships are ways to make mistakes, learn from them, do not repeat, and move on.
What is the major in sport communication?
An academic program focused on sport communication that provides the most courses and opportunities to earn about the field.
Sport journalists no longer just reported from the playing fields but also ____ ____, ________ ______, and ____ ____ on such athletes as baseball's Ty Cobb.
Analyzed strategy, provided background, and illuminated character.
How did people begin viewing sportswriting in the Perspective period (1930-1950)?
As a trivial and sometimes crooked occupation.
What did the national league bring to baseball?
Association of owners, select group of teams had to be isolated and regulated, territorial rights, scheduling was to be under league control, revenue sharing to some extent, respect for player contracts, board of directors set up to govern the league.
1950s-1960s describe the rise of televeision.
At least one tv in the majority of American home, advances in tech sports broadcasting: color tv, videotape, portable cameras; sports broadcasting act of 1961. Purchase of broadcast rights from teams and leagues.
Who led the Yankees and became a national superstar by 1921 and would help the Yankees to win 29 of the next 44 A.L. pennants?
Babe Ruth
Through the mid-1920s, pro basketball was equated to what?
Barnstorming teams
Propelled by the popularity of ____, sport's popularity further developed after the __ _____ __
Baseball, U.S. Civil War
List the leagues in order of first to stabilize their league in chronological order.
Baseball, ice hockey, football, and then basketball.
Who proved that small-market teams could win by developing strong farm systems?
Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals.
Who developed the first model of sport segmentation?
Brenda Pitts, Larry Fielding and Lori Miller.
To advance in sport communication, professionals must be willing to what?
Building relationships and network with colleagues in the field and in those filed related to the discipline, NETWORKING.
What do sport advertisers do?
Carefully craft and communicate messages regarding their products to key audiences.
What were the four trends during the perspective period?
Change in Public perception, Reorganization of Newspaper structures, expansion of coverage, Development of Radio.
Four primary areas of change occurred, which included different perceptions of sportswriting. What were the 4 areas?
Change in public perception, reorganization of newspaper structure, expansion of coverage, and development of radio.
What was the only sport to truly survive the great depression?
College football
Between college and professional football, which was more popular in the early years of football?
College.
What crises occurred in college football between 1890-1913?
Colleges recruiting players with payment.
In regards to means of mass media, "Group of journalists and others who ____ ___ ______ ____ __ ____
Constitute the communications industry or profession
What does CGM stand for and what is it?
Consumer-generated media. Content created online by individuals other than sport journalists.
What do sports advertisers do?
Craft and communicate messages regarding products to key audiences to convince members to purchase.
Which side of the ball became the pride of the dominant franchises in the 70s?
Defense.
To prepare for a career in any of the fields of sport, one will need to what?
Develop skills, knowledge, experience and distinction. Must have a practical exerpeince in the industry to build up a resume and contacts.
How can one prepare for a career in sport media?
Develop skills, knowledge, practical experience, and distinction; self evaluate ones skill set, passion, interests, personality, values and work style.
Describe professional football.
Developed in blue-collar America, initially developed from company teams, the Pittsburg Professionals were the first openly admitted professional team.
____ has played a major role in the transition of some traditional sport media to the web.
Digitization.
There is a need and emphasis on what in terms of communication between buyers and users?
Educating future sport promoters
Rapid changes occurring in sports broadcast communication are creating a need for professionals in what field?
Electronic and Visual Media
What did the increase of network tv sports coverage bring about?
Enabled fans to experience sport instantly and visually, propelled sport as national and global phenomenon., print journalists adapted to compete, basketball, bowling, baseball gained attention in the 50s, networks realized fans were a commodity to lure advertisers, NFL is first to maximize tv tech, and ABC is first to recognize and use the power of sport on tv.
Joining sport management, marketing, communication, or media academics and professional organizations will give you the best opportunity for what?
Entering the field of sport communication.
Graphic artist, designer, quality assurance test, writing, directing, and producing movies, tv, music, and video games is an example of which career?
Entertainment
What are major league sports, in terms of commodification of sport?
Entertainment products
What happened to the major newspaper industry in 1990-1910?
Every newspaper added a sports section.
Small market teams cannot win in baseball. True or False.
False.
During the Golden Age of sport, individuals wrong about sport as a what?
Fantasy world
During the colonial pioneer era in the U.S., individuals participated in what leisurely activities?
Fishing, hunting, boat races, cricket, horse racing cockfighting, gardening, swimming, skating, billiards, and wrestling.
What content is required by the NASPE-NASSM in terms of studying sport communication?
For communication in sport: interpersonal communication; small-group communication; media and sport; electronic media; e-mail, websites, graphics, and desktop publishing; print media; public speaking; mass communication and sport; and computer application.
Who was Roone Arledge?
Former president of CBS sports, created/launched the wide world of sports, brought the Olympics and introduced primetime sport when no one else thought it was a good idea.
In 1853, who founded the New York Clipper, a magazine that focused on baseball?
Frank Queen
Who is considered a golden age pioneer and "the first important American sportswriter"?
Grantland Rice.
In the 1920s, for the first time, sportswriters enjoyed what?
Having celebrity status like their subjects.
Sports advertising is an example of which career?
Support Services
Describe the American League.
Headed by Ban Johnson, the American League was developed from the Western League, a strong minor league in the late 1800s. The AL took on the label, American League in 1900, and openly competed with the NL beginning in 1901. The 2 leagues formed an equal partnership in 1902, providing the nexus of Major League Baseball.
In Frank Queen's, New York Clipper, America's first sports writer's stories were included, who was this person?
Henry Chadiwck.
Writing was represented in what style during the Golden age?
Hero-worship style
Describe a career in Media Management.
High-ranking manager and administrators in sport communication, who usually take years, lots of hard work, and some luck to get the job.
Who made Prime time football popular?
Howard Cosell, Don Meredith, and Keith Jackson, who replaced Frank Gifford.
How is the size of the sport industry determined?
In large part by sports communication, ie., commentary of a sportswriter, a promotion by an advertiser or a discussion at the water cooler about tonight's game.
What did SI do for sports fan once it launched?
Influenced growth of sport in the 50s and 60s, led to sexualization of sport, made the games more important to people, set agenda of which sports were important, put sport into meaningful context, and made an art out of in-depth reporting.
What is the field of sport communication built on?
Interdisciplinary knowledge, with disciplines and courses including advertising, broadcasting, communication cinema, electronic media, journalism, film, finance, informatics, information services, law, management, marketing, mass communication, new media, public relations, speech and writing.
What is the IJSC and when did it launch?
International Journal of Sport Communication in 2007
What are the critical aspects of sport communication education?
Internship, practicum, and volunteer experiences.
What is important about the super bowl in terms of sport media?
It has become a spectacle, generating millions of dollars, now it's an American cultural event, it's the biggest single-day holiday in our society.
In 1883, who establish the first sport department at the New York World?
Joseph Pulitzer
What were the challenges in baseball's early years?
Large cities had numerous teams, players were paid, but not constrained to one team, gamblers tampered with games, hippodroming, playing with more than one team.
Basketball struggled until 1980, when who showed up?
Larry Bird and Magic Johnson.
When did radio broadcasting of sporting events reach its mature stage?
Late 1940s, early 1950s.
In addition to writing courses, many industry professionals recommend what?
Learning another language.
What is an example of an "Other" job?
Media researcher, sport media buyer, sport communication educator.
What are the 4 avenues to learn more about sport communication?
Majoring in the field, studying sport communication while majoring in a closely related field, enrolling in specific sport communication courses and developing skills through experimental classes and practical experiences.
What are the 5 career areas you can work in in sport communication?
Management, Mass Media, Support Services, Entertainment, and other.
What are the five major areas of careers in sport communication?
Management, mass media, support services, entertainment, and miscellaneous.
Serves to inform, educate, persuade, entertain masses of sport viewers, listeners and readers. This describes which career?
Mass Media
What are the 2 means of mass communication?
Mass, communicating with more than one person, often a large audience; and Medium, communicating through multiple forms and through different means.
Sportswriters becoming as popular as the athletes themselves, marked the beginning of what?
Mass-mediated hero worship and the celebrity treatment of athletes.
Manage employees, plan strategies, organize campaigns, and deal with budgetary, policy legal, and ethical issues. Foster partnerships with stakeholders, oversee the day-to-day operation of the sport organization relative to the sport communication function. These functions are a WIDE variety of what career?
Media Management.
What made the Cowboys so popular in the 70s?
Merchandising sale, popular cheerleaders, respectful coach, Tom Landry, and QB Roger Staubach.
Which two companies dominated the radio in the 1930s?
NBC and CBS.
What initiated coverage of sport in the 1830s?
New York-based penny newspapers.
To be successful, what do PR careers have to do?
PR professionals must work with various organizational units within the organization as well as with management stand at other corporations and charitable organizations.
What state had the strongest presence in the early 1900s with the formation of 8 teams?
Ohio.
The Sport Management Program Review Council states that communication in sport is what?
One of the 10 content areas that the NASPE-NASSM program approval standards require.
How much sport news coverage was on print news in the pre-1830s?
One page and at the most four pages of coverage.
Key components of any sport communication education program are what?
Opportunities for skill development.
According to Garrison and Sabljak, sport journalism developed over 6 periods. Name them.
Pioneer era (up to 1830), the period of Acceptance (1830-1865), the era of consolidation and growth (1865-1920), the golden age (1920-1930), the perspective period (1930-1950), and the transition years (1950-1970).
In regards to means of mass media, "Means of mass communication through ____ ______
Particular mediums
By 1980, what were NFL teams doing?
Passing on 47% of plays compared to 38% in 1977.
In 1960, who was decided as the NFL's league commissioner?
Pete Rozelle.
What are the 5 things that define a sport?
Playlike in nature, competitive, based on physical prowess, involve elements of skill, strategy and chance, and have an outcome that is not predetermined.
What are the stages of the communications revolution?
Print, Radio and television.
What are the traditional mediums of mass communication?
Print: newspapers, magazines and newsletters. Broadcast: Radio and television. The internet fits into BOTH print and broadcast.
Rule changes occurred in 1972, 1974, 1977, and 1978 occurred to do what?
Produce more scoring.
What was the birth of the modern newspaper industry?
Profits from the sale of advertising, market expansion to include middle and working classes, attention given to major sporting events.
What prepares an individual for leadership positions in academics and athletics?
Pursuing a doctorate in sport management or sport communication.
What was the first broadcast medium?
Radio
What change of style in sportswriting began in the 1950s and was magnified in the 1960s?
Realism
Pro Basketball came in what two forms?
Regional leagues and Independent leagues.
What do Public Relations careers entail?
Related to both marketing and advertising in that its goal is to generate awareness for the products of sport organizations. However, the key focus of sport PR is to manage info flowbetwen the sport-focused organization and its key publics, both internal and external.
What are the key characterisitcs of the Golden Age?
Significant sport events appear as front-page headline, sportswriting uses literary devices, hero-worship, emotional language and imagery, meticulous detail in describing events, leads were high in drama and description and low in factual content, writers used few quotes, there was a conversational tone, columns reflected frivolity of sport, writers use war and mythology references, writers used humor, slang, romance and drama; storytelling was paramount, stories relied on expert description and commentary for pre-TV writers used nicknames.
According to the Sport Management Program Standards and Review Protocol, What are the 10 areas that make up the segmentation of the sports industry ?
Sociocultural dimensions, management and leadership in sport, ethics in sports management, sport marketing, communication in sport, budget and finance in sport, legal aspects of sport, sport economics, governance in sport, and field experiences in sport management.
What were some of the names the great defenses of the 70s were called?
The Steel Curtain, The No-Name Defense, Doomsday Defense, The Purple People Eaters, The Fearsome Four.
What are the careers in support services?
Sport advertisers, sport PR and marketing.
Most sport management programs have at least one what?
Sport communication course, and several programs have multiple courses.
Define Alfie Meek's segmentation model.
Sport entertainment (events, teams, participants, associated spending), sport products and services (design, testing, manufacturing, distribution), and sport support organizations (leagues, law firms, marketing organizations).
What is an example of a support services job?
Sport information director, media relations coordinator, director of public and community relations.
MIT divides the sport industry into 5 segments, what are they?
Sport media (marketing, broadcasting, sportswriting, PR), sports team administration (Personnel in High school, college and professional levels), sport-related engineering (facilities, sporting goods and equipment, video games computer training devices), sports medicine (Athletic training, nutrition, psychology, rehabilitation, orthopedics), and other (sports finance, management, law statistics, retail, wholesale).
What is an example of an often-ignored but rewarding career in sport media? What does it include?
Sport media buying. This includes sport sales and sport marketing professional who work to secure media purchases for sports teams and organizations, or they work with a private enterprise to secure media purchases on sport media outlets.
Sport communication includes what?
Sport media, sport communication, organizational communication in sport, sport public relations and others.
The 1st model of sport segmentation included 3 segments. What are they?
Sport performance segment, sport production segment and sport promotion segment.
The relationship between ___ and ____ is symbiotic, in that each uses the other for its own gain.
Sport, Mass Media
What launched in 1954 that satisfied fans fascination with spectator sports and was popular among middle-class subscribers?
Sports Illustrated
What is an example of a mass media job?
Sports broadcaster, executive sports editor, sportswriter.
What is the difference between sport and sports?
Sports implies a collection of different activities, such as basketball, gymnastics and cross country; sport is an all-encompassing concept that includes all sporting activities.
How did the electric telegraph affect sports in 1844?
Sports news quickly disseminated and offered instantaneous reports of games, hors races, boxing bouts, and other events.
What event caused baseball's rise in popularity to suddenly drop?
Stock Market crash in 1929.
What forces influence the evolution of Major Leagues?
Technology and demography, social configuration of groups vying for control over a sport, and relationship between amateur and professional sport.
What forces influence the evolution of major league?
Technology and demography, social configuration of groups vying for control over a sport, relationship between amateur and professional sport.
What was the AFL?
The American Football League was formed in 1960 with 8 teams. It signed a 5-year broadcasting contract with ABC in June 1960, for $8.5 million.
What was the first sporting journal? What did it cover and when was it written?
The American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, 1829. It covered horse racing.
Who was the first open salaried team in 1869?
The Cincinnati Red Stockings.
Which two teams dominated after the Dolphins?
The Cowboys and Steelers.
Who dominated the early 70s and won 2 out of 3 super bowls and completing the only undefeated season in NFL history in 1972?
The Dolphins
Which teams made dynasties in the Super 70s?
The Dolphins, Steelers, Cowboys, Raiders and Vikings.
Who won the first two super bowls?
The Green Bay Packers.
Which game showed the popularity of the NFL on tv in 1968?
The Heidi Game.
What was the looser predecessor to the National League and when did it start and for how long?
The National Association (1871-1876).
What two academic associations work together to develop the standards for sport management program?
The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) and the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM).
Who were the teams that lead dynasties in 1900-1952?
The New York Giants and Dodgers and Chicago.
Who won the 3rd super bowl and what made it special?
The New York Jets, lead by Joe Namath. The Jets upset the heavily favored Colts.
What team ignited the AFL?
The New York Jets.
What team is most recognized for dominating baseball and having the greatest dynasty in professional team sport history?
The New York Yankees.
What were the regions that dominated college football?
The South, Midwest and Southwest.
What is the popularity of sport due to?
The attention provided by mass media.
The rapid expansion of the sport industry over the last 2 decades has increased what?
The demand for trained and educated individuals able to manage and promote the increasingly sophisticated operations within this field.
Who was print media's target audience in the pre-1830s?
The elite in American society
What did Henry Chadwick create?
The first rule book for baseball and the box score.
What ultimately came from the violence in 1905 in college football?
The formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the precursor the NCAA.
The increase in sport coverage and the demand for skilled sport management professionals is due to what?
The increase in sport communication educational programs and courses.
What technology helped sports in print media in the 1830s-1840s?
The industrial revolution and electric telegraph
What 3 inventions/advancements in technology propelled sport journalism and its expansion?
The invention of the telephone in 1876, the typewriter's improvements in 1865, and the web printing press in 1865.
Sports, and the media attention to it, had significantly rationalized what?
The leisure time for the growing middle class.
Define the sports industry.
The market in which the businesses and products offered to its buyers are sport related and may be goods, services, people, places or ideas.
During the 1880s-1890s, what medium became the primary medium for sports coverage?
The newspaper
What changed in the newspaper industry during the Perspective period?
The newspaper organizations reorganized and sports department began to edit their own copy and were free form the bound of newspapers' editorial structures.
Rosalie would join Muhammad Ali for what?
The only two sports figures on Time Magazine's list of the world's 100 most important people of the 20th century.
What is the glass ceiling effect?
The possibility of minorities gaining a career over other majority demographics, but never reaching the executive level due to their minority status.
Describe the relationship between mass media and sport.
The relationship is symbiotic; each uses the other for its own gain.
What do academic journals provide?
The research and theory that support, enhance, and advance the activities of academicians and practitioners.
What is an indicator of growth for sports coverage?
The rise of television rights fees
What caused pro football to gain momentum in 1912?
The signing of Jim Thorpe.
Define sport management.
The study and practice of all people, activities, businesses or organizations involved in producing, facilitating, promoting or organizing any sport-related business or product.
Oriard argues what about the rise of college football?
The true rise in the sport's popularity was due to the cultural bond it formed in communities and small-college towns that offered few cultural outings.
For the most part, how is sport communication learned?
Through academic study and training.
What are some aspects that emphasize how the Super bowl has become a spectacle?
Ticket prices: face value is around $800-1,900 in 2015. Audience size was estimated at 114.4 million Americans in 2015. Top 23 most watched U.S. single-network television programs of all time were Super Bowls. Advertising cost: $4.5 million for a 30-second spot in 2014 and the figure is expected to double within 10 years. Media attention: 5-8 hours of "official" pre-game coverage and a plethora of stories leading up to the game.
Why was women's basketball so unpopular?
Uncompetitive
What is an example of a sports management job?
VP of communication for team, associate AD for communication, CEO of sports broadcasting network.
What is an example of a sports entertainment job?
Video game designer, sports filmmaker, software developer.
What almost brought the abolishment of college football in 1906?
Violence in the game
The American military legitimized sport's utility for the masses in ___ as the armed services made sport central to military life by advancing a "___ ___ ___."
WWI, National Sport Culture
What interrupted baseball's rise once again after the stock market crash?
WWII.
What is a new and emerging sport technology?
Web
In 1895, who introduced the first sports section in the New York Journal?
William Randolph Hearst.
What is the pattern of development in professional sport leagues?
Youth game, amateur game (college), professional game, professional league.