exam 2 history

Greenwood Plantation: St. Francisville, Louisiana

stereotypical model of the Plantation homes throughout the south

Petions Republic

- creates lycees for boys/girls in the republic of haiti. - redistributed all the former plantations into smaller personal farms and encouraged coffee production so there would be individual production and exportable goods. - coffee picking was a less intensive form of labor. - not a lot of money made in south. - named papa bon coeur "dad of good heart" for his policies on average haitians. - Les Cayes, Dec. 1815: wanted to end slavery in this hemisphere. Antislavery movement.

The Beginnings (18th century)

- african american literature developed after africans started being sold in North America in 1619. - no recorded literature BEFORE 1746.

Stephen Duncan: Auburn Plantation - Natchez, MS

- dies after the civil war ends. - became major planter/ banker in Mississippi in antebellum years. - migrated from pennyslvania to the south to become sugar/ cotton planter and had many railroads. - largest slaveholder in the U.S - richest cotton planter in the U.S south - owned over 1,000 slaves at one time on 6 plantations by himself - made 150,000 yearly off plantations

immoral slavery

- general public aware of connection northern territories and southern slavery - as a moral free agent, the public could reject things they opposed - put a human face onto slavery - only 4% of northern ant- slavery advocates were abolitionist (not 4% of the total population).

American Anti-Slavery Society

(AASS) - founded by william lloyd garrison and federick douglass in New england. - large antislavery group that developed in 1833 - william wells brown was also a member - by 1840s, it had 250,000 members across the country. - many famous people at the time were members: elizabeth stans, susan B. anthony, Lucracia Mott, Wendell philips, lucey stone, lydia. - THE SLAVES FRIEND (1836- 1838): - Aimed forchildren, wanted to get literature in the hands of children to promote ideas of equality and anti- slavery ideas. - first abolitionist magazine targeted for children to get into the minds of children that african americans are people. - age range 6-12 - included anti-slavery writings,poetry, images, cartoons - very inexpensive, 1 cent per issue, 10 cents for a dozen, 80 cents per 100 to distribute - thousands were printed in 2 year run. - highly moralistic, equates slavery w/ sinfulness, slavery will condem your sould to hell, you shouldn't support it, all men are created equal under eyes of god. _----- UNDER 7th issue: they had resolutions for children to promote better generations for America. RESOLUTION: -With God's help I resolve, 1. Never to call a colored person A NEGRO. They do not like to be called so; and they think it is calling names. 2. Never to call a colored person, that BLACK FELLOW, or BLACKEY, or DARKEY. It is insulting to call them so. 3. Never to call a colored man a BOY. This is often done, and it is insulting and foolish. 4. To speak to colored people, and of them, just as I do to and of white people. 5. Always to have respectful and kind feelings toward colored people

Missouri Compromise of 1820

- 1819- Missouri applies for statehood there problem was setting in one state/ free state at a time. - starts off w/ a tangent amendment, he submits 2 amendments w/ restrictions saying that southerners objected to any bill that impose federal restrictions on slavery, any state can have slaves if they want which goes against Louisiana Purchase. - more than 60% of the population lived in the North but there's a slim northern representative. - Free vs. Slave states in equal numbers (11) - Deadlock in congress, the north wont give up - Missouri compromise 1820- redline going through the southern boarder of missouri across the country saying slavery can exist below this line except missouri. - maine admitted as a free state - 36'30 parallel - conditions of slavery

VICTORY

- A land figuratively and symbolically without whites is the creation of HAITI'S FLAG - January 1, 1804: desalines and the declaration of independence and renaming Haiti. 1804 Massacre: After independence is declared, Desalines declares all remaining french people should die for treasury. - specifically white planters fled for the past 13 years to other parts of the carribean ( many to philadelphia) - He allowed many white widows to remain. - 3,000 people were killed in these attacks against white frenchmen. CONSTITUTION OF HAITI (1805): - written shortly after and gives desaline powers, declaring him emperor.

Lucy Terry

- Bars Fight - The oldest piece known of african american literature. - a ballad commemorating a native american attack in Massachusetts where she lived. - She was enslaved at this time and many of the residents were killed or taken as hostages back to Montreal, Canada. - a story of her understanding of the fight. - Known in 1746 because thats the event when it happened. - it wasnt written down until several years later, it was told as a local lore before it was finally written down in the 1800s. - first known and recorded/ membered piece of African- American literature.

Songs that started in minstrelsy

- Dan Emmett- founder of virginia minstrels wrote: Dixie ( I wish I wasn't dixie)- a very popular song, kind of the unofficial anthem of the confederacy. AND "turkey in the straw" - Stephen Foster- most famous american music composer of 19th century. later signed a contract w/ christy minstrels, wrote many songs over 200 songs. wrote: "oh, susanna" "Old uncle Ned" (these 2 songs contain N- word) "campton races" "my old kentucky home" - stephen despite writing minstrel songs wasnt pro- slavery he wrote an abolitionist play and may just have been the person who followed a paycheck. -many of these songs are still used they just leaveout racial references/ slurs.

Independence leaders of Haitian Revolution

- Dutty Boukman: - A muslim cleric, well educated - Captured in a slaving raid, transported to the Caribbean. - initially sent to Caribbean, named Boukman because he's literate. - Arrives in St. Domingue in mid 1780s. - works on sugar plantations in Northern Haiti and killed in fall of 1791 after the ceremony. - Toussaint L' Ouverture: - Best Known leader of Haitian Revolution. - Born in St. Domingue but early life isn't well known. - He's 50 when the revolution breaks out. - Becomes 1st black leader of St. Domingue. - Never breaks apart from France. - In 1800, he declares St. Domingue as autonomous. - declares himself governor for life and writes constitutions. - He's betrayed by civil soldiers, including Jean Jacques Desalines and captured by the French in 1802. - Dies in French Prison in April 1803. DEFEATS napolean. - Jean Jacques Desalines: - He was Toussaint's number 2 man. - He's the Haitian revolution general who becomes the first independent leader of Haiti. - Historians don't know if he's african or american born. - Served as an officer in the French army as the french fought the British and Spanish. - Turned against the French when Napoleon wanted to reimpose slavery. - 1790s, the french estate abolishes slavery but not Napoleon wants to reinstate it and makes St. Domingue turn against French. - After Revolution, he becomes emperor in 1804. - Assassinated in 1806 by his military. Henry Christophe: - Born a slave in Carribean to a free black father/ enslaved mother. - Enlisted in colonial militia as a child and freed in early adulthood. - he came w/ the french colonial militia to help U.S fight against the British in American Revolution. - He was a drummer boy in the battle of Savannah. - After American revolution, before French revolution he serves as a waiter, sailor, hotel manager before becoming a revolutionary. - One of the few generals to survive the war. - Christophe goes North Alexander Petion: - The only freeborn revolutionary leader. - He would be called a cauldroon. - Father was full white, mother was mullato. - His father was a wealthy planter, sent him to a military academy in Paris. - He's part of the Jean de color. - One of the only revoltionary leaders to be educated in France. - He was in France when the Haitian Revolution broke out, and sailed back to the island. - He advocated for ending slavery for all black people in the hemisphere. - He becomes president in 1807 after the Haitian civil war starts. - Petion goes South - Serves as president for 11 years until death.

AFTERMATH

- Haiti was isolated in the world. Europeans dont want to engage in it because it would undermine their beliefs of slavery. - louisiana purchase occurred because napoleon no longer needed that bread basket to support st.domingue. - haiti had to pay 150,000 francs to france for independence in 1825 to prevent reenslavement (the cost of losing their slaves/ plantations) - united states recognized haiti in 1865 during civil war because of the 3/5 compromise, the south was refusing to view black officials until confederacy left the union.

BOIS CAIMAN

- Huge slave rebellion based on the works of the voodoo priest and priestess (cecil and dutty) lead the voodoo ceremony where they invoke the god of goon (the god of wars) to end slavery. - A lot of slaves who were imported to St. Domingue were military soldiers, made slaves because they were fit and healthy. - erupted in northern plains around cap francais which is center of sugar production in st.domingue. - many haitian revolutions. - Cap Francais was the largest city in cultural center. - jean de coleur wanted rights since all are equal. - everyone is invading haiti to supress the revolution, to end slavery, or to get a piece of st. domingue because of how wealthy it is. - in 1791, haiti was not a war of independence, only revolution where declaration is signed at the end. - slave led and targeted plantations - spread from here through the rest of the colony.

Battle of New Orleans- rise of andrew jackson

- On christmas eve 1814: The peace treaty assigned between britian and france ( status quo antebellum said no teritorial advancement, no transfer of land, signed in europe, news doesnt drive into U.S until a couple of weeks). - Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 - January 8th- british march against jackson - January 18th- British withdraw, jackson wins. - Treaty is ratified in the U.S by the U.S in 1815 February.

Second Great Awakening

- This is what really PROPELS THE ABOLITIONISTS MOVEMENT in the U.S - 3 kinds of Great Awakenings that all come with religious Ferber. - 1st was in the early 1700s leading into american revolution, it was very northern. - 2nd is 1800s- 1830s. - 3rd is after the civil war to progressive era into 1900s. - the 2nd is closely linked to the south and the west. - religion: -beginning in 1800s that expanded west as the century progressed. - interacted a lot w/ slavery in the west. - Richard Allen- the african american methodist episcopla church comes out of the 2nd great awakening. first african ordained in the methodist church in 1799 but racism at the time, blacks had to stop sitting in the frint of churches, only sit one section, stop going to preferred mass time, given late evenings/ early mornings mass times, he finds A.M.E to remove j=himself from them. - many colleges founded thru 2nd great awakening like ohio, kentucky, places they're moving to. ABOLITIONISM IN COLLEGES: - place where diff. ideas are exchanged, exposed to diff. things you were unaware of. - IN OHIO< WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE: founded in hudson, ohio in north eastern ohio in 1826, middle of 2nd great awakening, works out very well. becomes a center of abolitionism in the country. - DAVID HUDSON AND HUDSON TOWNSHIP: - david hudson founds hudson township, he's an abolitionist from conteticut and he becomes a center of abolitionist discourse. Owen Brown helped found this school, he was a part of it's teaching faculty. school becomes a stop in the underground railroad. Estimated 2,000 slaves escaped from south into north into canada or other places in north to escape slavery but owen brown's son also grows up here, and secures the location of the college. - owen's son, john brown, grew up in hudson and experienced all these abolitionists talking/ moving around and becomes an abolitionist at early childhood. learns slavery is wrong and he'll end up doing john brown's raid in west virginia and helps lead the pottotam massacre during bleeding kansas. - the theology professor, chaplin, published many attacks against slavery and william lloyd garrson newspaper "the liberator" was distibuted throughout hudson campus in the west. - O'neida in New York becomes a massive place. - george washington gale was the former president and the walkout was done because he didnt support abolition. - the o'neida institute lane, theological seminary all focused here. - school funded in cincinati that becomes a strong abolitionist center led by the semicolon society, charles garrison finney who becomes they president of overland was an abolitionist there. Liman Beecher= a slibling of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Henry Ward Beecher (also involved in advocating for abolitionism) - OVERLAND was a huge anti slavery perspective, also in Ohio, became one of the most liberal colleges in the country and it accepted African Americans from it's early years. One place where African American could get eduaction. - in both schools, religion led into founding schools led into the explosion of abolitionism, two are very linked.

Zip Coon and Uncle Ned

- Zip Coon= a favorite comic song sung by Mr. G. W dixon. Fancy northerner image gave the Dandy character it's name - Old Uncle Ned- by stephen foster's a sympathetic song.

Code Noir 1685

- a french law created by the french king Louis the 14th. - regulated slavery in the carribean and colonies. - specifically about st. domingue but becomes adopted in other colonies like Louisiana where it will be revised. SOME THINGS THAT IT DICTATED: 1. All slaves must be baptized catholic. 2. Slave families cannot be broken up and sold. 3. slave marriages require owners permission but also consent of slaves. 4. Slave owners who had children w/ a slave and was unmarried should marry the slave and free her children. - various parts of this resulted in high french manumission rate in french colonies which resulted in higher rates of freedom and slightly better conditions. - sugar regime killed slaves

Market Revolution

- a huge fundamental change in American society begining in the early 1800s. - changed aspects of everyday life in a single generation. - construction of roads and canals that connected distant communities. - changed life socially, politically, economically. (who can vote, mostly white land owning males in 1820s- 30s) - women and native americans werent allowed to until the country moved west. - some resitant to changes - new west or new england there werent massive plantations, instead small farms where everyone lives there.

Great Bargaining Sale of Negroes, Horses, Cattle and other property

- a philadelphian owner who died had a lot of debts so they sold his 436 enslaved people over a 2 day period in savannah, GA. Highest amount paid was 715,000 and lowest was 2500. and 600,180 for a mom and 5 children. - 1859: Great Slave sale of savannah

The Cotton Gin: Invention that changed the nature of slavery

- according to the constitution, slave trade was ending in 1808 - they couldnt discuss it for 20 yrs after the constituion was written. - the idea was that slavery would eventually wear itself out in this country because in Virginia the land was depleted by 200 yrs of tobacco cultivation, it didnt have the nutrients/minerals to keep growing that so it was on the downterm. - Virginia land was being depleted and cotton was economically unviable. - When they wrote this lousiana wasnt yet purchased by Americans, so they werent thinking about missouri, lousiana, and sugar plantations. - rice and tobacco were being depleted and you couldnt grow them in alabama and georgia - slavery wouldnt be as important/ vital to the industry because they didnt have the samw turnover. - rice/cotton cultivation was strong in south carolina but the rice/ cotton you grew in those areas wasnt viable in Georgia and Deep south. - ELI WHITNEY: - American inventor who lived from 1765- 1825. - invented the cotton gin. -graduated from Yale in 1792 - He was gonna be a lawyer but he didnt have the money so he went to South Carolina to be a private tutor to make money to go to law school. - cotton gin was a woodendrumstick w/ hooks that pulls the cotton thru a mesh and leaves pointy seeds on one side and the cotton fiber on the other. - recieves a patent for his cotton gin but its not really validated. -COTTON GIN created in 1793 and taken to GEORGIA. - contributed to economic development of the south because it generated 55 pounds of clean cotton per machine per day. The avergae couldnt do anything near that and the indian machine could do half of that roughly. - eli and his partners didn't intend to sell the gins rather they planned too operate them themselves and have people bring the cotton there and they'd do it for them by earning a fee but couldn't get enough engines to meet demands so people bootlegged/ copyrighted this easy machine and added on to make it better. - 1790s, short staple cotton became viable as an economic commodity in this country. - starts being strongly produced in south carolina and expands westward.

Slave narratives (18th- 19th century)

- after the 13 amendments there were no mare slave narratives. - slave narratives were an extension of the captivity of narrative that emerged as europeans told their stories after being captured by Native Americans or pirates in North America - early english writing in the U.S, a lot of their accounts were captivity narrators - tale of being captive - trying to get emotional response - slave narratives in U.S because of the unique position African- American slaves were put into. - developed into a unique american literacy tradition that is part autobiographical, part advocacy, and part sensational. - tells the story of a real person, many start with "i", atesing their own story which is the autobiographical part. - PART ADVOCACY= had an agenda to end slavery, show the reader the awfulness of slavery and the humanity of the enslaved. - PART SENSATIONAL= Written to get a reaction if not then no one would read and it wouldn't be an effective tool for abolitionists.

Anti-Tom Literature and tom shows

- american copyright of 1856 - pro- slavery novels - anti- tom literature emerges to show the benevelance of slavery how it's the masters who are so king/ caring. loving to the slaves and they love working for them. - AUNT PHILIS CABIN= direct play on uncle tom's cabin, story of aunt philis, a slave, she's happy in her life, written by Mary henderson, one of the best- selling publishings, sold 30,000 copies in 1832. By line is southern life as it is. - THE PLANTERS NORTHERN BRIDE= by caroline leeheints. not a play on uncle tom's cabin - criticizes abolitionism in U.S, covers daughter of new england abolitionists, she moves, marries a slave owner in south, and sees that slavery is the right way because the work her and her husband are doing, the enslaved are better off as oppossed to the abolitionists who want the slaves freed and dont help them anymore. - TOM SHOWS: - premiered thru the south, dut dont show violence at the end where uncle tom is killed for helping women. instead show him or dont show him at all betraying the,m. - origins of the uncle tom stereotype

William Lloyd Garrison

- an abolitionist leader born in 1805 (early part of 2nd awakening) dies in 1870 after slavery had officially ended. -one of americas most prominet abolitionists, suffragists, journalists and reformers. - he publishes the liberator in 1731, founded in boston. founds his newspaper right after David Walker publishes his appeal - it was a weekly newspaper, published in boston, it was much more religous than political, appealed to the religous conscious. very much in line w/ western reserve college, the seminaries that are dealing w/ abolitionist thoughts based on moral grounds. - it roughly had the early years of circulation around 3,000 but newspapers at the time were passed from person to person so only 3,000 bought it would've seen scores more people would've seen these. -newspaper starts january 1, 1831, it's final issue is december 29, 1865 which is around when the 13th ammendment is passed and slavery is made illegal in U.S. - opposition to emigration: - in 1862 his ideas of colonization, the american colonization society, founded in 18teens succesfullly created Liberia, there were emigration plans to Haiti. - In 1862, in D.C all slaves who were set free were offerred $100 if they would emigrate to Haiti or Liberia. - During civil war, the idea we can just remove this demographic from the country and everyone will be better for it. - of the 3k readers of the liberator, 3/4 of them were black, especially popular in the north. - the liberator was recieved badly in the south. -North Carolina indited him for felonious attacks and offered reward if they could capture him and bring him bak down to trial in South Carolina. - NATIONAL ERA: -a publication that he was somewhat involved in. centered in washington d.c it's not lasting as long as the liberator. its known because it serialized uncle tom's cabin. - all publishers are connected, their tied into academics and religous leaders and newspapers and colleges. all connecting thru the 2nd great awakening which allowed soujenor truth to embrace a new religion from the dutch reform church. - it was very millenarium, they believed the 2nd coming of christ would be soon, if not now, so they had to purify society when christ returns so they can all ascend= 2nd awakening - slavery-prositution-drunkery (temperance)

Richard Allen

- an african american minister born in 1760s, influential black leader. - started preaching in 1790s - 1816, he founded the african methodist episcopal church in philadelphia, a lot of churches began reverting to racial churches again. - union of black methodist churches in the area to remove themselves from segregation. - was the 1st race based founded church in the western hemisphere and became the largest african american church in U.S. - Founds AAM episcopal church, Mother Bethel, founds the religion in 1790s and church in 1816 and becomes the first bishop of it. - he was born into slavery, escaped after revolution. - focused on organizing a church where free blacks/ slaves could worship w/ out racial oppression. - he worked to upgrade the social status of the black community: taught sunday school to learn the bible and up literacy. - 1816, the methodist churches in philadelphia, salem, NJ, Delaware, Maryland and founds the first AME church. - 1797- 1831, Allen and his wife sarah operate a staion in the underground railroad, they advocate religion and freedom for black enslaved people.

Nullification Crisis

- andrew jackson elected in 1828, has popular appeal of certain demographics, his biggest issue as president was this crisis. - its a reaction in which south carolina gets angryy over the "tariff of abominations" in 1832. - they threaten to seceede from the union to get their way. - in 1828 there's a protective tariff passed by congress it's known as the "tariff of abominations" its hated by a lot of people because it did a tariff of 38% tax on 92% of all goods the south imported. - vice president John C. Calhoun of SC, opposes this tariff, he anonymously offered a pamplet and thats where they get the name. - jackson election in 1828 would reduce this tariff but he doesnt reduce the tariff and they get upset so SC threatens to secede from the union. - Federal gov. and states rights advocates were both able to claim victory in a shady way. Andrew Jackson threatens to call the national guard, federal gov, the army against SC, he doesnt want to but threatens to and SC succesfully persuades people to lower the tariff so he got to say he beat the south into submission and south carolina got tariffs reduced so everyone wins. - "nulification, scorniance, treason, civil war, deception, disunion, depotism"

OWNER'S RELIED ON SLAVES FOR STATUS

- claimed they made slaves lives better than in Africa. - Christianity saved slaves from eternal damnation. - couldnt kill another slave, seen as destroying property. - at this time slaves were seen as property and it was so invested economically that if you bought a slave over the course of their life it was estimated that you would get your returns back thirty fold from owning one slave if they lived their full life and didnt die young or in childbirth or werent beaten to death. -if you paid a few thousand for them you'd get a million dollars back in return over the course of their life. - slavery is valued in U.S, right before the civil war at being worth over a trillion dollars back then, just because all of the initial upfront cost of buying them, having them run your plantations, all the possible future labor you can exploit from the,. theyre looking at haiti w/ the same argument and seeing that in haiti they had to pay reparations back to the french plantation owners for lost income and lost property so a lot of these slave owners on U.S are feeling that same way. - You couldn't buy the slaves from us right now there gonna say cause you might give us 2,000 dollars per slave but over the coarse of that slaves life they'd make 50,000 dollars. you cant end slavery because I'm gonna lose money in the future which is why haiti paid france ten times what the U.S paid for entire Louisiana purchase.

Jupiter Hammon

- he was an african american in american revolutionary era. - wrote a lot more than philis wheatley because he lived a lot longer, lives to be over 90 yrs. - publishes a poem "an address to the negroes to the state of new york" - first african american to give speeches that way and to be published. - He was born into slavery, learned to read/ write at a young age. - when he's around 50 he he writes his first poem. - a well respected preacher, book- keeper and gains wide acceptance. - in 1760s he writes his first poem and 18 years later he writes a poem called "an address to Philis wheatley" A poem to philis wheatley about their shared history of servitude being up in New England. - A great admirer of Wheatley but had actually never met her. - 1770s, he goes on to publish several more poems. - his poems and his speeches emphasized christian religion and the differences of Africa and the U.S. - Even til this day his poetry is becoming new.

wage slavery

- idea that came up primarily in the North where they used metaphors/ symbolism of slavery because it wasnt a major part of there. - response to market revolution: industrial north vs. agrarian south - in north= industrial revolution = textile factories in Massachusetts, New England makes a lot of textiles that rely on southern cotton. North was rich off the goods of slaves. In South= rich because of slaves, southern plantation owners would attack north by saying northern workers wage slaves (slaves would work in factories for many hours to live and take care of their families/ house) - said slavery in north was worse because they took care of slaves needs: clothes food shelter. However, they didnt have free choice, sold, whipped, killed for displeasing someone.

American Colonization Society

- ideas that freed african americans couldnt live in the U.S because their freedom would disrupt the slave system, ensight people to escape. 1. society for the colonization of free people of color of america. 2. founded in 1816 to send freedmen to liberia. 3. founded in africa, capital was Monrovia, named after the current president James Monroe 4. Run by quakers in the U.S until Liberia's independence in 1847. Liberia was one of the 1st independent african countries on the western continent. 5. relocated over 13,000 african americans before the civil war. founded by 2 groups: - quakers: who support the abolition of slavery and believed africans were better off in africa rather the U.S which was a racist country. - Slaveholders: who didn't want the freedmen in their areas w/ slaves - ACS was the main organization to remove african americans - arguments to remove africans included: 1. African Americans are morally laxed ( viral sinners who'd corrupt white people) 2. African Americans had a tendency toward criminality. 3. African Americans were mental inferiors (not intellectually fit enough to understand citizenship. 4. Presence of free blacks threatened jobs of working class whitemen. - paul coffy was a mixed race leader of ACS. Shawntee people, advocated setting free african americans in Africa, gains support from British government. Takes them to sierra lane and founds the U.S version. In 1819 his petioning got a $1000 grant from congress to relocate freedmen and found liberia.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

- in the north, minstrilecy shows are popular,during the civil war they lose their popularity and branch out to the south and west after the war. - first serialized between 1851-52 in a magazine. - Harriet Beecher Stowe whose family's full of abolitionists, many siblings became abolitionists, writers, politicians, ministers - was horrified when she lost one of her young children, she and her husband were in a ohio, down in a rivertown in ohio river, crossed into kentucky for the day and she saw a slave sail and saw the slave child being ripped from it's mother and taken off to be sailed, that mede her identify w/ the lost of her own child so she wanted to write a book to help the cause of aboltionism and help put a human face on slavery so people would sympathize w/ it more. - example, if you're living in maine, you may not realize the horros in alabama. wants to give everyone around the world a face among this. - title was uncle toms cabin or the life amonf the lowly. - uncle tom is the protaginist. - best selling novel of the century, had to be reproduced in a 24 hour timescale because it was so popular, outsold the bible in some places that year in 1850s. - attempted to counteract minstrel show represntation - 300,000 published in U.S, 1 million in UK during first year. - book follows 2 diff. slave groups, starts off in the north or in a bordertown - uncle tom is sold down river into new orleans to help pay his debts to his family, his initial owners are sympathetic and sad they sold him there's trouble and they had to. - countered by a story of a young couple who are fleeing north to canada. freedom and uncle tom is sold down river into new orleans. - uncle tom makes it to new orleans, he's purchased bya family where he befriends their young daughter, little eva, the 3rd most popular girl name in the cuntry after this book comes out. - uncle tim is sold a couple more times and is killed by his owner.

Jumping Jim Crow

- jim corw becomes the most popular character of minstrel shows, its a character created by thomas dartmouth "Daddy" Rice in 1830 - Thomas had the very succesful dance number and song "jumpin' Jim Crow" - thomas is a solo artist, brought black face performonist to anew level. - thomas character, jim crow, was on par w/ queen victoria. - thomas creates this character when he's 22 and used black face and african american venacular speech, song, and stereotypical dances of african americans for minstrel scene. - he's called the father of american minstrelcy - the legend of the jim corw character has been lost 2 time, dady rice didnt always give it the clearest but the idea is he wanted to emulate a black slave, he saww in his status throughout the southern u.s, mythologically the owner was a man named mr.crow and presumably the slaves named Jim, so jim crow through that. - there's some sources given in which jim crow is from maryland or kentucky. - he's also lampooning black people is that this individual slave might have been physically disabled, so the hop and skip he does is due to a lame leg that the slave had. - got his ideas in the south but travels throughout the north, travels thru ohio, kentucky, and new york - jim crow was named an 80 year long segregation after it. "jim crow" a name for slaves

Era of Good Feelings

- presidency of James Monrow (1817 - 1825) - one sided election because wig party fell out of favor due to issues during war of 1812. - jackson played up his image of being from the common people. - jackson's election song: "hundreds from kentucky" saying he's one of the boys, he's there and he's always been w/ us and irony is that he wasn't from Kentucky and he was a wealthy plantation owner who owned slaves. ELECTION OF 1820: Almost unanimous approval for Monroe (dem. rep.) = 99.5% for monroe ELECTION OF 1824= many more divsions occuring, jackson had most but didn't reach 5% threshold, it went to the house of representatives to decide and John Quincy Adams wins presidency. - 1828 ELECTION: Andre Jackson becomes president by majorty

OTHER TEXTS

- religous= many african preachers - Abolitionary= Gerner Truth, richard allen, they didnt necessarily write literature in the financial sense but wrote many pamplets. - Political= frederick douglas writes many political treatiess as well as william wells brown.

Outside the United States

- many people went to England or if you were a part of the New Orleans like Victor Sejour. - VICTOR SEJOUR, Le Mulatre (the mulatto) (1837) - French speaking elite african american, knowing he wouldnt be able to work the U.S he fled to France and has decent sucess as a writer there. - known as the writer of the first african american short story that wasnt acknowledged much until the 1900s because there wasnt a lot of cross examing the french african american literature and the english. - he was unkown for a longtime, his short story was about the Haitian revolution (1837) - WILLIAM WELLS BROWN, Clotel, or the Preisdent's daughter (1852) - Writes this as the daughter of Jefferson and their fictionalized life, no one is certain these children exist but it's speculated. - he writes a story of it. - Late 1900s, DNA testing did proof they were connected to thomas jefferson. - story of his slave and 2 slave daughters and their eventual fall - written in mulatto gene, mixed race people who were never fit in either way and end up destroyed/ dead a the end. - tragic story - FRANK J. WEBBS, The garies and their friends (1857) -published in england. - deals early on with passing. - tells two different stories: -one is of a free black family in Philadelphia - other is a happy interracial couple in the deep south with a white man and very light skin black woman and their children. Wife and slaveowner are happily in love w/ his common law wife, cannot be married because of interracial marriage restrictions. raises his children of elit members of his class but they're still enslaved because their mother is enslaved, takes place in Georgia. Legally rich but cant be together.

Abolition and Abolitionist

- most radical want to eliminate slavey immediately - the idea to send all of the enslaved/ formerly enslaved and free blacks back to africa like sierra leone, liberia (also not recognized like Haiti). - it turns from emigration to become an immigrant somewhere else and many african- americans started to see themselves as americans too as they get further removed from direct contact w/ africa and start to have no desire to go to africa. - by 1830s, most 20 yr old enslaved people would've been born in the U..S because the international slave trade to the U.S officially ended in early 1800s during Thomas Jefferson's presidency.

Second Middle Passage

- movement of slaves from the chesapeake to the deep south. - as tobacco died down in the chesapeake, slaveowners turned to slave breeding farms to sell to south t high rates to sell down river. - overland and sea routes. - slave prices soar because of lack of imports from Africa: - male in 1800= 350 in VA and 500 in LA - male is 1860= 1000 in VA and 1800 in LA CLOTILDE (1860): Last known slave ships to enter U.S water, illegally done from west africa and arrived in mobile, alabama and brought over slaves. - when shep is brought its scuttled so no one can find evidence since civil war was gonna start soon. - cudjoe Lewis was taken from africa to U.S, interview in the Harlem reinessance, he was transported across the Atlantic ocean and enslaved in africa. -Of the 3.2 million slaves working in the 15 slave states in 1850, 1.8 million worked in cotton. -By 1815, the domestic slave trade had become a major economic activity in the United States; it lasted until the 1860s. Between 1830 and 1840 nearly 250,000 slaves were taken across state lines.In the 1850s more than 193,000 were transported, and historians estimate nearly one million in total took part in the forced migration of this new Middle Passage. -By 1860 the slave population in the United States had reached 4 million. Of all 1,515,605 free families in the fifteen slave states in 1860, nearly 400,000 held slaves (roughly one in four, or 25%),amounting to 8% of all American families -In the 1840s, almost 300,000 slaves were transported, with Alabama and Mississippi receiving 100,000 each. During each decade between 1810 and 1860, at least 100,000 slaves were moved from their state of origin -The standard image of Southern slavery is that of a large plantation with hundreds of slaves. In fact, such situations were rare. -Fully 3/4 of Southern whites did not even own slaves; of those who did, 88% owned twenty or fewer. -Whites who did not own slaves were primarily yeoman farmers. Practically speaking, the institution of slavery did not help these people. -And yet most non-slaveholding white Southerners identified with and defended the institution of slavery. Though many resented the wealth and power of the large slaveholders, they aspired to own slaves themselves and to join the priviledged ranks. -In addition, slavery gave the farmers a group of people to feel superior to. They may have been poor, but they were not slaves, and they were not black. They gained a sense of power simply by being white. -The 1860 census shows that in the states that would soon secede from the Union, an average of more than 32 percent of white families owned slaves. Some states had far more slave owners (46 percent in South Carolina, 49 percent in Mississippi) while some had far less (20 percent in Arkansas)

Uncle Tom's Cabin Stereotype

- not a good one. a black person whosr sibserviant to white people, turn backs on african americans. - literary character= a devout christian, does right by everybody, focuses on trying to save little eva, sold again, his last master kills him because he's trying to find 2 runaway slaves who the master has sexually assaulted so he helps hide them and the master knows but uncle tom refuses to tell him where they are and beats thim to death. - meant to show the horrors of slavery, very tragic end to uncle tom. Stereotype emerges because after the civil war, they put uncle tom's cabin as a stage play and it's one of the first thing thomas eddison films but they dont like the tragic end so they change the ending and in these editions uncle tome betrays the wherebaouts of these women, all show him betraying the fellow black slaves - similar to the mammy, pickaninny - a pushback in the south because novel is so popular.

Minstrel show

- origins of minstrel shows: - emerges in U.S in the 1830s, there is a history of white people wearing black face as far back as the 1700s, but it wasnt a popular form of entertainment until 1830s. - basic role is for white people to dress up in a black face and portray black people. they usually lampoon them so it makes them over the top for the sake of comedy. usually depict african americans as dim witted, lazy, super- stitous, overly sexual, happy- go- lucky or just kind of shady or crafty tricksters. - begins in the 1830s and becomes U.S most popular form of entertainment - it was developed along the eastern sea board and the north east, a northern phenomenom at first, they were very popular that federick douglas described black face performers as "the filthy scum of white society who have stolen from us the complexion denied them by nature in which to make money and pander to the corrupt ace of their white fellow citizens" - white ppl are using blackness in a way that black ppl cant. - minsrel show initilly refers first to song and dance but minstincly to the U.S refers to the black face characters. - a later commentor in 1850s stated that the 2 most well known characters in the world are jim crow and queen victoria. - VIRGINIA MINSTRELS: - first official sanctioned minstrel troop to go. - led by dan emmett - initially DAN and 3 other white males who were trying out in hotels in new york city, premiered there and there act becomes very popular. -earlier black face performances featured 1 actor in black face doing a song, poem by themselves - the virginia minstrels which aren't from virginia appeared as a group in black face and they did very elaborate shows, kind of like circus atmosphere made them very popular and made that kind of as the well known part. - jimmy crack corn was one of the songs they made famous - there lasting fro a long time throughout 1800s and 19th century.

Era of Good Feelings 1817- 1825

- right as there signing the peace treaty in europe, the hartford convention takes plae. 1. Hartford convention ( dec 15, 1814- Jan. 5, 1815) convention advocates either new england leaves the U.S or ending the war right now. BECAUSE.. - In Hartford, Connecticut its the new england federalist party ( the earliest political parties in the U.S) met to discuss war of 1812 and politcal day issues. - convention discusses removing the 3/5 compromise because it gave southern states an unfair advantage (using people who are in bondage to give them fake representative power). - Want to have a 2/3 majority in congress for the admission of new states or declaration of war. - federalist discuss their grievances w/ louisiana purchase and their idea was that they might want to succeed from the country. - the final proposed amendments were sent to washington d.c - 5 Amendments: 1. prohibiting trade embargo lasting over 60 days. 2. requiring the 2/3 congressional majority for declaration of offensive war/ admission of new states. 3. remove 3/5 compromise 4. limit future presidents to 1 term (in 1814, every president was from virginia except john adams.) ( makes federalist appear anti- american and diminishes after this) 5. require each president to be from a diff. state than his presistensor. - 1816 election of james monroe, james madison steps down, term of relative peace becomes federalist no longer is a national player, becomes a one party nation for 8 years. - relative peace and prosperity for the untion - democratic- republican majority: 1816= 84% and in 1820= 99.5%

Haiti and South America

- the aid and assistance provided by petion proved vital in helping the South Americans defeat the spanish. (venezeula, columbia, ecuador, attain liberty). - simon bolivar- "alexander petion is the liberator of my country."

King Cotton

- the name of everything in the south and how the entire country revolves around the cotton explotation. - explosion of cotton as most important commodity/ export. - fuels northern economy/ economy of england. - creating the industrial revolution they have their textile plants, imports, and just role w/ it and are reliant on the south. - New orleans, Mobile, Charleston, Savnnah were the largest ports to export cotton. - 1830: 750,000 bales exported - 1850: 2.5 million bales - 1860: 5 million bales - 75% of worlds cotton - 60% of U.S exports -worth 2 million in 1865 connected the south to new england and europe textile -mills.

Longwood Plantation: Natchez, MS

- unfinished by the time the civil war started its a hollow shell, built outside, but not inside, because the family couldnt afford to maintain it after the war.

Famous abolitionist

- wanted the abolishment of slavery - 2 philosophical thoughts at this time: antislavery and abolitionism - antislavery= against slavery, want it to end at some point, doesnt matter if its now or 20 yrs or its all made illegal or its gradual, their opposed to slavery - a lot of small farmers were anti- slavery in the west because (1850s) if you own a lot of slaves it means you own a lot of money and you can buy up all of the farming land in new parts of the country. - abolitionist= want the immediate abolition of slavery, advocated quick endings usually knowing it would come to some sort of violence because the slave power of the south was so strong they wouldnt willfully give up their slaves. DAVID WALKER: - he wrote the appeal to the colored citizens of the world. - was born free in the south to a free woman in north carolina - he then quickly goes up to the north - establishes himself in the north, wrote many abolition pamplets and distributed them throughout the south by sending them back with sympathetic sailors and african american sailors who could keep them in the lining of their jackets because they secretly distributed them. - south put a bounty on his head and made it illegal for anyone to posess his writings because they were seen so against the power of the south. - Dies of tuberculosis in 1830, though some think he was murdered for his work like a plot to kill him so he'd stop advocating for the colored citizens of the world. - much more of a black idealist because he was across the world, knew many were enslaved across the americas and believed all should come together. - he rejected the white assumption that dark skin was inferior and lesser to humanity. - frequently challenged cities to show him a page of history either sacred or profane in which overse can be found. - used events bible to cause for slavery - fought feeble rights to end slavery but died as a young man. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON - white man whose one of the most famous abolitionist inU.S and most moderate. - he was a pacificist, published a newspaper in the north and used the power of the press and argued that abolitionist was the most moral way to handle slavery. - said slavery is a moral and shouldn't be allowed so if it ends the problem wont exist. -he published "the liberator" an abolitionist newspaper from 1831- 1865. - the liberator faced strong pushback/ resistance from several state legislators and local groups in the south. ex) in north carolina, a pro-slavery group offered a reward of 15k to those who identified the distributors of the paper. - he was physically attacked frequently for his connection to the liberator. - was against violence but was a victim of violence - angry northernors would destroy his printing press and no one would tell who it was - idea of freeing slaves was unpopular. FEDERICK DOUGLAS: - he wrote a newspaper called "the north star" - he's born in the 1880s in Maryland and escapes to massachusetts with a very cunning diguise involving trains, boats, and meets his wife, takes her w/ him, - once he's up in massachussetts he rebrands himself as federick douglas, his birthname was federick bailey. - publishes many newspapers after abolition. - not a pacifist but never promotes violence

Minstrel Shows

- were a very popular form of entertainment in the 1800s-1900s. - the primary part of the minstrel shows is the fact that they have black face performers so white people dressed up as black people w. exaggerated characteristics and a demeaning/ stereotypical way. - monlogue comedian Billy Van as his white self and black minstrel show character. big red lips, black shoe polish on face. - four of the nations fun makers= four men in black face - The george mitchell minstress= the black and white minstrel show

Women were also instrumental in the abolition movement

- women in the 1800s pulled ideas of domesticity, motherhood and were doing this for the good of their children - idea that men couldnt invoke those same emotions at the same time. - public spirit opened up to them - they can be campaigns, work in groups, give speeches. The public sphere is where they made their mark. - most women involved were protestant, many from new england/ quakers. - federick douglas said women shall occupy a large space in its pages. - women wrote/ funded the liberator when it opened in 1831. MARIA STEWART (1803- 1879) -born to free african american parents in Hartford, CT - first woman to speak out publicly to a mixed race crowd and the first african american woman to lecture - claimed free blacks in the north were only slightly better off than slaves - focused on rights of black women, religous and social justice among women, but black men silenced her for speaking out and not following the goal of ending slavery. ELIZABETH JENNINGS GRAHAM (1827- 1901) - Born free to an african american tailor and his wife, a former slave in NY. - Served as a school teacher and a part of NY's black elite. - filed lawsuit against segregated street cars in NYC and won, it happened in 1854, she rode a street car going to church and street car conducted for her to get off and not transport an african american woman, represnted a law firm in NY, her case was handled by the firms 24 yr old Chester A. Arthur who becomes a president of the country after the civil war, - 1855, the court ruled in her favor, the judge declared "colored persons if sober, well behaved, and free of disease had some rights as others. - jury awarded Jennings damage (250k dollars) as well as the cost of law court. - after civil war opened and taught kindergarten for African American children. SOUJOURNER TRUTH (1797-1883): - born isabella baumfree in upsate NY. - sold in 1806 and had to learn english because of her native language was dutch. - freed on july 4th 1827 because of NY's emancipation laws that meant freedom to all. - the american anti- slavery society welcomed her to speak and hold officed in the 1840s. - becomes first black women to speak on behalf of this organization in 1844. - active in abolition, temperance, capital punishment, pro- womens rights, prosuffrage, pro- prison reform, pro rights of freedom. - also a pacisifct but recognized war is the only way to end slavey. -1843 became soujourner truth and baptized methodist. - spent rest of life lecturing/ fighting for women's and african american's rights.

Philis Wheatley

- young poetess brought over from Africa enslaved in a house of a wealthy family in Massachusetts, educate her along with her children. -writes "a book of poetry" and dies in poverty at 30 yrs - revolutionary war

ABOLITIONISM'S ANTECEDENT'S

-(590 A.D) Pope Gregory bans jews from owning christian slaves. Slavery existed thru the middle ages, roman era but initially is based on religion not race. - (741 A.D) Pope Zachary forbids christian slaves being sold to Muslims. - (840 A.D) Pactum Lotharii- Venice agrees not to buy/sell christian slaves and switched slave trade to slavs. Venice and the new holy roman empire (austria) sign the pactum lotharii. Venice at this time becomes a huge trading center but it does beginning here start having some far flund colonies in the Eastern Mediterranean there gonna start interacting to a large extent w/ the christian east and muslim east coast (turkey, istanbul, israel, syria, palestine). In doing so they agree not to sell catholic slaves to slavs (eastern european) who might not practice some form of christianity. - (1102 A.D) The council of London bans the slave trade. - (1171)All english slaves are freed in Ireland. - (1315) Louis X of France declares all slaves are freed once they enter French territory. Doesn't matter if you're a ukranian slave under ownership of a geneweez merchant. If you travel w/ your owner thru french territory you are then free. Early on Ant- slavery campaign. - Germantown quaker Anti- slavery Petition (1689). This was the first anti- slavery petition written in english north america. this is western europe and english speaker. called for the golden rule. do onto other as we would have them do from the christian bible, god does not condone slavery and you shouldnt because you wouldnt want to be enslaved. - (1706) Smith V Brown. upheld by chief justice of england and stated that "as soon as a Negro comes to England, he becomes free." One may be a villein in England but not a slave. A villein is a fudal person tied to the land, kind of enslaved but not at the full complete power (you may have to work here but you wont be tied to the land.) - (1792) Somerset Case. Takes place in England. It says that no one could be a slave in England because you couldnt be forcibly removed from england. so if a slave owner owned you, they couldnt forciblytake you from england to another country. this case irridates the early one because it says slavery doesnt exist here so you cant force to people to do things in England and wales. - (1807) Act Prohbitinh the Importation of slaves. The one that officially ends the international slave trade in the U.S. ____WHILE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ARE BANNING SLAVERY IN THERE METROPOLES (ENGLAND, FRANCE, WALES, IRELAND) THEY'RE NOT EXTENDING THAT LAW TO THEIR COLONIES. SO IN ALL THE PLACES THESE COUNTRIES OWN, SLAVERY IS ALLOWED/ THEY ENCOURAGE IT TO HELP CREATE PRODUCTION (SUGAR, TOBACCO, MINES) -IN europe slavery is bad. in the americas slavery is given a free pass.

THE GRIMKE SISTERS

-Sarah (1792-1873) and Angelina (1805- 1879) - Unique because were witnesses to slavery and its evils, grew up very wealthy. - knew the horrors of slavery- grew up on plantation in South Carolina. - their father was a politician, owned several slaves, they found religion thru quakers and discovered that slavery was horrible, left the south and moved to Pennsylvania to denounce material goods, especially wealth their family achieved thru slave trade/ slavery. - renounced material goods, lived as quakers. -spoke publivly as agents for their american anti-slavery society. - became deeply involved in abolitionist movement, they were lecturers and used their first hand experience (grew up deep south hotspot for slavery). - discovered that their brother had 3 mixed race children w/ his slave who he had freed and held their educations by getting them into schools in the north to show they're all the same people. - their father was a strong advocate of slavery he held hundreds of slaves. - helped biracial nephews. -one of their grand neices, nephews children, becomes one of the starts of the harlem renaissance.

4 important dates

1790: - constitutional congress has enacted the following reforms: - 3/5 compromise - abolition of transatlantic slave trade in 1808 - slavery assumed to be on the decline - 13 states in the union - philadelphia is capital of the U.S - george washington delivers 1st state of the union address. 1791- Benjamin Banneker: - vermont becomes the 14th state with no slaves. -great african american man in the early republic. - born in maryland to a free african woman and former slave. - Little formal education, strongly self taught. knew astronomy, mechanics, surveying. - 1753, he completes wooden clock, strikes on hours (chimes). - in 1780s, family was connected to the elecotts that lent him books/ equipment and self taught himself astronomy, and predicted a solar eclipse. - 1790, prepares for a star tracking log, hopes to use astronomical calculations in an almanac and stopped publishing in 1797, couldn't find funds/ publishing. - 17 to 1800s, benjamin almanac was famous. - 1791, surveyor of washington d.c w/ elecotts placed boundary stones and helped serve the nation. - 1792, he published almanacs and their printed in Baltimore, Philadelphia, wilmington, delaware, Alexandria, virginia, petersburgh, virginia, richmond, virginia. - has a long title: We Will Chart The Moon and Stars, Planets, the Rising Setting of Sun - Writes letter to jefferson and sends him an almanac condemning his hypocrisy in the declaration of independence "All men are created equal" when he owns slaves. - He never marries and dies before his 75th b- day in 1806. - His cabin durns down, losing his clock/ writings. 1791- HAITIAN REVOLUTION (1791- 1804): - Breaks out in august of 1791. - single scariest event to american slaveholders, which shows that slaves could uprise and that mostly french colonists in st. domingue fled to philadelphia, baltimore, new orleans and took their slaves with them and people are afraid their slaves might start a rebellion in the states too. - Haitian society was stratified into 3 groups: blancs, jean de color, esclaves - slaves took liberty ideology of american and french revolutions and applied it to themselves. - american soldiers (haitian solders) from st. domingue fought in american revolution w/ the french. Haiti was a french colony. - 1804: Haitians declared independence - 2nd independent nation in this hemisphere - only succesful nation founded by a slave revolt - 1st black nation in the world. - all haitians were described as black no matter what phenotype. - mixed race and african peoples created a republic and proved succesful military leaders. - attacks against slaves and free blacks - successful revolt and aftermath. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE- 1803: - U.S initially only wanted New Orleans. - americans were afraid to lose access to missisipi river for farmers. - americans try to deal w/ napoleon to buy access rights to city of new orleans but end up buying all of lousiana. (part of 15 modern states and 2 canadian provinces). - 828,000 sq. miles - 15 million dolllars = 50,000 francs and cancellation of 18,000 francs of debt. - quarter of a billion dollars today. - non- native population of louisiana purchase was 60,000 inhabitants ( half were african slaves) - reason, Napoleon sold Louisiana was because he was poor from war debt in europe and loss of st. domingue had no reason to keep louisiana because it was the bread basket for st. domingue. - henry adams claimed this state was invalid because lousiana was back ad forth with spain and france. - a lot of catholics here - a lot of slaves in louisiana w/ slaves coming from st. domingue. ABOLITION OF T.A.S.T - 1808: - In 1700s, Britain was biggest mover of slaves across atlantic as human cargo. - americans stopped buying slaves for a few years from British to be anti- british to hurt british trade during revolution. - in article 1 section 9: protects slave trade for 20 years in 1788 and then later article says no ammendment can change this article. - there could be a federal law to abolish trade, but not be a federal law to abolish slavery in different states. - the consitutional convention says congress cant debate the matter of trans- atlantic slave trade until 1808. - 1807: Act of prohibiting the importation of slaves is enacted march 2nd to begin on january 1, 1808. - tobacco isnt working, importation of slaves is illegal, drives slave prices up. - slave traders, smugglers, existed. - 50,000 slaves were illegally imported to U.S after 1808 thru florida and texas. - 1820, slave trading became capital offense (anti- american commerce) - 74 cases of slavery until 1860, only few were convinced. - nathaniel gordon, he was hanged in 1862, only person to be executed in U.S for illegal slave trading. - just because U>S didn't bring slaves doesnt mean they werent a part of it.- merchant men engaged in slave trade by transporting them to cuba. - 1808 to 1860, almost 1/3 of all slave ships were owned by american merchants or built at american ports. WAR OF 1812- America's 2nd war for independence: - war between the U.S and Great Britian just under 40 years after the american revolution starts. - First declaration of war made by the U.S - it starts off national honor, reason of impressment, british would take U.S sailors into the british army to fight napoleon. - British burned washington d.c - ended in a stalemate. - "In D'fence of Ft. Mchenry"- France scott key, after battle of baltimore writes poem after indepence of fort mchenry. - in acronym song- british drinking song from late 1700s 1. African Americans in the war. 2. 1814: - 2 regiments of black soldiers (1000 each) was requested in NY. - Promised same pay as white soldiers, because need soldiers to fight british. - Vigilance committee of philadelphia: watched philadelphia, were afraid british would saild up to philadelphia. Led by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones who were African American elite leaders of Philadelphia who conscript 2500 african americans to build fortifications around philadelphia which were never needed because the british never sailed to philadelphia, but helped defend it case it was. - given blue coats - african americans were fighting for many reasons: Freedemen fought for more equality rights but that didnt work, mostly helped enslaved men earn freedom by serving in the war.

Northern Demographics

1820: - Missouri Compromise just gone through - 233504 free african americans - 99,281 in the north, 114,070 in upper south, 20,153 in deep south - 1,538,125 slaves -7,861,931 white people 1860: - 488,070 free african americans (doubled) - 226,152 in north, 224,963 in upper south, 36,953 in deep south - 4,000,000 slaves - 26,957, 471 white people

3 Atlantic Revolutions

AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1776- 1784: - About independence and no more colonial relationships. - comes w/ common sense, Declaration of Independence. - The new first independent place from a colonial place in western hemisphere. - antitaxes. FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789- 1799: - No more monarchy - antimonarchy - Establishing a republic, rebelling against monarchal system. - drafted declaration of rights of man and citizen - "equality of man" HAITIAN REVOLUTION 1791- 1804: - Antimonarchal - anticolonial - antiracial - slave uprsing, fighting for their independence.

Movements inspired by Abolitionism

BENJAMIN RUSH- TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT: - was interested in drinks that fell below zero on his moral thermometer so he'd create this whole god of ranking different beverages and decides that alcohol should be moderated. - opposed the morning dram which is a morning drink usually whiskey to get the body throughout the day. - water in the 1800s was a very unhealthy drink people would get a number of diseases from unsafe drinking water. - 1830s, there were 1.5 million people in the temperance society at this time there were only 200,000 members nationally of the anti- slavery movement. WASHINGTON MOVEMENT: - early form of AA (Alcohol Axonanymous) - A split off the temperence movement so instead of moderating/ drinking infrequently you just DONT DRINK AT ALL. - 7 guys who like to drink went to their meeting as a joke but it persuaded them and they became converts to the movement, all had seen the evils of drinking and found other heavy drinkers to share their stories of drinking and then sobriety and instead of going to a bar they'd all go to a room, meet up, and talk. - inspires AA. REVEREND JOHN MCDOWELL: - crusader against prostitution up in NY he was oppossed to it and saw it as a downfall of America. - during market revolution, many people moved into big cities and accounted a lot more prostitutes like Boston, NY and w/ factory wages, men have a lot of expendible income that used for prostitution and drinking. - he wrote a Mcdowell journal promoting moral values/ antivice ideas - argued sexuality of U.S need reforming - roughly 3 out of 10 pregnancies in NY were out of wedlock. - believed women should be physically covered in all parts of their body - tried to expose evils of prosititution and published locations of brothels and locations - indited by the NYC grand jury and discovered he was sleeping w/ prostitutes and thats how he knew where they were, his excuse was that he was doing research to save the country.

Jackson's post- 1812 Forays

BLACK SEMINOLES: Are african indians, associated w/ seminoles from florida. - were descendents of the black people of maroon communities like fort mose that are encourged by the spanish, intermarriage w/ the seminole indians and creating this new distinct ethnic group called black seminoles. - after they won independence in the revolution, american slaveholders were increasingly worried about the armed black militia communities in florida. FIRST SEMINOLE WAR (1814- 1819): - first seminole wars began in 1816 and led by andrew jackson, its his encourges into spanish florida against the seminoles to try and reclaim lost american property. - governments of britian/ spain were angered that an american general unsanctioned by the american government just invades spanish territory, making it illegal what hes doing DESTRUCTION OF NEGRO FORT: - established british military fort along the apochecola river in a remote part of Spanish Florida, this river goes from the gulf of mexico up into Georgia and Alabama so Americans dont have access to the mouth of the river but they do have access to all the stuff up ahead of it. -when withdrawing in 1815, the british deliberately left the fort fully armed in the hands of the black seminoles, became a center of resistance and anxiety for american planters because of the fully armed/ equipped military fort armed/ soldiered by the black people/ native american allies making it a beacon to slaves in the nearby area to escape to spanish territory. - Negro Fort became widely known to slaves and U.S defenders of slavery, it offered a slave refuge. - To guard this portion of the U.S boarder, in the 1816, the U.S army decided to build FORT SCOTT, the route to supply the fort was the river and the americanships supplying this had to invade spanish territory to sail up to get to the fot, there sailing by this a lot. - jackson requested permission to attack Negro Fort, he never recieves permissionbut decided to attack anyways, so the defenders of the FORT fired first as theres an invading army in there territory (americans in spanish territory) and this was used as justification for andrew to attack the fort. - Secretary of state, john adams, justified the attack and the entire seizure of spanish florida so jackson seized all it's territory as a matter of self defense. - adams also declared that the Spanish/ British were formenting a negro/ indian war against americans which wasnt tru but its another justification. -The souther leaders worried that this small impoverished rebels in carribean/ florida would mirror the haitian revolution and lead to a large scale revolution against americans, slave issues and slave ideas. - 10 days later before recieving permission froma gov. official jackson decides to destory Negro Fort on July 17, 1816, he fires a hot shot from a cannon that entered the forts powder magazine. Their powder magazine exploded, its called the single deadliest cannon shot in American history, all but 60 of the 330 occupants were instantly killed including many women/ children. After this the U.S troops capture the surviving defenders and they're resold into slavery. - Negro Fort was occupied by 330 people, 200 were maroons and armed w/ 10 cannons and dozens of muskets, its an african american/ indian colonization. - the surviving slaves were taken for prisoner and placed in slavery under claim that Georgia slaveholders owned the ancestors of the prisoners. - many people supported jackson, he was a millionare, owne a plantation but... a lot of american politicians feared he'd become like a Napoleon becuase he might be given free reign for all his deeds. - in 1818, congress introduced measures to condemn that they dont support this but he was too POPULAR and they feared it would react negatively so they didnt do it. - in 1819, the U.S acquires florida from spain, wanted to buy florida so it'd stop being a maroon community for slaves, officials transfer goes in thru 1821 and jackson becomes territorial governor of Florida.

3 types of people in St. Domingue

Blancs: - Gran Blancs were the great white, french governors, plantation owners, major importers/explorers of large merchants. - Petite Blancs: - Anyone else who was also white on the island, generally are poor artisans, fishermen, poor planters, those who weren't elite. Gens de Coluer Libres: - (40,00) - free people of color - mixed race children of planters/ slaves or planters/ freedpeople ex) Alexander Petion - usually elite whites w/ people of African descent - those connected w/ a rich European had an elevated status in St. Domingue society. - French parents would leave their biracial children land, plantations, freedom, and wealth. ESCLAVES: - (400,000) when the revolution breaks out. - From 1783- 1791, St. Domingue recieves 790,000 slaves, which accounts for 1/3 of the entire atlantic slave trade. - from 1760s- 1771, St. Domingue imported about 10,000 a year because of the brutal sugar system that made it cheaper to work slaves to death and buy new ones then building housing to keep them alive. - 1786, 20,000 a year and after 1786 it was 40,000 a year. - St.Domingue produced 40% of sugar and 60% of all goods consumed in Europe. - made a lot of money for French. - Haiti was called "pro of the Antilles" because it was sp valuable.

OTHER WORKS (dont fit in any common mold of slave narratives)

HANNAH CRAFTS, The Bondwoman's Narratives (1853- 1860,2002) - Written between 1853- 1860 but not published until 2002. - african american scholar, Henry Louis gates did research and discovered both this book and "our nig" - Founded Howie univeristy - Tells Bondswoman's narrative, a fictional novel based on her life of the slave of North carolina. - tries to show african americans in a new light. - much more literacy, employs types of literature like charles dickens. - she was a literature slave in the north, she'd read to her master since he's going blind, reads many popular books at the time. HARRIET E. WILSON, Our Nig, or sketches of the life of a free black (1859- 1982) - Published in 1859, but it critiques race relations in the North. - kind of autobiographical under the name of Frado, whose an indentured servant until she's 18. - poor orphan would be bonded into a family in New England regardless if theyre black/ white so the child would be raised but then get some skills. - critique of race relations, certain members of bellmonts horribly mistreat frado, published in 1859 but not very popular but rediscovered in 1982 JULIA C. COLLINS, The curse of the caste, or the slave bride (1865) -published it serially, new chapters in newspaper in the christian recorder (african methodist church newsletter) - starting in january, her novel goes on and it discusses the life of a woman in lightskin being in marriage. - never was finished because author died of tuberculosis that same year. - deals with ideas of interracial marriage, life in the north as an interracial couple, ideas os passing if you're lightskin.

CHARACTERS

JUMPING JIM CROW: - he would indentified as the slave character, usually dumb- witted, an intecually disabled, stereotype and show black people as less than. less smart, intellectually able, academicaly inclined as white people. - showed an ignorant slave. ZIP COON: - the northern free black - originally called a dandy an adjective for a rich northern african american - song that came out in 1800s called zip coon it was so popular that they give the name zip coon to the dandy character in minstrelcy - if werent named zip coon, they'd be given pretentious names like count julius cesar, napoleoon, sinclair brown. OLD UNCLE: - variation of the slave character, the counterpart of the "mammy" - head of the idyllic black slave family. - highly musical characters, usually not too bright like jim corw but had a very loveable nature and sentiments for his family and cohessiveness - he was a stable rock, kind of linking all the characters together MAMMY: - the opposite of old uncle - old darky's counterpart, aunt dinah roh was the name she was usually given - loud, bossy, opininated, loves family she works for, sassy, background character who watches everything kind of a voice of reason thru sarcastic tone. WENCH OR PRIMADONNA: - character like clotel - mulatto woman, either rich or poor - rich= primadonna - poor= wench - she combines the stereotypically light skin facial features of white women and the sexual promiscuity of a black women at the time and becomes a common target for the male characters whether white/ black in minstrel shows. - she proves as flirty and elusive but like in some of them the mulatto ends tragically dead. - man in dress is rollin howard, popular in primadonna roles, he was credited w/ arranging the song "she fly dont bother me"

The revolution 1791- 1804

ROCHAMBEAU: - french general who was sent to st. domingue in 1802. - he's the son of the french count of Rochambeau who helped the american revolution. - father of rochambeau is a french aid to americans. - Son Rochambeau is a french aid to the haitian revolution who is completely racist, a white supremacists, believed that haitian's wanting independence was disgusting. He hosted the mullatto ball and invited the wives of the jean de coluer elite and takes all the wives to give them the gift of their husbands heads. Also locks slaves and burn sulfur so they'd die from sulfur dioxide poisoning. refuses to take prisoners and kills haitians indiscriminatly. AU CAP: - had more opera houses/ theaters per capada than anywhere in the world EXCEPT paris. - one of the busiest parts in the carribean, they were larger, 5 times busier than boston. - Burning of Au Cap and the Northern Plain. COMPETING SIDES: - several leaders emerge to fight against the french, fighting for the french, fight against slavery, the british, spanish, or against eachother. - Toussaint was one of the most well known because he led the ones who WON. NAPOLEON AND THE REIMPOSITION OF SLAVERY: - Impose it on guadalupe and martinic french colonial islands on st. domingue. CAPTURING OF L' OUVERTURE: - L' ouverture fights Rochambeau but is betrayed by soldiers including Desalines. - he is arrested and shipped to france where he dies in prison.

History of Haiti

Santo Domingo: - 1st place columbus built a fort in Northern Haiti when he first came over in 1492 he reaches the island of hispanola, where capital of Dominican republic gets its founding. - Columbus built a fort in Northern Haiti, where Haitian is now. - Columbus enslaved the taino people who rebelled and killed the spaniards who remained after he sailed back to Spain. - Spaniards who remained were brutal and harrased/ killed the natives. - When columbus returns to island, he decides that western hispanola is too wild and founds St. Domingue on Eastern half. - Pirates enter tortuga - western hispanola is abandoned by Spanish and becomes a den of pirates until the French start colonizing in 17th century. - In 1697, the spanish and french come to an agreement and divide the island after a few wars and peace treaties/battles.

3 types of slave narratives

TALES OF AFRICANS AND RELIGOUS REDEMPTION: - These tales were most popular from american revolutionary war (1770s- 1820s) and primary centered people who considered themselves african and who experienced the enslavement process in west africa. there is usually a religious conversion in these accounts. -Most popular= Olaudah Equiano "The interesting Narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) - he was a west african man who is captured, then sails to the Southern U.S and carribean. works on a ship for his masters as a sailor and learns different languages, becomes a well respected member of the crew and is eventually freed because of the money he saves up on his duties on board. - then he goes by Gustavus Vasa - Goes and published his account in 1789 in England. - England is a huge center of the abolitionist movement. - Through christian perservance he was taken out of africa, travel the world, see things and earn his freedom TALES FOR ABOLITION (1820s- 1865) - in 1820s, most african americans and enslaved people are born in this country. - slave narratives were personal accounts that were meant to humanize the enslaved and to promote the abolitionist cause in the U.S frequently employed themes of family and family break up, sales, capture and escape. - occurs as the second middle passage was increasing in volume. - first one took place moving the enslaved from africa to america ( triangle trade) (middle passage). - second one is the U.S after cotton becomes valuable, slave owners in the upper south begin selling their slaves to sell where they can make alot of money since slave trade wasnt allowed the supply/ demand of slaves increased a lot. - FEDERICK DOUGLAS, Narrative of the life of Federick Douglas, American slave (1849) - Born Federick bailey in 18teens, lives in Maryland. - Makes a plan as he walks the chesapeake, swamps, trains, boats to escape to Massachusetts. - Meets woman named Anamarie in Baltimore when he works a messenger for his master, they escape together. - After his escape in 1840s, writes his story which he extends into a part 2. - WILLIAM WELLS BROWN, Narrative of William Wells brown, fugitive slave (1847) - author of clotel, an abolitionist, novelist, playwright - pioneer in many forms of literature - escapes slavery, writes Clotel but before that he writes the narrative of william wells brown, a fugitive slave. - details his escape of kentucky into the north and hides many times as a fugitive slave and eventually moves to england because they dont have a fugitive slave law. - A public enemey of federick douglas, feuding over proper way to go about slave narratives/ ideologies for African- Americans. - HENRY BOX BROWN, Narrative of the life of henry box brown (1849) - Kind of sensational because his account tells him living in Virginia, packing himself in awooden box and mailing himself to Philadelphia, Pennsylavnia (free state). - SOLOMON NORTHRUP, 12 years a slave (1853) - movie came out about this - A free musician in upstate New York - Gets contract to play in Washington D.C, he gets kidnapped there and sold into slavery for 12 years. - Meets someone in Louisiana who knew him earlier but no one else believed he was a free man. - gets a publicity campaign and becomes free. - People who kidnapped him never went to jail because in 1805, black people couldn't testify against white people in court. - HARRIET JACOBS, Incidents in the life of a slave girl (1861) - cusp of the civil war. - A domestic slave, appeals to the theme of the motherhood has 2 children, fends off the sexual asault, escape north for her children. - shows evilness of slave masters of having total control over people of breaking and selling families. TALES OF PROGRESS (late 19th century early century): - After the civil war ended and slavery was abolished in 1865, african american literature departed from slave narratives but some stories were published that detailed life under slavery and their lives after freedom. - gets into more fiction. -LUCY DELANEY, From the darkness cometh the light, or struggles for freedom (1892) - Only the first person account of a freedom suit in African American literature. - her and her mother had legal battles in Missouri in 1840s to sue for their freedom argued that theyre in free land and the person that owned them moved to the north in free states in a place where people cant own slaves and end up suing successfully then writes her memoir. - BOOKER T. WASHINGTON, Up from Slavery (1901) - prominent african american intellectual in late 1800s. - born in slavery and life after slavery is in his account.

Oak Alley Plantation: Vacherie, Louisiana

VALCOUR AIME: - was a sugar owner/ planter, slave owner, philathropist and known as the "the louis the 14th of versailles" or "Le Petite Versailles" - he was reportedly the wealthiest person in the South during the late antebellum era, and largest landowner in the south. - he owned 15,000 acres of sugar, indigo, rice, corn - owned 237 slaves across numerous plantations - by 1830 his plantations has grown big, he's credited w/ perfecting the vacuum pan methof of sugar production by turning sugar cane juice to the powder refinement. - in 1853 at the fair he was titled " the father of white sugar"