Exam 1

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes. A. pragnanz B. physical regularities C. semantic regularities D. double dissociation

C. Semantic regularities

Illusory conjunctions are A. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. B. combinations of features from different stimuli. C. features that are consistent across different stimuli. D. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli.

combinations of features from different stimuli.

Match each brain region with a function. A. where signals are received from the auditory system B. receives and coordinates information from all the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions like thinking and problem-solving C. part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located D. important for touch, pressure and pain 1. Temporal Lobe 2. Occipital Lobe 3. Frontal Lobe 4. Parietal Lobe

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D

Match each example to the type of coding it best describes. A. distributed neural coding B. sparse coding C. specificity coding 1. The idea of a grandmother cell 2. When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. 3. A specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of neurons

1. C 2. B 3. A

Match the specific area of the brain to the behavior that is related with it. A. Looking at pictures of body builders and focusing on the different body parts B. Slow and labored speech, with jumbled sentence structure C. Difficulty understanding spatial layout D. prosopagnosia E. Difficulty with speech comprehension, fluent aphasia 1. Fusiform Face Area (FFA) 2. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) 3. Extrastriate body area (EBA) 4. Broca's area 5. Wernicke's area

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. E

The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as A. analytic introspection. B. behavioral analysis. C. functional analysis. D. information processing.

A. Analytic Introspection

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of_______ increases the frequency of behavior. A. positive reinforcers B. backward conditioning C. discriminative stimuli D. inhibitory neurotransmitters

A. Positive Reinforcers

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon. A. rate of nerve firing B. size of the nerve impulses C. speed of nerve conduction D. all of the the above

A. Rate of Nerve firing

In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order? A. Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory B. Filter, detector, sensory store, short-term memory C. Detector, filter, sensory store, short-term memory D. Detector, sensory store, filter, short-term memory

A. Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology? A. Structural models and process models B. Interpersonal models and intrapersonal models C. Biological models and psychological models D. Psychodynamic models and behavioral models

A. Structural Models and Process Models

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n) _______ response to faces and an _________ response to Greebles A. decreased; increased B. increased; increased C. unvaried; unvaried D. unvaried; increased

A. decreased; increased

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that A. has high stimulus salience. B. fits with the observer's interests. C. is familiar. D. carries meaning for the observer.

A. has high stimulus salience.

Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity A. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting. B. gain some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting. C. gain some of the oxygen they are transporting. D. lose some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting.

A. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting.

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called A. same-object advantage. B. divided attention. C. high-load detraction. D. location-based potentiation.

A. same-object advantage.

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that A. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. B. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance. C. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. D. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones.

A. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when A. the color and the name differed. B. the shape and the name matched. C. the shape and the name differed. D. the color and the name matched.

A. the color and the name differed.

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements A. were determined primarily by the task. B. were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. C. continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene. D. usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second.

A. were determined primarily by the task.

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be A. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons B. continuous C. composed of discrete individual units D. composed of cell bodies, axons and dendrites

B. Continuous

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the A. fusiform face role. B. inverse projection problem. C. radiated wavelength paradox. D. serial location task.

B. Inverse projection problem

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to A. perceive the stimulus. B. make a decision about the stimulus. C. attend to the stimulus. D. process the stimulus.

B. Make a decision about the stimulus

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________. A. fused conduits B. neural networks C. neuronal bridges D. synaptic vesicles

B. Neural Networks

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology? A. Development of the technique of analytic introspection B. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior C. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment D. The proposal of cognitive maps

B. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called _______. A. proximity B. binding C. contiguity D. accommodation

B. binding

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people A. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. B. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. C. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. D. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.

B. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on A. meaning. B. physical characteristics. C. modality. D. higher order characteristics.

B. physical characteristics.

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT A. the difficulty of the tasks. B. task cueing. C. practice. D. the type of processing being used.

B. task cueing.

Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT A. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks. B. the structure of individual neurons. C. patterns of blood flow in the brain. D. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus.

B. the structure of individual neurons.

Which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons? A. Cell body B. Receptor C. Axon D. Dendrite

C. Axon

Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind? A. Colin Cherry B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Donald Broadbent D. Newell and Simon

C. Donald Broadbent

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of A. pragnanz. B. simplicity. C. similarity. D. familiarity.

C. Similarity

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles? A. Contiguity B. Figure-Ground C. Simplicity D. Common Fate

C. Simplicity

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the A. landmark pathway. B. action pathway. C. where pathway. D. what pathway.

C. Where pathway

In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word. A. letter pairs; aware B. ambiguous sentences; aware C. ambiguous sentences; unaware D. letter pairs; unaware

C. ambiguous sentences; unaware

You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed A. through fMRI potentials. B. in one localized area of the brain. C. in different parts of the brain. D. by the grandmother cells in the brain.

C. in different parts of the brain

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be A. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response. B. measured by comparing responses among different participants. C. inferred from the participant's behavior. D. measured directly.

C. inferred from the participant's behavior.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier A. when processing was done verbally. B. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. C. once processing had become automatic. D. when processing was more controlled.

C. once processing had become automatic.

Speech segmentation is _____________, and is an example of ____________. A. creating a sentence from a series of spoken words; top-down processing. B. creating a sentence from a series of spoken words; bottom-up processing. C. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words, syllables and phonemes; top-down processing. D. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words, syllables and phonemes; bottom-up processing.

C. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words, syllables and phonemes; top-down processing.

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by A. reception of the stimulus. B. bottom-up processing. C. top-down processing. D. focused attention.

C. top-down processing

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? A. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. B. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. C. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. D. All of the above.

D. All of the Above

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of A. operant conditioning. B. behaviorism. C. humanism. D. cognitive psychology.

D. Cognitive Psychology

Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection? A. It produces results that are too easy to verify. B. It requires no training. C. It infers mental processes based on objective data. D. It produces variable results from person to person.

D. It produces variable results from person to person.

Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when A. the faces are of people with scars or deformities. B. the faces are of children. C. animal faces are substituted for human faces. D. the faces are viewed from an angle.

D. The faces are viewed from an angle

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists? A. We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition. B. We must understand the basic components of perception. C. We need to identify the neurons that create perception. D. We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations.

D. We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations.

The first formal laboratory of psychology was founded by _______ where the approach of _________ was created. A. Ebbinghaus; structuralism B. Wundt; behaviorism C. Ebbinghaus; behaviorism D. Wundt; structuralism

D. Wundt; structuralism

Dichotic listening occurs when A. a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear. B. the same message is presented to the left and right ears. C. participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time. D. different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

D. different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that A. weak signals can cause activation. B. no signals cause activation. C. all signals cause activation. D. it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

D. it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of A. language. B. physical characteristics. C. direction. D. meaning.

D. meaning.

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they A. were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations. B. showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior. C. described complex decision-making. D. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

D. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

In Donders' experiment on decision-making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a ____________ reaction time task, while when they were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button for the right, they were engaged in a _____________ reaction time task.

Simple, choice

Barbara has recently been diagnosed with a rather aggressive form of abdominal cancer. Her oncologist is interested in determining the best way to treat her so that the tumors can be eliminated. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and giving her normal digestive functioning. Barbara is also seeing a psychologist, whose goal is to help her stay calm, relaxed, and keep her anxiety as minimal as possible while keeping her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of ______________________ presented in your textbook.

levels of analysis