Exam 2 (module 5)

Urinary Sphincter

"1" represents the: A. Cervix B. Vagina C. Rectum D. Urinary Sphincter

Rectum

"3" represents the: A. Cervix B. Vagina C. Rectum D. Urinary Sphincter

Cervix

"4" represents the: A. Cervix B. Vagina C. Rectum D. Urinary Sphincter

The TD 5/5 for whole kidney resulting in nephritis is what?

23 Gy

What percentage of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are caused by HPV?

25-35%

What percentage of penile cancer is caused by HPV?

40%

The TD 5/5 for whole bladder resulting in contracture is what?

65 Gy

What percentage of anal cancer is caused by HPV?

90%

Which type of vaginal cancer occurs in young women and is highly associated with DES exposure?

Clear cell carcinoma

Refers to the positioning of the electron cone parallel to the patient's surface so that the surface across the field is an equal distance from the source. To achieve en face, a gantry, table, and/or collimator table may be required

En Face

Which gyn cancer is the most prevalent in the US?

Endometrial

The majority of ovarian cancers are what histology?

Epithelial

Group of more than 100 different viruses and the most common ST

HPV

What causes the majority of cervical cancers?

HPV

______________ nodes, also called hypogastric nodes, begin at the bifurcation of the common iliac.

Internal Iliac

Which gyn cancer has the highest mortality rate?

Ovarian

A point used in treatment planning for cervical intracavitary brachytherapy. This point is defined as 2 cm superior to cervical os and 2 cm lateral from encodercervical canal. This point represents the crossover of the ureter and uterine artery, located in the paracervical triangle, and is considered as a critical point for radiation tolerance

Point A

In regard to Points A and B historically used in cervical cancer brachytherapy treatment planning, the point which represents the crossover of the ureter and uterine artery, is located in the paracervical triangle, and is considered as a critical point for radiation tolerance best defines.

Point A

A point used in the treatment planning of cervical intracavitary brachytherapy. Point B is defined as being 3 cm lateral to Point A or 2 cm superior and 5 cm lateral to cervical os. This point falls 1 cm lateral to the medial aspect of the pelvic side wall

Point B

In regards to Points A and B historically used in cervical cancer brachytherapy dose specifications, the point that sits 2 cm superior and 5 cm lateral to cervical os representing a point 1 cm lateral to the medial aspect of the pelvic side wall best describes which point?

Point B

the removal of an ovary together with the Fallopian tube

Salpingo-oophorectomy

The vaginal cuff is best defined as what?

The upper 1/3 portion of the vagina

What is the typical location of vaginal tumors?

Upper 1/3 of the vagina (vaginal cuff)

slowly progressive disease of the distal uterus, with the earliest phase (non-invasive carcinoma in situ) occurring approximately 10 years earlier than invasive cancer

cervical cancer

part of the uterus that protrudes into the cavity of the vagina

cervix

the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer

dysplasia

cancer of the endometrium or uterus

endometrial cancer

vascular inner mucosal layer the thickness of which varies with menstrual cycle and age

endometrium

brachytherapy treatment at a dose rate that exceeds 12 Gy/hr

high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy

The upper boundary of the cervix is the level of the internal os, a narrowing of the uterus that is also referred to as the isthmus. The internal os is the opening between the cervix and the corpus or body of the uterus. The external os is the opening between the cervix and vagina.

internal and external cervical os

application of a brachytherapy implant directly into the tissues via devices such as needles, ribbons, or seeds placed in the at-risk tissues

interstitial implant

brachytherapy device placed through the cervical or into the uterus and subsequently after loaded to give the dose application directly to the cervix, uterus, and upper vagina

intrauterine tandem

treatment at a dose rate of 2 Gy/hr or less

low dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy

shielding block used to eliminate dose to centrally located anatomy

midline block

The state of a female that has never borne a child

nulliparity

cancer of the ovaries

ovarian cancer

A sample of secretions and superficial cells of the uterine cervix and uterus; examined with a microscope to detect any abnormal cells

papanicolaou smear

tissues lateral to and around the uterus

parametrium

upper entrance into the pelvis, bordered by the sacral promontory, medical pelvic sidewalls, and pubic bones

pelvic inlet

part of the body dorsal to the pubic arch; ventral to the tip of the coccyx; and lateral to the inferior rami of the pubis, ischium, and sacrotuberous ligaments. These are the tissue surrounding the genitals and anal opening

perineum

A 100% sensitive test will give 0% false negative for detecting tumors

sensitive test

test for detecting tumors, a 99% specific test gives 1% false positive results

specific test

Endocervical canal or external os or opening of cervix and is the most common site of cervical cancer

squamo-columnar junction

dilation of the surface blood vessels caused by the loss of capillary tone, resulting in a fine spider-vein appearance on the skin surface

telangiectasis

Malignancy that arises in the vagina and does not extend to the vulva or cervix. Rare disease that accounts for approximately 2% of all gynecologic cancers

vaginal cancer

paired brachytherapy devices that allow insertion into the lateral vaginal fornices or apex of the vagina for shielded anteriorly and posteriorly for greater lateral throw of the dose and often look like small golf clubs

vaginal colpostats

small rim of vaginal tissue that the apex of the vagina around the cervix. Some of this is removed during a hysterectomy, and some remains as the new apex of the vagina with surgical scarring

vaginal cuff

Domed-ended tubular brachytherapy device used to give even dose distribution to the apex or entire vaginal surface. This resembles a candle with a central hollow canal for lateral afterloading

vaginal cylinder

Domed-ended tubular brachytherapy device used to give even dose distribution to the apex or entire vaginal surface. This resembles a candle wit ha central hollow canal for later afterloading

vaginal cylinder implant

The circular trough formed at the upper end of the vagina around the cervix is the what?

vaginal fornix

A narrow of the vagina, often accompanied with dryness, loss of elasticity and resilience, and scar tissue

vaginal stenosis

40% of _________________ and ____________ cancers are caused by HPV

vulvar and vaginal

cancer of the outermost portion of the gynecologic tract. Vulvar cancer patients usually have a subcutaneous lump or mass. Patients with more advanced disease have an ulcerative exophytic mass

vulvar cancer