Exam 2 Chapter 4-6 quizzes

Which is true of infants classified as fast habituators?

Fast habituators were found to have higher educational achievements when compared with slow habituators.

Fifteen-month-old Keisha is walking around pretty steadily. Because of this, she has gained an entirely new perspective of her environment. This perspective only increases her walking to get faster and more steady. This illustrates which kind of development?

Gross motor

Nine-month-old Rosa and her parents need to move immediately from their apartment. In addition to this stress, Rosa's parents are getting a divorce. Rosa's father has given up custody. Her mother should try to make sure that Rosa's ______ is not interrupted by these stressful changes.

attachment

Eighteen-month-old Hunter is feeding himself pretty regularly. Because of this, he has gained a new understanding of how his hands can work for him. He is able to turn the pages of his board books by himself and finger paint on the paper. This illustrates which kind of development?

fine motor development

The relationship between temperaments of parents and children with childrearing methods is ______.

goodness-of-fit

Twelve-month-old Hector keeps saying "ba". He does not use a bottle so they try to give him a cup. This is not what he wants. He says "ba" again. This time they try to give him his stuffed animal. This is not what he wants. Finally, they figure out that "ba" means that Hector wants his favorite book. Hector is using ______.

holophrase

Researchers interested in focusing maturational development would focus on using ______ to study.

identical twins

Researchers interested in stranger wariness would focus on the situation at hand, past experience, and ______.

infant temperament

Visual reaction time is a way that researchers can assess ______.

information processing abilities

Biological influences on motor development include ______.

maturation

At which age does babbling become more like real speech?

12 months

Researchers interested in when infants are beginning to understand that their actions cause results in the world outside of their body would focus on Piaget's substage ______.

3

Which refers to taking new information and integrating it into a preexisting schema?

Assimilation

Which refers to a task in which a stimulus appears to violate physical laws?

Violation-of-expectation task

Researchers interested in child care's effect on cognition and social competence would most likely focus on ______.

quality of care

If an infant learns that the world is a good place where her needs will be responded to and met, she has landed on the ______ side of Erikson's first crisis.

trust

A ______ is an inactive virus dose injected into the body to guard against disease.

vaccine

Which person is demonstrating growth norms?

A pediatrician measuring for height and weight of an infant

Which refers to the process of acquiring new words after applying them only a few times?

Fast mapping

Two-year-old Jennifer sees something out of the corner of her eye. She pays attention to it and decides to go see what it is. As she rounds the corner, she just catches a glimpse of the orange tail. Jennifer believes that this is her cat Clark and begins to say his name over and over again. This illustrates which theory?

Information processing

Which can be inferred from a caregiver who tends to be more rigid, unresponsive, inconsistent, and demanding?

Insecure attachment will most likely occur.

______ refers to the principle that growth starts from the center of the body and then goes outward

Proximodistal

Which refers to the process where unused neural connections will eventually disappear?

Synaptic pruning

You are interested in adaptability, attention span, and intensity of reaction in infants. Which concept would you most likely focus on?

Temperament

Which approach to infant intelligence compares infants with age-based norms?

Testing approach

How is the Bayley-III distinguished from intelligence tests given later in childhood?

The Bayley-III measures motor and perception skills while standardized intelligence tests measure more complex and abstract abilities.

A researcher interested in the impairment of the ability to speak and understand speech would most likely focus on ______.

Wernicke's area

You are interested in prelinguistic communication. You would focus on ______.

babbling

Twelve-month-old Jimmy is babbling away and "talks" to himself regularly. He is a very active infant moving rapidly into toddlerhood. His ability to learn language as well as motor skills is due in part to his parents continued interaction with him. They are always talking and interacting with him in order to make sure that his development occurs on the schedule that it should. If they had not ever spoken to him, his language abilities may never have surfaced, according to ______.

experience-expectant brain development

Researchers interested in the speed of thought in the brain development of infants would focus on ______.

myelination

Ten-month-old Miguel is eating most baby foods. His mother has started giving him his own spoon. Every time he picks up some of his own food in the spoon and tries to get it to his mouth, his mother claps and smiles. This makes Miguel smile too. Miguel likes his food and his mother's smile. These act as ______ to the behavior of feeding himself.

reinforcers

Autonomy versus shame and doubt is Erikson's ______ psychosocial crisis.

second

Self-control is permitted by ______.

self awareness and emerging self concept

You know that you are different from the chair you sit in. You have ______.

self-awareness

Twenty-one-month-old Ahamed is putting together his first sentences. His speech patterns are very typical for his age. He uses phrases like "drink juice" and "read book" to represent his entire thought. This illustrates ______.

telegraphic speech

Twenty-two-month-old Carrie has been talking a lot more lately. Her parents make sure to reinforce language and grammar to her every time they interact. They mirror back the correct words and usage for her to be able to learn. But still Carrie says things like mouses for mice and tooths for teeth. This over generalization of grammar leads her parents to understand that language is also learned from ______.

the nativist approach

Ethan is hungry. He sees the crackers on the kitchen counter. He is not tall enough to reach them. Instead of finding his mother or crying, Ethan looks around the kitchen, sees the chairs, and pushes one over to the counter. Then, he decides to climb on top of the chair to reach the crackers. This demonstrates which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor development?

6

Which refers to the seven universal emotions?

Basic emotions

Which theory proposes that infants are born with domains of thought that promote quick learning?

Core knowledge

Which refers to an infant scanning only the outer contours of complex stimuli?

Externality effect

Which refers to the ability to control large movements of the body?

Gross motor skills

Which refers to the kind of learning where there is no longer a reaction to a stimulus after repeated exposure?

Habituation

Which infant is most likely to exhibit signs of growth faltering from contextual factors?

Kayla is suffering from neglect with no attachment to caregivers.

Which disease is related to an insufficient intake of protein?

Kwashiorkor

Which memory holds an unlimited store of information?

Long-term

Which refers to the inborn capacity to respond to the actions of others through imitating their actions?

Mirror neuron system

Drinking from a cup would be an example of which scale on the Bayley-III?

Motor

Fifteen-month-old Rosa is given several different items to pick up. She is also encouraged to walk around the room. Rosa is being assessed on which scale of the Bayley-III?

Motor

Which can be inferred from the relationship of malnutrition to cognitive deficits?

Neurons can be damaged from malnutrition, which can lead to impairment in language and other issues.

New parents Jim and Tracy have just brought home their son from the hospital. They have made sure that it is not too warm in the house, and put him to sleep in his own crib near them. They also make sure that the bedding they have chosen is firm. Jim and Tracy put their new baby to sleep on his back for every sleep cycle. This illustrates prevention for ______.

SIDS

Which conclusion can be drawn from the relationship between caregivers and infants with regard to their stress response system?

Sensitive, responsive, and warm parenting can help to develop self regulation needed to adapt to adverse contexts.

Which temperament is described as moody and inactive?

Slow-to-warm-up

Which refers to an infant looking to an adult in an ambiguous situation to determine how they should react?

Social referencing

Which scale on the Bayley-III requires a parental report in order to assess?

Socio-emotional

In understanding bilingual infants, which inference can be been made?

The quality and quantity of speech heard influence language growth irrespective of one language or two.

Which inference can be drawn from the relationship between self regulation and vocabulary?

Vocabulary increases the second half of the second year of life, allowing for toddlers to communicate their feelings aiding in self regulation of emotions.

Two-year-old Charlie likes to explore and climb on his swing set. He likes to climb a ladder, which his mother usually helps him with. This time, though, he wants to do it on his own. He goes over and starts climbing. When his mother starts to approach, Charlie says no. His mother backs off and lets him try to climb all by himself. Charlie wants to test his limits. According to Erikson, Charlie is experiencing his own ______.

autonomy

Twenty-three-month-old Connor talks a lot for his age. He is adding new words every day. He is naming everything he sees. Connor also likes to describe things like his cat, saying "furry kitty". He has also taken to describing himself with phrases like "I tall" and "me fast". Connor is demonstrating his ______.

categorical self

You sing softly while holding an infant. This association would most likely be the result of ______.

classical conditioning

Researchers interested in active, irritable, and irregular babies would focus on ______ temperament.

difficult

Ten-month-old Hannah is insecurely attached to her mother. Her mother is both unresponsive and intrusive many times. In fact, there has been a report of possible child abuse. Given this relationship, Hannah's insecure attachment will most likely be ______ due to the parental relationship.

disorganized

Nine-month-old Tanner is sitting upright and crawling everywhere. He regularly sits and plays with his blocks, trying to stack them. Whenever something new catches his eye, he makes sure to crawl over to it so that he can learn about the object. Tanner is demonstrating ______.

dynamic systems

Four-month-old Jason's mother and father both respond to him whenever he cries. He is beginning to understand that they will help him whenever he needs them or is distressed. Other caregivers also respond to Jason, but he is starting to prefer people who are already familiar to him. This demonstrates ______.

early attachment

Four-month-old Charlie relaxes when his father sings to him while holding him. He also likes it when he can see his mother, and she talks to him. Charlie, in fact, expects these things to go together. These pairings illustrate ______.

intermodal perception

Researchers interested in an innate facilitator of language would focus on ______.

language acquisition device

Doctors interested in understanding a disease wherein a child's body fat is depleted and growth stops would most likely focus on ______.

marasmus

Three-month-old Harry is still experiencing the growth of new neurons in his brain. This is a continuation from prenatal development. It is still occurring very fast. Harry's mother inquires to her pediatrician about this brain growth in an effort to make sure that she can offer opportunities for her son's continued development. The pediatrician explains ways that she can influence the his brain growth. She also explains that this growth will continue through Harry's life just not at this same speed through a process known as ______.

neurogenesis

Nine-month-old Emma is playing with her pink ball. She is on the floor rolling it back and forth. She is getting much stronger and ends up pushing the pink ball farther away from her. It ends up under the couch out of her sight. Emma cries and points at the couch so her mother will help her retrieve the ball. Her mother cannot see the ball but trusts that Emma knows it is lost there. This demonstrates ______.

object permanence

About ______ of all infants are not easily classified into easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm categories.

one-third

Researchers interested in reinforcers for behavior would most likely focus on ______.

operant conditioning

Researchers interested in the relationships between caregivers and children that are interactive with a focus on taking turns would be considered the ______ phase of attachment

reciprocal relationship

Emotions such as empathy, pride, and embarrassment are considered ______.

self-conscious emotions

One way basic emotions and self-conscious emotions differ is that ______.

self-conscious emotions are complex and depend on cognitive development while basic emotions are universal

Which is an example of the adaptive behavior scale on the Bayley-III?

self-soothing when upset

Two-month-old Tasha turns her head toward every sound in the room. She does not seem to spend a long time paying attention to any of the sounds. Her attention is drawn from sound to sound and other stimuli that she encounters. This auditory information is most likely only in her ______ memory.

sensory

One-week-old Maria begins to cry. She hears a lot of voices in the room next to hers. She can already turn her head and eyes in the direction that the sounds are coming from. Her vision is not acute, and she cannot find her mother. Her crying gets louder until ______.

she hears her mother's voice clearly

Ten-week-old Candace smiles whenever she sees her mother. Her mother mirrors back the same smile and continues to engage Candace. This interaction continues and persists every time her mother walks into the room, increasing the bond between them. This social smile illustrates ______.

social engagement

Eight-month-old Tyler is crawling around the play area. His mother is watching and smiling at him. A stranger sits down in the play area. Tyler immediate looks to his mother for how he should react to this stranger. This illustrates ______.

social referencing

Researchers interested in infants' primary expression of fear, disgust, and anger would also focus on ______.

surprise

Fourteen-month-old Alyssa is experiencing an explosion of connections in her brain. All of this growth is continuing and occurring very fast. Alyssa's mother inquires about this brain growth to the pediatrician in an effort to make sure that she can offer opportunities to aid her daughter. The pediatrician explains that Alyssa is making more connections than she will need. Her experiences will help her to get rid of the unused connections to make the used pathways stronger. The doctor has illustrated ______.

synaptic pruning

Researchers interested in encoding information into memory would focus on ______.

working memory