Exam 2 Human Biology
Red Marrow
In the spongy bone, which of the following produces blood cells?
Plasma
The fluid that makes up a little over half of blood
tarsals
The seven bones in the ankle
Slow Twitch Cells
Which muscle cells are designed for endurance
Backflow
A certain infectious disease can cause swelling on the aortic semilunar valve. the valve will fail to close properly, resulting in ______
Allows mixing of both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which reduces oxygen delivery to tissues
A child is born with a hole in his heart between the left and right ventricles. This condition must be immediately corrected with surgery because the hole ______.
Agranulocytes
A group of white blood cells that lacks granules
Large intestine
A muscular tube that absorbs water and some nutrients and stores waste material.
Pharynx
A passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory systems is the
Esophageal cancer
A person with frequent heartburn is more likely than others to eventually develop this condition.
Muscle Twitch
A rapid, very brief muscle contraction.
Vertebral Column
A series of interconnected bones that form the backbone of all mammals, fishes, reptiles, and birds is the
Fluoride
Adding ____ to municipal water supplies will reduce the rate of tooth decay.
Lactic acid is being removed Creatine phosphate is being regenerated Glycogen stores are being regenerated All of the above are true
After a period of exercise, a person will breathe heavily for some time after the activity has ceased. What is happening during this time as the oxygen debt is being paid?
embolus
Alberto had a bad bump on his leg, so he went to see the doctor about it. The physician diagnosed it as a blood clot and said that blood clots can float away into the circulation. One of these floaters is called a(n) _______.
Heart, Brain
An embolus could block flow to the _____, resulting in a myocardial infarction, or it may block blood in the ______ and cause a stroke.
Blood doping
An illegal practice is found among some athletes who try to increase the normal number of RBC's in an attempt to boost oxygen delivery. This practice is called ____
Endocardium
An infection of the thin layer of tissue around the inner cavities of the heart itself would affect the ____
Mouth
An opening at one end of the gastrointestinal tract that functions in mechanical digestion and the breakdown of carbohydrates by secreting amylase.
Testosterone
Anabolic steroids are chemically related to this type of hormone
Calcium Ions
Bind to troponin in the sarcomere to initiate a muscle contraction.
White Blood Cells
Blood cells that remove wastes, toxins, or damaged cells from the body
Osteoclasts
Bone cells that break down bone tissue.
Temporal
Bones that form on either side of the cranium and are thought of as the temples.
Inhalation increases the size of the thoracic cavity and increases pressure in the abdominal cavity
Breathing helps move blood from lower parts of the body toward the heart by which of the following mechanisms?
Osteoblasts
Calcitonin stimulates the activity of these bone cells.
Trophin
Calcium binds to this protein to initiate a reaction.
She may experience significant bone loss due to both the lack of dietary calcium and the fact that the fetus requires extra calcium, which will be removed from her own bone tissue
Calcium intake is important for women during pregnancy. If a woman for whatever reason does not get enough calcium in her diet during pregnancy, what is likely to happen to her bone tissue?
Certain continuous hand motions cause the tendons to repeatedly rub against bone
Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by an inflammation of tendons passing through the carpal tunnel of the wrist. What causes this inflammation and pain?
Asthma
Cockroach feces and shed skins can cause a severe inflammatory response and the bronchioles and muscle spasms in the bronchial smooth muscles. This disorder is known as __
Tropomyosin
Covers the myosin-binding sites on actin.
T tubules
Delivers the signals from the motor neuron to every sarcomere of the muscle cell.
Pubic Symphysis
During childbirth, hormones loosen its cartilage to allow the pelvis to widen.
The size of the bones and the condition of the growth plate
Forensic scientists may have to identify an adult victim who was lost in the wilderness years ago from the remains found by a hiker. What type of evidence from the bones would they look for to determine the age of the person?
Tendons
Functions in the attachment of muscle to bone.
Artery
Gee's arm was cut during an industrial accident. The blood was pouring from the wound in spurts. which type of vessel was severed?
Plasma
George is stuck out in the hot, dry desert without any water and he is sweating a lot. Which of these components of blood should decrease?
Epiglottis
Gloria was enjoying a soft drink but then started to choke because this structure did not cover the opening in the larynx through which air passes
fat
If a gallstone were to block the bile duct, which type of food would become more difficult to digest?
Granulocytes
Leukocytes that contain granules in the cytoplasm that function to destroy invading bacteria or other pathogens
Fontanels
Membranous areas in the infant skull that join bones and function to allow for rapid growth of the brain are known as
The myosin heads split the ATP into ADP and Pi and store the energy
Muscle contraction results from the repeated cycle of interactions between myosin and actin. What is the last step of this cycle, after which the cycle starts over again?
Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers
Muscle fibers designed for rapid and powerful responses.
Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers
Muscle fibers that are designed for endurance, contract slowly, and have a steady supply of energy.
Tendinitis
Overuse, misuse, and age are some of the factors that contribute to excessive stress on a tendon, causing inflammation known as
HCL
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the presence of what other substance?
Sacrum
Produced from the fusion of five vertebrae and allows an individual to sit.
Myosin
Protein that makes up the thick myofilament.
Actin
Protein that makes up the thin myofilament.
Cirrohosis
Samantha drank a lot of alcohol over many years and now suffers from this fatty degeneration of the liver.
Appendix
Severe pain in the lower right abdomen along with fever and nausea is often a sign of an infection in this structure.
Muscles that are not used will atrophy
Someone who has broken an arm and has had a cast on for a month will notice a distinct shrinking of the arm once the cast is removed. Why does this happen?
Erythropoietin
Stan, a champion athlete, sleeps up in the mountains 10,000 feet to increase his red blood cell count for better athletic performance. Which hormone increases to make that possible?
Ligaments
Straps of connective tissue that holds bones together, support joints, and direct movement are known as
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to all formed elements
Muscle paralysis
Tetanus is a very serious disease caused by a toxin from a bacterium. Which of the following is the most obvious symptom?
Insertion
The attachment point of a muscle to a bone that can move is called the
Humerus
The bone that is connected to the pectoral girdle and forms a joint with the radius and ulna
Myocardium
The cardiac muscle tissue is called the
Left Ventricle
The coronary arteries supply blood to cardiac tissue. Which chamber of the heart requires the greatest amount of blood supply to keep it working?
Carpals
The eight bones that form the wrist and are connected to the radius and ulna
Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood that consists of about 55% of the total volume of blood is referred to as
Diastolic pressure
The lowest blood pressure that occurs when the ventricles are relaxing is known as
Femur
The main weight-bearing bone in the lower extremities is known as the
Some of the bones of babies will eventually fuse together to become one larger bone
The number of bones in a newborn exceeds the number of bones in an adult. Why would the number of bones decrease over time?
Small Intestine
The pancreatic duct and common bile duct join and then empty into this organ.
Formed elements
The platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells in the blood
Rectum
The region of the large intestine that when stretched stimulates the defecation reflex and allows for the passage of feces.
Calcium
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ions that are necessary for skeletal muscle contractions. Which of the following ions does it store?
Muscle cells
The skeletal system does not produce this
Proteins
The stomach begins chemical digestion of which of these substances
Platelets
These come from megakaryocytes
Veins
These vessels take blood back most directly to the heart
femur
Thighbone, rotates within a socket in the pelvis
Large Intestine
This digestive organ absorbs water from indigestible food residue, stores feces, and eliminates feces from the body.
Amylase
This enzyme will break down starch into smaller subunits.
Stomach
This organ in the digestive system functions to store food and break down proteins before transferring chyme to the duodenum.
salivary Glands
Three pairs of glands that secrete fluids, moisten and lubricate food, and contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze starches.
Lumbar
Vertebrae in the lower back region just above the sacral region.
Existing muscle cells increase in diameter
What is the result of resistance exercise?
Cross-bridge
When a myosin head binds to an actin molecule in order to contract a muscle, this is formed
Gallbladder
When partly digested food enters the duodenum, this organ squirts bile into the small intestine.
AV valves
When these valves open, blood from the atria to the ventricles
In the shaft of the long bones
Where would we find yellow bone marrow?
Troponin
Which component of a muscle does the calcium ion combine with to allow a contraction to occur?
Tendons
Which fo the following attaches the end of the muscle to a bone?
myosin filaments
Which of the following are protein filaments that function in muscle contraction and are shaped like a golf club with two heads?
Nasal
Which of the following are the bones that form the bridge of the nose?
Osteoblasts
Which of the following cells form new bone in bone tissue?
Periosteum
Which of the following covers compact bone and functions in bone repair and growth?
Valves
Which of the following is (are) found in many veins that help direct blood flow in one direction only?
stomach
Which of the following is a J-shaped muscular sac that serves in the temporary storage of masticated food while digestive enzymes and HCl are released to digest proteins?
Heartburn
Which of the following is a common ailment characterized by a burning sensation caused by gastric juices backing up into the esophagus?
Hemophilia
Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which a person bleeds excessively because of a faulty gene for a clotting factor?
Conditioning of inhaled air
Which of the following is a significant function of the nose
It is composed only of a solid non-living matrix
Which of the following is incorrect about the human skeleton?
Destabilize joints
Which of the following is not a function of muscle?
Zygomatic bones
Which of these bones form the cheekbones in the skulls of mammals?
Fast Twitch Cells
Which of these cell types can be described as muscle cells that contract rapidly, are rich in glycogen deposits, and depend on anaerobic respiration to produce ATP?
leukemia
Which of these conditions is a cancer that causes uncontrolled divisions of white blood cells, such that the number of cells greatly increases?
The larynx rises
Which of these events occurs normally in swallowing?
Eosinophils
Which of these is part of the defense against parasites, such as tapeworms and hookworms, that have invaded the body?
Hinge
Which of these joints allow movement in only one plane, such as in the knee or elbow
Neuromuscular
Which of these junctions represents the connection between the tip of a neuron and a skeletal muscle cell from which acetylcholine diffuses?
Neutrophils
Which of these leukocytes are the most abundant and begin to phagocytize pathogens to reduce the spread of infection?
Rectus abdominis
Which of these muscles would be most involved in a forcible exhalation, as in a sneeze
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which of these structures is a part of a muscle cell's plasma membrane that delivers signals to the sarcomere
Skeletal
Which of these three muscle types permit(s) voluntary movement?
hemoglobin
Which protein transports oxygen in the bloodstream
T tubule
Which structure delivers a signal from the motor neuron to all the sarcomeres of a muscle cell?
Acetylcholine
Which substance is released by motor neurons to stimulate a contraction
To relieve O2 deb
Why does a person continue to breath heavily after a prolonged activity?
Myosin must contact the actin filament and move to pull it toward the midline of the sarcomere
Why is ATP needed for muscle contraction
It covers the myosin-binding sites and, if left exposed, will allow the myosin to bind and pull
Why must tropomyosin cover the thin filament in just the right position before the muscle can relax?
Red Blood Cells
Without these cells, you couldn't provide your tissues with oxygen
Cartilage
You have fractured your bone and your physician is explaining the healing process to you. She tells you that after the blood clot forms, the next step is the development of the callus. Which of the following describes the structure of the callus?
First use ice to reduce swelling, and then use heat much later to aid healing
You sprained your ankle at a roller derby practice. How would you treat your injury?
Metatarsals
bones in feet connected to phalanges from the anterior and tarsal bones from the posterior
Foramen Magnum
opening at base of cranium where spinal cord passes
