Exam 1

If two "branches" on a phylogenetic tree are closer to each other than to any other branches, this means

That they share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with any other group of organisms That they are the other group's only living relative

Water is a good solvent (is able to dissolve other compounds) because

The polar bond between hydrogen and oxygen creates areas of positive and negative charge that interact with many other charged molecules It is a non-polar molecule and has an overall positive charge, so it can dissolve negatively charged molecules only

All of the following are true statements about nucleic acids except one. Select the exception. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids ATP is a nucleic acid The sugar in DNA has one more oxygen than the sugar in RNA Nucleic acids include a 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group

The sugar in DNA has one more oxygen than the sugar in RNA

All of the following are true statements about nucleic acids except one. Select the exception. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids ATP is a nucleic acid The sugar in DNA has one more oxygen than the sugar in RNA Nucleic acids include a 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group

The sugar in DNA has one more oxygen than the sugar in RNA

_________ is the nucleotide present in RNA that is not typically found in DNA.

Uracil

Consider the following experiment: You want to determine whether the bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, displays a preference for the type of bean on which it lays eggs. Your hypothesis is that when beetles are given a range of choices of bean type, they will display a preference. Which of the following statements is a correctly phrased null hypothesis? a. There will be no difference in the number of eggs laid on the different bean types b. There will be more eggs laid on mung beans than on beans of other types c. There will be fewer eggs laid on mung beans than on beans of other types d. There will be no eggs laid on any beans

a. There will be no difference in the number of eggs laid on the different bean types

Which kingdoms are found within the domain, Eukarya?

animals plants protists fungi

I have designed an experiment on bean beetles to determine what type of bean is preferred by the females, who lay their eggs on dry beans. I have four different types of beans: pinto, black, kidney, and garbonzo beans. I place 10 beans of each type in four covered dishes. After one week, I went through each dish and counted the number of eggs that I found on each type of bean. Which of the following is a correct statement about this experiment? a. The independent variable is the number of eggs on each type of bean b. The dependent variable is the number of eggs on each type of bean c. My null hypothesis is that there will be more eggs on the pinto beans d. I found that reproductive success is influenced by the type of bean

b. The dependent variable is the number of eggs on each type of bean

Which functions below represent possible functions of a protein? a. storing hereditary information in the sequence of nucleotides b. catalyzing biochemical reactions c. serving as the subunits of structureal components of the cell such as cytoskeletal elements (e.g. microtubules, actin and intermediate fibers) d. organizing like amphipathic lipids to form biological membranes e. being the end-product of photosynthesis f. forming structural entities such as nucleosomes, small spheres made of histones around which DNA winds g. forming components of the ribosome, along with ribosomal RNA molecules h. facilitating process such as DNA replication, transcription and translation (example: DNA replication involves an enzyme called DNA polymerase that adds nucleotides to a growing strand of deoxyribonucleic acid)

b. catalyzing biochemical reactions c. serving as the subunits of structureal components of the cell such as cytoskeletal elements (e.g. microtubules, actin and intermediate fibers) f. forming structural entities such as nucleosomes, small spheres made of histones around which DNA winds g. forming components of the ribosome, along with ribosomal RNA molecules h. facilitating process such as DNA replication, transcription and translation (example: DNA replication involves an enzyme called DNA polymerase that adds nucleotides to a growing strand of deoxyribonucleic acid)

Primary protein structure

beginning at the amino terminus, the specific sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide

All of the following are categories of organic compounds. Select the exception. a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. amino acids d. proteins

c. amino acids

The element found in all organic compounds is ________

carbon

Many biochemical reactions use water to break a bond or generate water to create a bond (such as the peptide bond in proteins). What is a term that describes a reaction where water is created?

condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, Lipids like triglycerides, and proteins are all built by which type of chemical reaction?

dehydration synthesis

The _______________ variable is the variable that scientists measure and do not alter.

dependent

Quaternary protein structure

multiple polypeptides bind to form a protein (example: four individual polypeptides bind to form a single hemoglobin protein; note that only some proteins have quaternary structure)

Do individuals belonging to the same species have exactly the same traits?

no, individuals of the same species often display a range of variation for any given trait

What are the biological macromolecules (organic compounds)?

nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) protein lipids carbohydrates

The language of DNA is comprised of_________ whereas the language of proteins is comprised of_________

nucleic acids . . . amino acids

Tertiary protein structure

overall three-dimensional, folded shape

Which elements are abundant among living things?

oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen

Cell membranes consist mostly of a ______________.

phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

Secondary protein structure

presence of alpha helices and/or beta sheets

Carbon forms the backbone of all biological macromolecules. What are the four main categories of biological macromolecules (organic compounds)?

proteins nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) carbohydrates lipids

In which section of a scientific article are tables and figures found?

results

The three-domain system of biological classification ______________.

separates bacteria from archaea groups all life into three main categories: bacteria, archaea and eukarya

What does "syneresis"

smooth in texture; lacking cracks

Water undergoes a process of "self-ionization" where water molecules dissociate, creating equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions. If the concentration of H+ increases dramatically, what will happen to pH?

the pH will be low

The primary difference that separates the Eukaryotes from the Prokaryotes is:

the presence/absence of a nucleus.

From the choices below, identify those that are characteristics of all living things. (There may be more than one correct answer. Select all that apply.) photosynthesis/aerobic respiration use of energy/metabolism reproduction/inheritance/evolution ability to invade other cells

use of energy/metabolism reproduction/inheritance/evolution

Biological classification is usually determined by scoring as many different traits as possible. When classifying a species, is it possible that some traits are more important or informative than other traits?

yes, some traits such as body plan (e.g. spiral vs. bilateral symmetry) tell us more about an organism than something like size which could vary depending on the age of the organism

56.2 millimeters = _______________ meters

0.0562

RNA is typically comprised of how many strands?

1

Place the following in presumed evolutionary sequence: Eukaryotic cells ancestral to modern plants ingest but do not digest photosynthetic bacteria. Ancestors of Archaea and Eukarya diverge Ancestors of Bacteria diverge from the ancestors of Archaea and Eukarya Ancestral Eukaryotic cells ingest but do not digest bacteria capable of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen

1. Ancestors of Bacteria diverge from the ancestors of Archaea and Eukarya 2. Ancestors of Archaea and Eukarya diverge 3. Ancestral Eukaryotic cells ingest but do not digest bacteria capable of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen 4. Eukaryotic cells ancestral to modern plants ingest but do not digest photosynthetic bacteria.

Why is carbon such a versatile and abundant atom in living systems?

1. Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms 2. Carbon can make many kinds of molecules - it can form long chains with other carbon atoms as well as atoms of other elements Carbon can form quadruple covalent bonds with itself

Scientific Paper order

1. Introduction 2. Methods & Materials 3. Results 4. Discussion

Place the steps of the scientific method in the correct order.

1. make initial observations, focus on a question 2. gather background information 3. create a hypothesis (a testable statement) 4. design an experiment to test the hypothesis, include both negative and positive controls 5. conduct the experiment, collect measurements 6. analyze data, use statistical analysis when possible 7. interpret whether data do/don't support the hypothesis, think critically about alternate possible explanations 8. share information with the scientific community and the public

1 meter = _______________ centimeters.

100

1 meter = _______________ millimeters

1000

13 kilometers = _______________ meters

13,000

13 kilometers = _______________ millimeters

13000000

Which strand of DNA complements this strand here: 5' ATGCTTT 3' 5' ATGCTTT 3' 3' ATGCTTT 5' 3' TACGAAA 5' 5' TACGAAA 3'

3' TACGAAA 5'

56.2 millimeters = _______________ centimeters

5.62

Cholesterol

A lipid lacking a hydrocarbon tail

Chitin

A structural carbohydrate

Modern biological classification relies on molecular as well as morphological data. This DNA sequence represents part of a highly conserved region of ribosomal RNA: AUGCCAUA Which of the sequences below belongs to an individual from the group that is most closely related to the group represented by the sequence above? AUGGCAUA UUGCCUAU AUCAUA AUCCGGCAUA

AUGGCAUA

The correct steps for testing a solution for proteins.

Add 3-4 drops of solution, add 3-4 drops of Biuret indicator solution, observe for violet color change.

Where would you expect to find the organic molecule, DNA?

All living things

Examples that represent saturated fatty acids.

Butter, bacon grease,

In addition to hydrogen and nitrogen, which two elements make up the bulk of living matter?

Carbon & Oxygen

The _____________ is the smallest unit that can live and reproduce independently.

Cell

Which of the following compounds are lipids? Select all correct answers (might be more than one). Starch DNA Cholesterol Triglyceride Glycogen

Cholesterol Triglyceride

n ionic bond is where one atom gives up one of its electrons to another atom. Following this electron transfer, one atom is positively charged and the other is negatively charged, and based on these opposite charges, the two atoms stick together via an ionic bond. By contrast, a covalent bond is where two atoms share electrons. Finally, hydrogen bonds occur between atoms with partial charges. These partial charges are caused by unequal sharing of electrons such as we see in a molecule of water where the relatively large atomic nucleus of oxygen draws electrons close. This gives the oxygen in water a slightly negative charge and leaves the two hydrogens with slightly positive charges. These three main types of chemical bonds have various strengths. Place them in order beginning with the strongest down to the weakest. Ionic Covalent Hydrogen

Covalent Ionic Hydrogen

Place the following in order from largest level of biological organization to smallest. Steps can be missing, but it must be in the correct order. Community Ecosystem Tissue Cell Population

Ecosystem Community Population Tissue Cell

True or false: Proteins are composed of chains of nucleic acids.

False

ll of the following are groupings that are one of the three Domains of life. Select the EXCEPTION: Fungi Eukarya Bacteria Archaea

Fungi

When testing a solution for disaccharides, it is important to add 20 drops of _____ to the solution before heating and then adding the Benedict's solution.

HCl

What unique property of water helps animals maintain a stable body temperature? This unique property also explains why large bodies of water (large lakes, oceans) maintain stable temperatures and help regulate/moderate nearby air and land termperatures.

High heat capacity

Why is biodiversity important?

High levels of biodiversity correspond with rich, highly interconnected ecosystems and food webs. If one organism dies out, there is minimal impact on other organisms. In this sense, the ecosystem is robust. High levels of biodiversity increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. High levels of biodiversity are beneficial in agriculture. If one crop fails (for example, a fungus targets a specific variety of potato), other crops may still survive. High levels of biodiversity correspond with human discovery. For example, many drugs have been developed from tropical plants, and many designs have been inspired by mimicking things in the natural world.

From the choices below, identify those where the scientific name for humans is properly written.

Homo sapiens (italicize)

DNA

Hydrogen bonds stabilize its helical structure

What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory in science?

Hypotheses are tentative guesses; theories are considered correct answer to questions about nature due to an abundance of evidence from repeatable tests.

In order to arrive at a solution to a problem, a scientist usually proposes and tests

Hypothesis

One difference between DNA and RNA is

In RNA adenine pairs with uracil

What indicator solution is used to test for the presence of polysaccharides (starch)? What was the color change that indicated a positive test?

Iodine, from yellow to purple

Ice floats because

Its water molecules are farther apart than in liquid water

RNA

Likely the original carrier of genetic information

How can you differentiate between an organic substance and an inorganic substance using the heat test?

Organic substances turn black when heated.

Taxonomy" is a term that refers to the classification of organisms based on their relatedness. What is another term with nearly the same meaning?

Phylogeny, Cladistics, Biological Classification

The ____________ structure of a protein ultimately determines the secondary and tertiary structures. That is, the unique amino acid sequence of a protein dictates how the protein folds into a functional, three-dimensional protein.

Primary

Amino acids are the building blocks of

Proteins