Exam #2 - Leadership and Ethics (ch. 5)

What development level does a learner who has low competence but high commitment

D1- Enthusiastic beginner (having an intense enjoyment into something but does not know much about)

What developmental level does an individual that has gained some competence but has been disappointed after having experienced several setbacks and commitment at this stage is low?

D2 - Disillusioned Leader (a leader is disappointed in something that the leader discovers to be less good than what he or she believed)

What are the contingency factors that contribute to selecting the most appropriate decision making style?

Decision Significance Importance of Commitment Leader expertise Likelihood of Commitment Group support Team Competence

What does it mean to lead with Compassion?

Displaying compassion and watching over group members that have concerns, anxieties, and frustrations.

True or False: Situations cannot shape how leader behave

False

when the LMX-quality media is _____________, differences in leader-members exchanges are NOT related to team performance

High

when there is more differentiation in exchange (exchange with members and leaders), leads to

Higher commitment

What leadership style is best when they have high directive behavior and low supportive behavior?

S1 - Directing

What leadership style is best when they have high directive behavior and high supportive behavior

S2 - Coaching

What developmental level when a learner has high competence and commitment

Self-Reliant Achiever

How much control does task-motivates leader perform the best?

Situation of both High and low control

What is the Path-Goal theory?

Specifies what a leader must do to achieve high productivity and morale in a given situation

SLII explains the effective leadership depends on two independent behaviors?

Supportive, Directing

What is Fiedler's Contingency theory?

The best style of leadership is determined by the situation in which the leader is working

What is group support?

The degree to which the team supports the organization's objectives at stake in the problem

What does it mean to prevent the crisis through Disaster Planning

The ideal form of crisis leadership is to prevent a crisis through a disaster planning

What is Importance of Commitment?

The importance of team members' commitment to the decision (commitment deals with decision acceptance)

Under Normative Decision Model, when a leader use delegate decision-making style, what does that mean?

The leader allow the group to make the decision within prescribed limits

Under Normative Decision Model, when a leader use decide decision-making style, what does that mean?

The leader makes the decision alone and either announces or sells it to the group

Under Normative Decision Model, when a leader use facilitate decision-making style, what does that mean?

The leader presents the problem and then acts neutral but helps to make a decision. Then the leader defining the problem to be solved and the boundaries in which the decision must be made.

Under Normative Decision Model, when a leader use consult (group) decision-making style, what does that mean?

The leader presents the problem to group members in a meeting, gathers their suggestions, and then makes the decision

What is the likelihood of commitment?

The likelihood that the team will commit itself to a decision you must make on your own

What is decision significance?

The significance of the decision to the success of the project or organization (significance deals with decision quality)

Can the situation influence the leadership behavior or style of a leader emphasizes?

Yes

What is leader expertise?

Your knowledge or expertise in relation to the problem

When asked about leadership effectiveness, an executive said in part, "The length of the leash varies with different people. . . ." The executive's comments support the _____________ perspective on leadership. a. Contingency b. Relationship-oriented c. Task-oriented d. Universal theory

a. Contingency

According to the normative decision model, leaders must choose a style that brings about the correct degree of ____ when making decisions. a. Group participation b. Group motivation c. Goal setting d. Job satisfaction

a. Group participation

The situational leadership model II emphasizes contingency factors relating to a. characteristics of group members. b. characteristics of the organizational climate. c. the attitudes of the leader. d. the skills of the leader.

a. characteristics of group members.

Contingency leadership theorists believe that in terms of shaping the leader's behavior, a. forces in the situation are more important that the leader's personal characteristics. b. the leader's characteristics are more important than forces in the leadership situation. c. the leadership situation has a negligible influence. d. the leader's personal characteristics have a negligible influence.

a. forces in the situation are more important that the leader's personal characteristics.

The "coaching" style of leadership in the situational leadership model II is described as a. high on directing and high on supporting behaviors. b. high on directing and low on supporting behaviors. c. low on directing and low on supporting behaviors. d. low on directing and high on supporting behaviors.

a. high on directing and high on supporting behaviors.

Plant manager Kristina practices evidence-based leadership when she a. uses leadership practices proven to be effective. b. carefully documents poor performance. c. asks group members to justify their claims. d. maintains a log of her interactions with group members.

a. uses leadership practices proven to be effective.

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the most important dimension of the situation for determining situational control is a. position power. b. leader-member relations. c. personal power. d. task structure.

b. leader-member relations.

The contingency approach to leadership explains that leaders are most effective when they a. plan for emergencies before they occur. b. make their behavior contingent upon situational forces. c. follow universal managerial principles when faced with contingencies. d. create backup plans to deal with human resources problems.

b. make their behavior contingent upon situational forces.

A contingency leadership perspective is that the leader's behavior is profoundly influenced by the a. leader's personality. b. situation. c. leader's rank. d. leader's charisma.

b. situation.

In path-goal theory, the participative leader is best suited for improving the morale of a. well-motivated employees who perform repetitive tasks. b. well-motivated employees who perform nonrepetitive tasks. c. poorly-motivated employees who perform repetitive tasks. d. poorly-motivated employees who perform nonrepetitive tasks.

b. well-motivated employees who perform nonrepetitive tasks.

How is organizational effectiveness affected?

by situational factors not under leader control

Division manager Pedro believes strongly in the path-goal theory of leadership, so he engages in behaviors that a. have a high probability of winning. b. set quite high goals for all subordinates. c. complement subordinates' environment and abilities. d. follow a logical path.

c. complement subordinates' environment and abilities.

Following Fiedler's contingency model, a leader can increase situational control by a. decreasing the task structure for group members. b. creating conflict between himself or herself and group members. c. increasing his or her position power. d. increasing the demands on group members.

c. increasing his or her position power.

According to the situational model II, effective leaders manage their relationship with a subordinate a. in relation to the subordinate's job level. b. based on the subordinate's mood. c. on a given task. d. in relation to a particular level of motivation.

c. on a given task.

According to the normative decision model, when group development is a high priority, the leader a. emphasizes decision significance. b. becomes less concerned with group commitment. c. relies more on the group to make decisions. d. relies more on himself or herself to make decisions.

c. relies more on the group to make decisions.

According to SLII, effective leaders adapt their behavior to the level of _____________ and ________________ of a particular subordinate to complete a given task

commitment, competence

Adapting to changing times is the most important for which approach to leadership? a. Leadership Grid b. Charismatic c. Trait approach d. Contingency approach

d. Contingency approach

Baxter, a chief operating officer, practices contingency leadership when he a. warns workers in advance about potential punishments. b. maintains an optimistic, positive attitude. c. challenges the use of new technologies. d. discards old ideas that no longer fit the circumstances.

d. discards old ideas that no longer fit the circumstances.

According to the situational leadership model II, the directing style is the most effective when team members are a. low in competence but high on commitment. b. at the highest level of commitment and competence. c. growing in competence but with variable commitment. d. having some competence but are low in commitment.

d. having some competence but are low in commitment.

The contingency factors in the normative decision model are a. commitment requirements. b. decision-making styles. c. characteristics of the leader. d. problem attributes.

d. problem attributes.

A suggestion to the leader based on path-goal theory is for the leader to a. give people careful instructions, even when they can perform the task well. b. encourage group members to provide their own structure. c. purposely make ambiguous the path between goal attainment and receiving a reward. d. reduce frustrating barriers to reaching goal

d. reduce frustrating barriers to reaching goal

The general point of Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership is that the best style of leadership is determined by a. the leader's personality. b. how well the leader gets along with group members. c. a balance of task and relationship factors. d. the situation in which a leader works.

d. the situation in which a leader works.

In path-goal theory, the directive leader improves morale when a. group members perform repetitive tasks. b. group members are highly motivated. c. the task is clear. d. the task is unclear.

d. the task is unclear.

A key part of evidence-based leadership or management is to a. keep a log of the mistakes of subordinates. b. justify asking for an increased budget. c. prove that your decision was the right one. d. translate principles into practice.

d. translate principles into practice.

What does the combination of the subordinate's commitment and competence determines?

developmental level

What happens when LMX-quality median is high?

differentiation has NO effect on commitment

What does situational Leader II (SLII) explains?

explains how to match leadership style to the capabilities of group members on a given tasks

What does task structure measures?

how clearly the procedures, goals, and evaluation of the job are defined

what does leader-member relations measures?

how well the group and the leader get along

Both ___________________ and _______________________ environment have a significant impact on leader effectiveness

internal, external

Another perspective on the contingency approach is suggested by the ______________________________________________.

leader-member exchange theory

Larger differences in leader-member exchanges tend to higher team performance when the LMX-quality median is _________________________?

low

What is least Preferred coworker (LPC) scale?

measures the degree to which a leader describes favorably or unfavorable his or her LPC (least preferred coworker

What happens when LMX-quality median low?

more differentiation in exchanges lead to higher commitment

If you like your exchanges with the leader, your commitment is _______________ by his or her different relationships with team members

not effected

What is situational Leader II (SLII)?

primary emphasis on the characteristics of group members

Under SLII, what is supporting behaviors?

refers to relationship behaviors such as the leader's listening, giving recognition, communicating, and encouraging

How much control does relationship-motivates leader perform the best?

situation of moderate control

What is an example of evidence-based leadership?

stemming from the experience of managers is to regular express thanks for a job well done

Leader-member relationship relations contribute as much to situation favorable as do ___________________ and __________________ combined.

task structure, position power

Under SLII, what is directing behavior?

task-related behaviors such as leader's giving careful direction and controlling

What does it tell about a leader when the leader describe LPC in a favorable way?

tends to be relationship motivated

What is Team Competence?

the ability of the team members to work together in solving problem

What is competence?

the ability to do something successfully for efficiently

What is participative style?

the leader consults with group members to gather their suggestions, and then considers these suggestions seriously when making a decision

What is the supporting style?

the leader displays concern for group members' well-being and creates an emotionally supportive climate (similar to relationship motivated)

What is the directing style?

the leader emphasizes formal activities such a planning, organizing, and controlling (similar to task motivated)

What is Achievement-oriented style?

the leader sets challenging goals, pushes for work improvement, and sets high expectations for team members, who are also expected to assume responsibility

What does position power measures?

the leader's authority to hire, fire, discipline, and grant salary increases to group members

What is a crisis leadership?

the process of leading group members through a sudden and largely unanticipated, intensely negative, and emotionally draining circumstance

What is commitment?

the state of being dedicated to a cause

Under the Path-Goal theory, for leaders to be effective,

they should engage in behaviors that complement subordinates' (a person under authority) environment and liability.

What is normative decision model?

views leadership as a decision-making process in which the leader examines certain factors within the situation to determine which decision-making style will be the most effective

What developmental level when a learner has growing competence, yet commitment is variable?

· D3 - Capable but cautious performer

What leadership style is best when they have low directive behavior and high supportive behavior?

· S3 - Supporting

What leadership style is best when they have low directive behavior and low supportive behavior?

· S4- Delegating

Under Normative Decision Model, when a leader use consult (individually) decision-making style, what does that mean?

· The leader presents the problem to the group individually, gathers their suggestions, and then makes the decision

Under Fiedler's Contingency theory, how do you measure leadership style

- Leadership style is a relatively permanent - Uses the least preferred coworker (LPC) scale

What does being decisive mean?

- The greater the crisis, the less time the leader has to consult a wide array of people -Communicating widely the plans for resolving the problem that created the crisis, assuming that the organization had some responsibility for the crisis -avoid the fear of failure that can prevent taking the necessary action to exist the crisis

What does Avoid a Circle-the-Wagons Mentality?

- leader strongly defend his or herself against your critics or deny wrongdoing (refuse to admit your mistake) -the same denial approach is referred to as maintaining a bunker mentality or stonewalling the problem

What does it mean reestablish the Usual work Routine?

-A temporary drop in performance and productivity is unavoidable for most workers after disaster strikes -An effective way of helping help deal with a workplace crisis is to encourage them to return to their regular work. -It is important for workers to express their feeling about the crisis before refocusing on work, but once they have, returning to work helps ground them in reality and restores purpose to their lives

What are the 9 leadership attributes and behaviors associated with successfully leading an organization or organizational unit through a crisis?

-Be Decisive -Lead with Compassion -Think Strategically (See the Big Picture) -Reestablish the Usual work Routine -Avoid a Circle-the-Wagons Mentality -Display Optimism -Prevent the Crisis through Disaster Planning -Stay calm and provide stable performance -Be a Transformational Leader

Under Normative Decision Model, what are the five decision-making style?

-Decide -Consult (individually) -Consult (group) -Facilitate -Delegate

Under Path-goal theory, what the the styles that a leader must choose that fits relevant variables in the environment?

-Directing style -Supporting style -Participative style -Achievement-oriented style

A decide decision-making style (making the decision by yourself) is recommended when

-You have more expertise than the individual group members -You are confident about your ability to make the decision in question -The team will most likely accept your decision -The time available for decision making is limited

A consultative or collaborative decision-making style (making a decision as a group) is likely to bring about the best results when

-You need information from other to solve the problem in question -The problem is not clearly defined -Team members acceptance of the decision is important -You have sufficient time to deal with a group decision

What is evidence-based leadership or management?

-an approach whereby managers translate principles based on the best evidence into organizational practices -to rely heavily on common sense and adopting practices used by other companies, whether or not they fit a particular situation -an example of using evidence-based leadership stemming from the experience of managers is to regular express thanks for a job well done

What does compassionate leadership creates?

-an environment in which affected workers can freely discuss how they feel, such as a group meeting to talk about the crisis or disaster AND -an environment in which the workers who experience or witness pain can find a method to alleviate their own suffering and that of others

What does it mean to display Optimism?

-help energize group members to overcome the bad time -draws action plans that give people hope for a better future (as in strategic thinking)

What does think strategically (see the big picture) mean?

-helps the group understand that soon they will be out of the crisis and the conditions will soon change for the better

Under Fiedler's Contingency theory, how do you measure Leadership Situation?

-leader-member relations -task structure -position power

What does it mean to be transformational leader?

-likely to benefit the troubled organization both in dealing with the immediate crisis and in performing better in long run -helps a company or work unit to cope with crisis is to established a climate of trust long before a crisis strikes § If workers and other establish a climate of trust the leader, they will take more seriously his or her directives during the crisis

What does it mean to stay calm and provide stable performance

-stay calm and are steady performers, even under workloads and uncertain conditions -remaining steady under crisis conditions contributes to effectiveness because it helps team members cope with the situation -Stability also helps the managerial leader appear professional and cool under pressure

What are some several conclusions from LMX research suggested a contingency approach to leadership?

1) Leaders tend to give members of their in-group more favorable performance rating than they give to out-group members, even when their objective performance is the same 2) Leaders do not always develop entirely different relationships with each group member, but may respond the same way to a few members of the group 3) In larger group, there tends to be more differences with respect to leader-member exchange 4) A manger is more likely to act as a servant leader towards subordinates with whom he or she has high-quality exchanges 5) Leaders are more likely to empower group members with whom they have a high-quality exchange (or good relationship) because they are more likely to trust those members

What are two key aspects of the Path-Goal theory?

1. matching the leadership style to the situation 2. steps the leader can take to influence performance and satisfaction