Exam 2 Jeopardy!

Which of the following sayings does research support? "Opposites attract" or "Birds of a feather flock together"

"Birds of a feather flock together"

What % of participants in Stanley Milgram's Obedience Study showed total obedience?

65%

Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli, this offers evidence that ________.

A neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate

Which 2 characteristics of the Big Five theory of personality do people who are rated higher on likability and interpersonal attractiveness exhibit?

Agreeableness & Extraversion

John is a White man who is interested in purchasing a house. Max is Black man who is interested in purchasing the same house. This is an example of ________.

A zero-sum outcome

Mark just received notice that he was accepted to law school. Excited, he walks outside his house to tell his roommate, who is working in the front yard. As he exits his house, he runs into the postal worker who always delivers the mail to his house. He has never liked the postal worker much, but now he is happy to see him and eagerly strikes up a conversation. Mark's evaluation of the postal worker is due to the ________ effect of receiving the news about law school.

Associated

If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n) _________.

Attitude

What are the 2 components of attitude certainty?

Attitude clarity & Attitude correctness

The theory of planned behavior contends that our behavioral intentions are determined in part by what 3 factors?

Attitudes toward the behavior; Subjective norms; & Perceived behavioral control

The theory which holds that people naturally organize their likes and dislikes in a symmetrical way to reduce emotional unpleasantness is referred to as what?

Balance theory

Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry are research participants who were individually exposed to the bona fide pipeline procedure. After seeing a picture of a Hispanic face, each was shown the word "bad." The number of seconds it takes for Fred, Ted, Barry and Larry to respond to the word "bad" is 5.2, 3.8, 2.1, and 4.4, respectively. On the basis of this information, which of these individuals MOST likely hold the greatest amount of negative attitudes toward Hispanics?

Barry

Why does ego-depletion occur?

Because it undermines our ability to engage in self-regulation

According to Asch's experiments, why would an individual give in to group consensus even when it violates her personal beliefs?

Because most people believe that the majority is right, even when their own eyes tell them otherwise

Promoting one or a very few women into high-status positions in an organization has the result of ________.

Causing women not promoted to be more likely to blame themselves for not being promoted

Quentin is a devout religious follower. The holy books of religion Quentin subscribes to strongly advocate helping the poor. However, Quentin believes that the poor simply need to work harder, and he refuses to offer them any assistance. Quentin's reaction to the poor is a form of ________.

Cognitive dissonance

Jenna is hoping to become a member of a very exclusive club. Many of her friends are already members, and Jenna would do anything to gain acceptance into such an exclusive group. One night, Jenna is hanging out with many of the women who are already members of the club, and they suggest going skinny-dipping in the town's public pool. Usually, Jenna would never consider doing something of this nature, but on this night, she agrees. Jenna's agreement is likely due to what?

Cohesiveness

What communicator characteristics are most persuasive in changing attitudes?

Credibility or expertise, Argue against self-interests, Attractiveness, Who we know, No forewarning, & If messages are positively framed

Bob listened to a new song and did not like it at all. Shortly thereafter, this song was used by a company as its new advertising jingle, and the song was played over and over, so Bob was repeatedly exposed to the song. You would expect Bob to ________ for the song.

Decrease his liking

When Tricia arrives at her office, her colleague Paula says that she likes Tricia's outfit. This makes Tricia feel good and, in turn, makes Tricia like Paula more. Paula's words have a(n) ________ effect on Tricia.

Direct

Which exerts stronger effects on our behavior-attitudes formed on the basis of DIRECT or INDIRECT experience with the object about which we hold a particular attitude?

Direct experience

What 2 factors make some people more resistant to persuasive efforts?

Engagement in conscious counter-arguing & bolstering one's initial attitude position

Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as ________.

Essences

One study employing the IAT suggests that the gender gap in wages may be linked to implicit attitudes. We would expect reaction times to be FASTER or SLOWER for associations between men & wealth?

Faster

Joanna has very little confidence in herself and her abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which attachment style does Joanna have?

Fearful-avoidant attachment style

Pauline asked her neighbor, Tom, if he could watch her dog for a night because she had to on an overnight business trip. Tom agreed. The next month, Pauline asked Tom if he could watch the dog for 2 nights, and Tom agreed. Then, 2 months later, Pauline asked Tom if he could watch her dog for a week, and Tom agreed. Pauline was successful with getting compliance from Tom on her requests due to the fact that she utilized the ________ technique.

Foot-in-the-door technique

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from anger may result in behaviors that try to ________.

Harm the outgroup directly

Jason has just seen 4 faces from different individuals of varying races-Native American, White, Black, and Hispanic-via the use of priming stimuli. After being presented with a certain target word, his response time after each of these 4 faces was 1.7, .98, 2.1, and .76 secs, respectively. Which of the following faces is Jason MOST likely associating with the target word?

Hispanic

Patty is a politician running for public office. At a town hall meeting, she claims that she has always fought for and will continue to fight for the LGBT community. At this, a person who does not support Patty stands up and claims that Patty only began to support marriage equality after the majority of the U.S. states had legalized same-sex marriage. This person is trying to generate feelings of ________.

Hypocrisy

Dan, an admissions officer at a private university, is informed by human resources that he is discriminating against Black applicants. Dan cannot believe this, as he has no knowledge that he did such a thing and knows he wouldn't do something like this intentionally. Human resources informs him that he rejected outright the applications of nearly every applicant with a name that "sounded" Black. It's likely that Dan holds ________ attitudes toward Black people.

Implicit

Suppose that you are taking a friend to a party. The invitation specified that the party would begin at 6. When you arrive at your friend's apartment at 5:45 to pick her up, she tells you she won't be ready to leave before 6:30 and comments that "nobody arrives on time, anyway." Your friend is following a(n) ________.

Implicit social norm

Arlene was always averse to physical contact with pigs because she thought pigs were essentially dirty animals. Despite her concerns, she was induced to kiss a clean-looking pig on the snout for $2 while appearing on a television game show. As a result, Arlene has become a staunch advocate of pigs, and she soon plans to have one as a pet. The most probable explanation for this change in attitude is the ________.

Less-leads-to-more effect

What is the neural mechanism in our brains that may underlie our reactions to others' emotions?

Mirror neaurons

Frank hires a handyman to install drywall in a room he's renovating. Frank has always wanted to know how to do this himself, so he watches much of the work the handyman does and takes notes on the supplies needed and the procedures followed. Next year, Frank installs drywall in another room by himself. Frank was able to do this due to ________.

Modeling / Observational learning

Jimmy considers himself to be an atheist and does not pray. However, he is dating a girl, Eileen, whose family is religious. He has never met her family before and wants to make a good impression when he does. On Thanksgiving, he goes to Eileen's family's house to meet them for the first time. Before the meal is served, the family bows their heads to pray. Jimmy follows along and even says "Amen" at the end of the prayer. This change in Jimmy's behavior is due to what?

Normative social influence

Mrs. Taunton is a teacher at a middle school in NYC. One day, her students are acting very boisterously. Mrs. Taunton quickly raps a ruler on the desk and says, "Be quiet!" Which type of social influence caused the students' behavior to change?

Obedience

What 2 factors determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information?

Our capacity to process information & motivation level

Bethany has been listening to a political speaker who is encouraging people to support a law that would require all people to recycle aluminum cans and severely penalize those who do not recycle. The speaker is giving strong arguments in favor of this proposed law and is couching his appeal in moral and ethical language. As a result, Bethany is becoming increasingly annoyed and resentful of the speaker and his arguments. She may be experiencing ________.

Reactance

2 years ago, Ursula loaned Katie $300 even though the 2 women didn't know each other very well. Now, Ursula has approached Katie to ask if Katie can loan her $200. Katie says yes. Katie's compliance rests on the principle of ________.

Reciprocity

Your BFF has recently warned you against giving anyone you don't know well a ride home from a party. Recently, you attended a party and spent the whole night reminiscing with other friends about fun times you had all shared with your BFF. Later, a stranger approaches you and asks for a ride home; because your relational schema is activated, you will most likely?

Refuse to give the stranger a ride home

You are watching that show Jackass and you find yourself laughing despite the fact that people are repeatedly being shown getting hurt after anticipating in their inane antics. You are experiencing what?

Schadenfreude

Marlon is a liberal. When he wants to watch the news on television, he only watches MSNBC. On the internet, he only views popular liberal sites such as The Nation, Salon, and Slate. When he's using Facebook, if any of his friends posts links with conservative viewpoints, he hides these from his feed. Marlon is resisting persuasion through the use of ________.

Selective avoidance

Irene considers herself to be an environmentalist, and she wants to reduce her carbon footprint. One day, her husband comes home and says that he sold their electric lawn mower and used the money, plus some savings, to by a new, powerful gasoline-powered mower. Irene is shocked, but when she uses the mower she decides that she really likes it. This makes her feel uneasy, so she reminds herself of all the good environmental work she has done in the past. Irene is engaging in ________.

Self-affirmation

What is the main factor which influences the strength of a message's persuasion?

Self-relevance

That 2 people who perceive themselves to be roughly equal in attractiveness are more likely to develop a romantic relationship is a prediction of what?

The matching hypothesis

Imagine your roommate coming home very angry because she was just fired from her job for being late. She storms off to her room and as you sit down to study for your Social Psychology exam you find yourself tense and anxious. What has just occurred?

Social contagion

What are 3 factors that encourage nonconformity?

Status within a group, Power, & The desire to be unique

Reductions in prejudiced responses can be accomplished by training individuals to say "no" to associations between stereotypes and specific social groups. This type of training is referred to as what?

Stereotype negation training

A film studio pairs with a brewery and exclusively includes scenes of people drinking this beer or the beer standing in the background of scenes throughout many of its summer blockbusters. Sales of the brewery's line of beers skyrocket. The increased sales were likely due to _________ conditioning.

Subliminal

A subset of a group that is not consistent with the stereotype of the group as a whole defines?

Subtype

Individuals who are in stressful situations frequently experience an increase in their need to affiliate with others in a similar situation. This may be because ________.

Such affiliations provide opportunities for social comparisons

A mechanism for reducing intergroup conflict which requires working together to accomplish a task refers to what?

Superordinate goals

Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2% of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. The practice represents ________.

Tokenism

Attitudes can be automatically activated & influence behavior by shaping interpretation of the situation, which in turn dictates behavior. This perspective is known as what?

The attitude-to-behavior process model

One reason that people are willing to obey persons in authority who order them to engage in destructive behaviors is that ________.

The authority figure relieves those who obey responsibility for their actions Persons in authority often possess visible signs of their status that remind us of the social norm for obedience to authorities Allow the obedient person to escalate their tasks very gradually Events move at a fast pace, giving people little time to consider their actions

What theory suggests that to the extent individuals in different groups view themselves as members of a single social entity, intergroup bias will be reduced?

The common ingroup identity model

Sam has been working in the same position without any promotion or salary increase for 2 years. He currently makes $45,000 per year, but he thinks that someone with his experience should make $50,000. During his annual appraisal, he approaches the topic with his boss. Sam asks for a $10,000 a year raise. His boss says that the current budget cannot support such an increase. Sam then asks for a $5,000 a year raise, and his boss agrees. Which technique did Sam use to gain compliance from his boss?

The door-in-the-face technique

The 2 components of an attachment style are based on what?

The levels of self-esteem & interpersonal trust

The # of topics on which 2 people express similar views is divided by the total # of topics on which those 2 people have communicated, resulting in a proportion that can be used to predict attraction. This formula, which predicts attraction, is known as what?

The proportion of similarity

Zimbardo's prison study illustrated the importance of WHAT FACTOR in determining behavior?

The situation

Arnold is a White Christian. He raises his son, Charles, to think that Muslims are morally and socially inferior to Christians. As Charles grows, Arnold approves whenever the boy expresses such views. Charles has learned prejudice through ________.

The social learning view of prejudice

When an auto dealer offers you an extra option as a "closer" for a deal, the dealer is using ________.

The that's-not-all technique

"Whistle-blowers" generally blow the whistle on corporate misbehavior because of what 3 attributes?

Their attitude is extreme, certain, and derives from personal experience.

With regard to racial progress and equality, how have White Americans' views changes throughout President Obama's tenure?

They believe that there is less need for further racial progress and less support for social policies that increase equality

.How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up

Cultures in which people are expected to conform to important social norms are referred to as what?

Tight cultures

Jenna falls in love with one of her coworkers, a man named Omar. She thinks about him at all hours of the day and is very happy when they spend time together at social outings or at work gatherings. They sometimes go out to dinner, to the park, or to a movie. One day, however, Omar tells her that he can tell that she has feelings for him, but he only wants to be friends with her. Jenna has experienced what type of love?

Unrequited love

Theresa owns and operates a craft beer brewery in her hometown in upstate NY. Recently, there has been a legislative proposal to increase the drinking age in NY from 21 to 23. Theresa is fervently opposed to this proposal. The strength of Theresa's opposition likely stems from ________.

Vested interest

When doesn't forewarning prevent persuasion?

When people are distracted

In general, when do Whites oppose affirmative action policies?

When they think these policies will negatively affect White Americans' chances to obtain jobs and promotions

When are we more likely to conform - when we're engaged in synchronous behaviors OR when we're observing others engaged in synchronous behaviors?

When we're engaged in synchronous behaviors

In what ways do women & men differ when it comes to relationships with friends?

Women emphasize intimacy & men emphasize activities

Which of the following types of attractiveness seem to be universal between both men and women? a. "Cute" & "Mature" b. "Firm" & "Soft" c. "Dark" & "Fair" d. "Petite" & "Full-bodied"

a. "Cute" & "Mature"

Elena is preparing to go out on a first date with a man she met at the library. She is trying to choose what to wear, how to do her hair, and what type of makeup to use. Which of the following would likely immediately increase her attractiveness to the man she is about to meet? a. Putting her hair up b. Wearing a red dress c. Painting her nails white d. Wearing contact lenses

b. Wearing a red dress

Since George, a college student, prefers privacy he should choose to sit ________. a. in an area that is not isolated b. in the back of the room, away from others c. as close to where the professor is as possible d. where there are students on both sides of him

b. in the back of the room, away from others

Family members other than a child's mother ________ in that child's social development. a. have little influence b. influence a child in a variety of ways c. have a more wholesome influence is they have similar personality styles d. should interact alone with a child

b. influence a child in a variety of ways

Which of the following is true about individuals with a dismissive-avoidant attachment style? a. They do not benefit from relationships with others. b. They have very high need for affiliation c. Just like everyone else their self-esteem rises when they are accepted by others d. They are incapable of having relationships with others

c. Just like everyone else their self-esteem rises when they are accepted by others

Having not met any members of a new social group, you hear a person expressing negative views of that group. Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if ________. a. You like the person expressing the view but believe their view to be unsubstantiated. b. You do not expect to be meeting any members of the new social group in the near future. c. The person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself. d. You see the person expressing the message as subtly similar to members of the new social group.

c. The person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself.

Recently, researchers have found that if homophobic people get to know and interact with homosexuals, homophobic attitudes are reduced. This strategy for reducing prejudice is known as the ________.

Contact hypothesis

In the march toward racial equality, Whites may perceive Black progress as a ________, while Blacks perceive it as a ________. If people generally tend to evaluate ________ more heavily than ________, then Whites should see ________ progress for Blacks than (as) Blacks see.

In the march toward racial equality, Whites may perceive Black progress as a LOSS, while Blacks perceive it as a GAIN. If people generally tend to evaluate LOSSES more heavily than GAINS, then Whites should see MORE progress for Blacks than (as) Blacks see.

Even though we show conformity in many contexts we underestimate the extent to which others' actions influence us. This is particularly true in which type of cultures?

Individualistic cultures

Martha tells her friend June, "Didn't you hear that eating lots of garlic is good for you?" If June then changes her eating habits to include a lot of garlic, it would be due to ________.

Informational social influence

3 college friends went swimming in a local creek, ignoring both a No Trespassing sign and a No Swimming sign. These friends were violating ________.

Injunctive norms

A form of learning in which responses that lead to positive outcomes, or which permit avoidance of negative outcomes, are strengthened.

Instrumental conditioning

Which component of Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love deals with the closeness 2 people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them together?

Intimacy

When people no longer see sanctioning as necessary for perpetrating harm that has been legitimized, they are experiencing what?

Moral disengagement

In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student more negatively in which condition?

Participants evaluated the student more negatively in the COMPLAINT condition rather than in the RESPONSIBILITY condition

Paul is a black college student who wants to join a fraternity. The fraternity is made up of all white men. When Paul's application is denied, he asks why, and the head of the fraternity implies, but doesn't say, that it is because Paul is black. What term best describes what has happened to Paul?

Paul has been discriminated against

Which is a better predictor of friendship formation: ACTUAL similarity or PERCEIVED similarity?

Perceived similarity

Simone feels somewhat ambivalent about premarital sex. However, most of her friends seem to be unambiguously in favor of sexual activity before marriage. As a result, in a recent group discussion in her health class, Simone expressed fairly strong opinions in favor of premarital sex and avoided voicing her real concerns about the topic. Simone's actions are most likely due to ________.

Pluralistic ignorance

Tricia's friend informs her of a real estate opportunity. The market has been tumultuous lately, but if it performs well, Tricia would gain a significant amount of money from the real estate purchase. However, if the market performs badly, Tricia could lose a significant amount of money. Tricia decides not to pursue the opportunity because of ________.

Risk aversion

One way to help people become more resistant to commands from authorities that may lead to destructive behaviors is to ________.

Remind people that they-not the authorities-are responsible for any harm done Remind people that, beyond some point, obedience is inappropriate Encouraging people to call the motives of authority figures into question Increase people's knowledge of the findings of research on destructive obedience

Scoot & Elizabeth grew up in the same small town. They attended the same school and went to the same college, where they took many of the same classes. At first, they were not particularly interested in each other romantically, but over time, they became increasingly attracted to each other and eventually married. This is best explained by the ________.

Repeated exposure effect

Brenley and Mario have a short relationship over the summer. They feel very close emotionally and they have an intense physical attraction to each other. However, they decide not to commit to each other, and at the end of the summer, they end the relationship. That type of love did they experience?

Romantic love

Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group hos campers in to 1 of 3 groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the camp. What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context?

The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups

Many astrocities have been committed because of a gradual escalation in the scope of commands given from a person in authority. This factor is closely related to which compliance technique?

The foot-in-the-door technique

Rachel has been with XYZ Corp. for over 20 years. During her time there, she has been promoted many times. She began her career as an assistant and is now a middle manager. However, in the last 10 years, she has not moved above her current role into the upper echelons of management positions at the corporation. What phenomenon explains this slowdown?

The glass ceiling effect

Students living in dorms were asked if they would contribute $5 to a scholarship fund for underprivileged students and in return, they would receive a free coupon for a free smoothie at a local juice bar. Once students agreed to make a donation they were told that there were no more coupons and were asked if they would still contribute. The students agreed. This compliance technique is referred to as what?

The lowball procedure/technique

Research shows that sexual attraction is ________ but not ________ condition for being in love. a. necessary; sufficient b. sufficient; necessary c. necessary; lasting d. sufficient; primary

a. necessary; sufficient

When our membership in a group is salient, a stereotype (about an outgroup) that our ingroup endorses is more likely to ________ our ________ about the outgroup. a. overcome; personal beliefs b. overcome; ingroup prejudice c. become less important than; personal beliefs d. insure; confusion

a. overcome; personal beliefs

Which of the following receives widespread attention when it occurs among powerful people, such as politicians or military leaders? a. Unrequited love b. Jealousy c. Infatuation d. Infidelity

d. Infidelity