Exam 2 (Chapters 5-8)
All of the following statements are true, according to Michel Foucault, EXCEPT that
power exists in a centralized manner.
The highest caste in India includes which of the following?
priests, scholars, and teachers
The power of the president of the United States is legitimate because it is based on what kind of authority?
rational-legal authority
Which of the following is the best example of a status set?
registered nurse, father, husband, amateur golfer
Maggie has many social statuses, including mother, wife, daughter, high school principal, and softball player. She often feels she cannot meet all of the responsibilities in her life. For example, last week she had to miss a softball game because she needed to work late and also missed her son's school play. Maggie is experiencing which of the following?
role conflict
When the responsibilities or expectations of a single status compete with one another, which of the following occurs?
role strain
The 2018 Cambridge Analytica case illustrates the intensification of which of the following types of strategies?
scraping
What did Emile Durkheim mean by collective conscience?
shared values, norms, and beliefs in a community
Which position would argue that the gender-based wage gap is a result of the social systems that are in play?
social determinism
A country that promotes the collective good, deemphasizes individual interests, and supports economic equality is built on which type of system?
socialism
What function of graduate school is often unrecognized?
socialization into a professional occupation
From the sociological perspective, inequality is seen as
socially constructed.
Power is an important factor to consider in the understanding of deviance because
some groups have the power to define deviance.
Mike's uncle is always making generalizations about certain racial/ethnic groups, describing them as being smart, good with money, lazy, unmotivated, or prone to crime. Mike knows that these assertions are unfounded but he does not know how to address his uncle. These generalizations are
stereotypes
Under the Indian caste system, the Dalits are a social group
that exists outside of the varna system.
Julie is a very independent, spontaneous individual. According to Mead, this is an example of which part of the self?
the "I"
A social group decides that the length of someone's big toe represents how intelligent and trustworthy that person is. Soon those with longer big toes have a higher social standing. Though the criterion may seem silly, it becomes a very real way group members are differentiated. This illustrates which sociological concept?
the Thomas theorem
What sociological concept is the idea that if someone defines a situation as real then it is real in its consequences?
the Thomas theorem
The medicalization of deviance can also be reversed. Which of the following is an example of demedicalization?
the current definition of homosexuality
Which of the following would be considered a regime of power?
the education system
What perspective examines how age, time, and place shape social identities?
the life course
Which of the following reflects a type of in-group versus out-group dynamic?
the partisan divide in the United States
A server at a restaurant accidentally took the incorrect dish to a customer. The customer loudly berated the server over the mistake. The server apologized profusely, forced a smile, and quickly corrected the order. After her shift, the server complained to a coworker about how rude the customer had been and how angry she had been as a result. What represents the worker's front-stage performance?
the server smiling and apologizing
What is a social role?
the social expectations that go along with a social status
Individuals typically engage in deviant behavior only on a temporary basis. Long-term deviance requires
the support of a deviant subculture.
People follow social rules and norms because
they have internalized them.
The queen of England's power is legitimate because it is based on what kind of authority?
traditional authority
Susan is an outgoing woman. She is very confident and has a strong sense of self. She works in a busy, competitive office in sales and marketing. Susan has many friends at work because she has learned that she needs to balance her strong, outspoken personality with being tactful and sensitive to others' needs. There are times that one of her coworkers does or says something that hurts Susan's feelings during a department meeting. Rather than reacting and saying something that may be rude, she waits and talks with her coworker in private after the meeting. Why is Susan choosing to respond this way?
She is operating out of her sense of "me."
Shania and Enrique are high school students who come from two different families. Shania's parents both went to college; her mother works as a high school teacher, and her father is an accountant. Shania's parents encouraged her to be involved in extracurricular activities and various clubs while going to school. Enrique's parents are both high school graduates; his mother works as a clerk at the local grocery store, and his father works in construction when he is able to find work. Sometimes money is tight in the household. Enrique's parents have asked him to get a job to help out. Enrique has little time to be involved in school activities and his parents don't feel those should be a priority because they take away from time that Enrique could be working and earning money for the family. When looking at both of these families, what can explain the difference in the experiences of Enrique and Shania?
Social class plays a significant role in what is expected of teenagers.
________ theory focuses on multiple viewpoints, especially the perspectives of the oppressed.
Standpoint
What changes when a dyad relationship become a triad?
The number of possible interactions increases.
Which of the following statements regarding the use of algorithms by tech companies is true?
The results produced by algorithms can help reproduce social inequality.
Why did many Harvard law school students switch course from public interest law to corporate law?
They became socialized into their profession during law school.
Which statement best describes recidivism rates in the United States?
Three-quarters are rearrested within five years.
Why is white-collar crime rarely prosecuted, and why do its perpetrators typically go unpunished?
White-collar perpetrators have high status and power.
What is a bureaucracy?
a hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures
A very remote tribe of people lives in the highlands of Papua, New Guinea. Boys are expected to undergo a blood initiation, which to outsiders would seem quite cruel and inhuman. For example, elders stick long canes into the young initiates' noses and a sharp arrow pierces their tongues a number of times. Members of the tribe believe that these rituals are necessary to expel the contaminated blood received from their mothers when they gave birth to them. Men may not marry or assume adult responsibilities unless they undergo these rituals. What do these rituals represent to these young men?
a rite of passage
Which of the following would be an example of a back-stage performance?
a salesman telling his friend about the horrible way customers treated him that day
What is a status category?
a status that individuals can hold in common
In the movie Eat, Pray, Love, actress Julia Roberts plays the role of Liz Gilbert. When Liz was going through her divorce, she met a man who practiced Eastern philosophy and religion and had a guru. When Liz decided to take time off to "find herself," one of the countries to which she traveled was India. Liz decided to stay in an ashram and hoped to meet the guru in order to obtain spiritual guidance. While there, Liz was expected to adhere to the strict rules that were in place. She lived in very simple conditions, was expected to eat the food that was served, was to attend prayer services, and was assigned to clean the toilets. She was expected to perform this task without complaining. What was Liz experiencing while staying in the ashram?
a total institution
All systems of stratification essentially contain which of the following combinations of factors?
unequal distribution of resources and an ideology
Which of the following groups is more likely to experience a shorter period of adolescence?
working-class youth
How does a master status differ from other social statuses?
A master status is the status with the most social significance.
Which of the following can be an effect of a lack of early social stimulation?
All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is most accurate regarding race and the justice system in the United States?
Black men are almost six times more likely to be imprisoned than white men.
The highest caste in India is known as the
Brahmins.
Which theorist developed the concept of the looking glass self?
Charles Horton Cooley
How did the Western view of children change in the nineteenth century compared to earlier times in history?
Children became an economic burden rather than an economic asset.
In China, parents are not expected to work after the age of 65. They may live with their children, who often financially support them in their older years. If an older parent is working, it is viewed as a disgrace to the family. In the United States, parents often work as long as they are able or need to in order to financially support themselves. When they grow older and are unable to live alone, they rarely live with their adult children. What would explain the difference in how the older parent is viewed in China compared to in the United States?
Cultural patterns vary in how older adults are viewed.
Social institutions charged with the enforcement of norms and rules and the power to punish violators are referred to as
agents of social control.
The feudal estate system of stratification was based on
an ascribed status.
What factor is essential to the continued survival of a system of stratification?
an ideology
Which of the following best describes the Indian caste system?
closed, without social mobility
Soft power tactics focus on
collaboration and friendship.
Which of the following is characteristic of networks?
contact between individuals
Our behavior is regulated by the degree to which we are attached to major social institutions. This defines which theoretical perspective?
control theory
What is the most widely recognized form of electronic surveillance on the internet?
cookies
What does the crime rate figure represent?
crime incidence relative to population size
Which type of power is based on the ability to define social reality?
cultural power
Knowledge and skills learned through socialization are an example of
cultural resources.
Which of the following is an important factor that contributed to the declining trend in crime rates in the 1990s?
decline in poverty and unemployment
Deviance is learned through interaction with members of a deviant group. This defines which theoretical perspective?
differential association theory
Role distance is the idea that people
distance themselves from a role as they carry it out.
A sociologist is studying how police officers perform their roles, specifically examining how officers perform their roles and present themselves to the public. What approach is the sociologist using to study the officers?
dramaturgy
The ability to control and allocate resources defines which type of power?
economic power
What is the three-step process that Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann believe individuals go through as they construct reality?
externalization, objectivation, internalization
Who or what are the agents of socialization who first teach us about our appropriate gender roles?
family
U.S. Bank is threatening to foreclose on the Johnson family's home due to the number of mortgage payments they have made. What type of tactic is the bank utilizing?
hard
When examining the various life changes, which, for many American adults, is the most significant life change they will experience?
having a child
In the United States, "individual achievement" is the focus of the ideology behind the system of stratification. This idea that individual effort determines one's lot in life
implicitly justifies inequality.
From the functionalist perspective, a society without deviance would be excessively conformist. Such a society would
limit change and innovation.
From the functionalist perspective, self-policing is
necessary for both the individual and society.
What is the best way to describe the organization of contemporary society?
networked individualism
Cosmetic surgery has lost the stigma previously associated with it. This cultural shift is an example of
normalization
In relation to identity formation in the offline world, identity formation in the digital world is
not that different.
Learning the types of norms associated with a type of employment is known as
occupational socialization.
According to Emile Durkheim's definition, an act is deviant or criminal because it
offends social norms.
In contrast to caste systems, class systems
offer more social mobility.
Women in the military are still considered deviant by some. How does power play a role here?
Men have traditionally defined gender-appropriate roles.
What does impersonality mean in terms of a bureaucracy?
People move in out of positions, but the structure remains.