Exam 2 Part 2 Industrial and Product Safety

Define open ground.

When the ground is connected improperly, the situation is referred to as open ground

What topics should be covered in eye protection training?

Why it is important to use the eye protection devices How the devices protect the eyes Limitations of the devices When the devices should be used How the devices are properly worn How straps are adjusted for both effectiveness and comfort How the employee can identify signs of wear that may lessen the effectiveness of the devices How the devices are cleaned and disinfected and how often

What are some of the systems utiized by smoke detectors?

thermal expansion detectors, photoelectric fire sensors, ionization or radiation sensors, ultraviolet detectors or infrared detectors.

what is the most successful life-saving preparation for a fire disaster?

training employees may be the most successful lifesaving preparation for a fire disaster.

Explain the four factors that make robots more potentially dangerous than other machines.

(1) their ability to acquire intelligence through programming, (2) their flexibility and range of motion, (3) their speed of movement, and (4) their power.

Explain what each of the following terms measure: volt, amp ohm, hertz and watt.

-volt: The potential difference between two points in a circuit is measured by voltage -Electrical current is produced by the flow of electrons. The unit of measurement for current is amperes (or amps) -Resistance is measured in ohms -the number of cycles per second is known as frequency and is measured in hertz -Power is measured in wattage (or watts) and can be determined from Ohm's law

Describe the various components of a slip and fall prevention program.

1. A policy statement/commitment 2. Review and acceptance of walkways 3. Reconditioning and retrofitting 4. Maintenance standards and procedures. 5. Inspections, audits, tests, and records 6. Employee footwear program 7. Defense methods for legal claims. 8. Measurement of results

Explain all three of OSHA's manual fire fighting options.

1. All employees are involved. 2. Only designated employees are involved. 3. Only employees who are part of an established fire brigade are involved.

List and briefly explain five strategies for preventing slips.

1. Choose the right material from the outset 2. Retrofit an existing surface 3. Practice good housekeeping 4. Require nonskid footwear 5. Inspect surfaces frequently

Describe the six-step back safety/lifting program.

1. Display poster illustrations 2. Preemployment screening. 3. Regular safety inspections 4. Education and training 5. Use external services 6. Map out the prevention program.

Explain the training requirement contained in OSHA's standard 29 CFR 1910.178 (powered industrial trucks).

1. Operating instructions, warnings, and precautions for the types of trucks the operator will be authorized to operate. 2. Differences between the truck and the automobile. 3. Truck controls and instrumentation: where they are located, what they do, and how they work. 4. Engine or motor operation. 5. Steering and maneuvering. 6. Visibility (including restrictions due to loading). 7. Fork and attachment adaptation, operation, and use limitations. 8. Vehicle capacity. 9. Vehicle stability. 10. Any vehicle inspection and maintenance the operator will be required to perform. 11. Refueling and/or charging and recharging of batteries. 12. Operating limitations. 13. Any other operating instructions, warnings, or precautions listed in the operator's manual for the types of vehicles the employee is being trained to operate.

Summarize the key components of a fire safety program.

A comprehensive fire safety program should have at least the following components: assessment, planning, awareness/prevention, and response.

What is a "daisy chain" and why is one hazardous?

A daisy chain is something like an extension cord with multiple wires.. It can be hazardous by creating a fire hazard by overloading the circuit.

What is a lanyard?

A flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap that generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a declaration device, lifeline or anchorage.

Chapter 15: List the primary causes of falls.

A foreign object on the walking surface A design flaw in the walking surface Slippery surfaces An individual's impaired physical condition

What are the critical factors to consider when selecting gloves?

Fit, protection capability, comfort, and tactile sensitivity of the gloves.

What types of fabrics are prohibited in environments that are flame or arc prone?

Acetate, nylon, polyester, rayon

Name something in this room that will not burn.

Almost everything in an industrial environment can burn.

List four ways to minimize standing hazards.

Antifatigue mats, Shoe inserts, foot rails, workplace design, sit/stand chairs, proper footwear.

How do ionizers, radioactive neutralizers, and antistatic materials work? Why does humidification work?

Antistatic materials have also been used effectively to reduce electrical static hazards. Such materials either increase the surface conductivity of the charged material or absorb moisture, which reduces resistance and the tendency to accumulate charges. Ionizers and electrostatic neutralizers ionize the air surrounding a charged surface to provide a conductive path for the flow of charges. Radioactive neutralizers include a radioactive element that emits positive particles to neutralize collected negative electrical charges. Workers need to be safely isolated from the radioactive particle emitter Humidification is another mechanism for reducing electrical static; it was discussed in the section on sources of electrical hazards.

List and explain the specific hazards associated with human-robot interaction.

Being struck by a moving robot while inside the work envelope. Being trapped between a moving part of a robot and another machine, object or surface. Being struck by a workpiece, tool, or other object dropped or ejected by a robot.

Discuss how bonding and grounding work together to increase electrical safety.

Bonding is used to connect two pieces of equipment by a conductor. Bonding can reduce potential differences between the equipment and thus reduce the possibility of sparking. Grounding, in contrast, provides a conducting path between the equipment and the earth. Bonding and grounding together are used for entire electrical systems

Compare and contrast carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is produced when there is more oxygen than the fire needs. It is not toxic but it can be produces in such volumes that it seriously reduces the concentration of oxygen in the air surrounding the fire site. Carbon monoxide a colorless, odorless, deadly gas and is the result of incomplete combustion of a fuel. It is produced when there is insufficient oxygen to burn the fuel present efficiently.

Where is carbon found?

Carbon is found in almost every flammable substance.

What are some of the toxic chemicals often produced by fires?

Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide

List five effects that automation of the workplace has had on workers

Changing the emphasis from physical work to automated mechanical work Changing the emphasis from physical to mental work Categorizing work as either mental or physical (intelligence versus labor) Increasing the level of stress on workers, supervisors, and managers Eliminating some traditional blue-collar jobs that cause morale problems and decrease employee loyalty Making workers feel a loss of control and the onset of helplessness and powerlessness

What are some classes of fire?

Class A: solid material such as paper, plastic, textiles, wood, housing, clothing Class B: Flammable liquids and gases Class C: Electrical Class D: Combustible, easily oxidized metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and zirconium.

Which are more stable, combustible liquids or flammable liquids?

Combustible liquids

What are the three methods of heat transfer? Describe each.

Conduction, Radiation, and Convection. Conduction is direct thermal energy transfer. On a molecular level, materials near a source of heat absorb the heat, raising their kinetic energy Radiation is electromagnetic wave transfer of heat to a solid. Waves travel in all directions from the fire and may be reflected off a surface, as well as absorbed by it. Convection is heat transfer through the movement of hot gases.

Explain the best ways to prevent an office fire.

Confine smoking to designated areas that are equipped with nontip ashtrays and fire resistant furnishings. Periodically check electrical circuits and connections. Replace frayed or worn cords immediately. Make sure that extension cords and other accessories are Underwriters Laboratories (UL)-approved and used only as recommended. Make sure there is plenty of air space left around copying machines and other office machines that can overheat. Locate heat-producing appliances away from the wall or anything else that can ignite. Frequently inspect personal appliances such as hotplates, coffee pots, and cup warmers. Assign responsibility for turning off such appliances every day to a specific person. Keep aisles, stairwells, and exits clear of paper, boxes, and other combustible materials.

Explain how you would ensure that a new robot system was safe for its operators and other workers.

Construction of a safety fence around the system that defines the work envelope of the system Control of the speed of movement of system components when working inside the work fence Installation of an emergency stop device colored red and placed in an easily accessible location Location of the control panel for the system outside the safety fence Establishment of automatic shutdown switches that activate any time a system component goes beyond its predetermined operational range

Chapter 23: Briefly summarize how automation has changed the workplace.

Developments have changed the concepts of the factory and product. Created knowledge and affected jobs.

Describe the precautions that should be taken for dip, tanks, oil burners and spray-painting booths.

Dipping operations involving flammable or combustible substances should take place in a stand-alone, one-story building constructed of noncombustible materials. The building should be (1) well ventilated, (2) clearly marked as a hazardous area, (3) free of ignition sources, and (4) large. The dip tank itself should be covered and should contain an automatic fire-extinguishing system. Selecting the proper type of fuel for use in an oil burner is the best precaution to prevent the accumulation and potential ignition of soot. The safest fuel to use in an oil burner is one that meets the following criteria: (1) flash point higher than 37.8°C (100.04°F), (2) hydrocarbon-based, and (3) acid- and grit-free The hazard associated with spray-painting booths is that an explosive mixture of paint vapor and air can occur. To prevent such occurrences, proper ventilation is critical. Regular cleaning of the booth to remove accumulated spray deposits is also important. Paint booths should be equipped with automatic fire protection systems.

Explain how to assess the workplace for eye hazards.

Do employees perform tasks that may produce airborne dust or flying particles? Do employees work near others who perform tasks that may produce airborne dust or flying particles? Do employees handle hazardous liquid chemicals or blood? Do employees work near others who handle hazardous liquid chemicals or blood? Do employees work in conditions in which their lenses may become fogged? Do employees work in situations that may expose their eyes to chemical or physical irritants? Do employees work in situations that may expose their eyes to intense light or lasers

In what four ways can electricity cause a fire?

Electrical lines and equipment can cause fires either by a short circuit that provides an ignition spark, by arcs, or by resistances generating a heat buildup.

What is an ergonomic management program?

Ergonomics management program consists of activities undertaken to prevent ergonomics- related injuries and disorders. Such a program should have at least the following components: work-site analysis, hazard control, health surveillance, and training

Explain four specific strategies for minimizing the hazards associated with interacting with a robot.

Ensure a glare-free, well lighted robot site. Keep the floors n and around the robot site carefully maintained, clean, and free of obstructions keep the robot site free of associated hazards such as blinding light from welding machines or vapors from a paint booth Equip electrical and pneumatic components of the robot with fixed covers and guards. Clear the work envelope of all nonessential objects and make sure all safeguards are in place before starting the robot.

Name six safety and health problems widely associated with office animation.

Eye fatigue seeing double images headaches yawny feelings shoulder fatigue neck fatigue

List six major kinds of injuries to the foot and toes that occur in the workplace each year.

Falls or impacts from sharp or heavy objects Compression when rolled over by pressed between heavy objects Punctures through the sole of the foot Conductivity of electricity or heat Electrocution from contact with an energized, conducting material Slips in unstable walking surfaces Hot liquid or metal splashed into shoes or boots. Temperature extremes

List three strategies for reducing the psychological and physiological problems associated with VDT use.

Faster computer response time. More frequent breaks from VDTs. Creating a work design that recognizes and accommodates he need to break up continual VDT use.

Fire is a chemical reaction. What is going on?

Fire is a chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible fuel. Combustion is the process by which fire converts fuel and oxygen into energy, usually in the form of heat. By-products of combustion include light and smoke. For the reaction to start, a source of ignition, such as a spark or open flame, or a sufficiently high temperature is needed. Given a sufficiently high temperature, almost every substance will burn. The ignition temperature or combustion point is the temperature at which a given fuel can burst into flame.

What are the differences between flash point, fire point, and auto-ignition temperature?

Flash point is the lowest temperature for a given fuel at which vapors are produces in sufficient concentrations to flash in the presence of a source of ignition. Fire point is the minimum temperature at which the vapors continue to burn, given a source of ignition. Auto-ignition is the lowest point at which the vapors of a liquid or solid self-ignite without a source of ignition.

Which way do gases usualy travel?

Gases are capable of traveling across a room and randomly finding a spark, flame, or adequate heat source, flashing back to the source of gas.

Explain OSHA's recommendations for effective fall protections.

Have a plan. establish proper fall protection requirements . provide proper fall protection equipment and procedures and require their use. ensure fall protection device replacement ensure proper use and type of equipment provide training.

What effect might increasingly intense international competition and the need to improve productivity have on workplace safety and health in the future?

Increasingly intense international competition may magnify the tendency for companies to neglect safety and health precautions in favor of short-term productivity gains. The level of mental stress is likely to increase as the automated manipulation of information forces workers to try continually to handle too much information that is poorly understood. Automation and competition are likely to increase the level of anxiety as workers are required to make split-second decisions while knowing that their actions or inactions may have dire consequences. New occupational diseases relating to mental, visual, and musculoskeletal problems may arise whose remedies must be sought through a combination of ergonomics, psychology, occupational medicine, and design. There is likely to be increased introduction of robots into the workplace with even less foresight that will, in turn, introduce more unexpected safety and health risk.

Define the term life safety.

Life safety involves protecting the vehicles, vessels, and lives of people in building and structures from fire.

How is combustion of liquids and solids different from gasses?

Liquids and solids such as oil and wood, do not burn directly but must first be converted into a flammable vapor by heat.

Explain the concept of safeguarding.

Machine safeguarding is to minimize the risk of accidents of machine-operator contact.

Explain how to get employees more comfortable with using PPE.

Make maximum use of engineering and administrative controls Ensure the optimum choice of PPE by using risk assessment Involve employees in all aspects of the PPE program Provide comprehensive education and training programs Reinforce the proper use of PPE and challenge its improper use Be clear on who pays for PPE Be sensitive to fit, comfort, and style issues Work to make PPE a normal part of the uniform

Define the term maladaptation and explain how it manifests itself in workers.

Maladaptation can manifest itself and an urge to quit work; Fatigue problems with human relations; a drop in work performance; social pathological phenomena such as drug use or crime; mood swings; a loss of motivation; and accidents

List five strategies for minimizing the potential for occurrences of maladaptation.

Match the human system and the computer system. Position machine systems as human-supportive systems. Adapt human-computer interaction to human use. Initiate job-changing opportunities. Allow suitable rest periods for users of automated equipment. Vitalize the workplace. Encourage recreation. Promote the effective use of nonworking hours. Increase the contact with nature. Free people from hazardous, dirty, and harmful jobs. Shorten working hours and promote work sharing. Expand human contact. Harmonize people, things, and the environment ergonomically.

briefly discuss the difference between DC and AC using the concept of effective current

Most industrial and domestic use of electricity is supplied by alternating current (AC current). In the United States, standard AC circuits cycle 60 times per second Because voltage cycles in AC current, an effective current for AC circuits is computed, which is slightly less than the peak current during a cycle. A direct current (DC current) has been found to generate as much heat as an AC current that has a peak current 41.4 percent higher than the DC

What are the leading causes of fire-related death?

NFPA statistics show that most people die in fires from suffocating or breathing smoke and toxic fumes.

Chapter 19: What are three elements of the fire triangle?

Oxygen, fuel, and heat.

Explain the strategies for proper lifting that should be taught as part of the safety program.

Plan Ahead Determine if you can lift the load. Is it too heavy or too awkward? Decide if you need assistance. Check your route to see whether it has obstructions and slippery surfaces. Lift with Your Legs, Not Your Back Bend at your knees, keeping your back straight. Position your feet close to the object. Center your body over the load. Lift straight up smoothly; don't jerk. Keep your torso straight; don't twist while lifting or after the load is lifted. Set the load down slowly and smoothly with a straight back and bent knees; don't let go until the object is on the floor. Push, Don't Pull Pushing puts less strain on your back; don't pull objects. Use rollers under the object whenever possible.

What are the requirements all safeguards should meet?

Prevent contact, be secure, protect from falling objects, create no interference, allow safe lubrication

Explain five strategies for establishing an effective electrical safety program.

Provide additional specialized electrical safety training to those working with or around exposed components of electric circuits. This training should include, but not be limited to, training in basic electrical theory, proper safe work procedures, hazard awareness and identification, proper use of PPE, proper lockout/tagout procedures, first aid including CPR, and proper rescue procedures. Provide periodic retraining as necessary. Develop and implement procedures to control hazardous electrical energy that include lockout and tagout procedures. Ensure that workers follow these procedures. Provide testing or detection equipment for those who work directly with electrical energy that ensure their safety during performance of their assigned tasks. ensure compliance with the NEC and the National Electrical Safety Code. Conduct safety meetings regularly. Conduct scheduled and unscheduled safety inspections at work sites. Actively encourage all workers to participate in workplace safety. In a construction setting, conduct a job site survey before starting any work to identify all electrical hazards, implement appropriate control measures, and provide training to employees specific to all identified hazards. Ensure that proper PPE is available and worn by workers where required (including fall protection equipment). Conduct job hazard analyses of all tasks that may expose workers to the hazards associated with electrical energy and implement control measures that will adequately insulate and isolate workers from electrical energy. Identify potential electrical hazards and appropriate safety interventions during the planning phase of construction or maintenance projects. This planning should address the project from start to finish to ensure that workers have the safest p

What should an employee look for when inspecting a ladder?

See if the ladder has the manufacturer's instruction label on it. Determine whether the ladder is strong enough. Read the label specifications about weight capacity and applications. Look for the following conditions: cracks on side rails; loose rungs, rails, or braces; or damaged connections between rungs and rails. Check for heat damage and corrosion. Check wooden ladders for moisture that may cause them to conduct electricity. Check metal ladders for burrs and sharp edges. Check fiberglass ladders for signs of blooming, deterioration of exposed fiberglass.

Explain freeze and let go current

Some levels of current "freeze" a person to the conductor; the person cannot voluntarily release his or her grasp. Let-go current is the highest current level at which a person in contact with the conductor can release the grasp of the conductor

What property do almost all packing materials share?

Styrofoam molds and panels, shredded or crumpled papers, bubble wrap, and shrink wrap all can easily burn.

What is the relationship between NEC and UL?

The National Electrical Code (NEC) is published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). This code specifies industrial and domestic electrical safety precautions. The NEC categorizes industrial locations and gases relative to their degree of fire hazard and describes in detail the safety requirements for industrial and home wiring. Underwriters Laboratories (UL). The UL determines whether equipment and materials for electrical systems are safe in the various NEC location categories. The UL provides labels for equipment that it approves as safe within the tested constraints

Explain how to reduce arc flash hazards

The best and most obvious way to prevent arc flash injuries is to de-energize the electrical equipment in question and lock or tag it out before beginning maintenance or service work on it.

What can happen to a pile of oil-soaked rags in a closed container? Describe the process.

The fibers of the rags expose a large surface area of oil to oxidation. The porous nature of rags allows additional oxygen to be absorbed, replacing the oxygen already consumed. When the temperature rises sufficiently, the surfaces of the oil on the rags vaporize. And the rag will catch on fire.

Explain reversed polarity

The hot and neutral wires have been reversed.

Briefly state the relationship between potential difference, Lightning, and grounding.

The potential difference between two points in a circuit is measured by voltage

Define the term sociotechnical system theory. Explain each of its six components.

The sociotechnical system theory discussed in the previous section is broad and conceptual in nature. Modern safety and health professionals also need to know specific measures that can be taken to minimize the hazards associated with robots and other automated systems. Construction of a safety fence around the system that defines the work envelope of the system Control of the speed of movement of system components when working inside the work fence Installation of an emergency stop device colored red and placed in an easily accessible location Location of the control panel for the system outside the safety fence Establishment of automatic shutdown switches that activate any time a system component goes beyond its predetermined operational range.

What is the trend with regard to future fire safety standards?

The trend in fire safety standards is toward performance-based standards and away from the traditional specification-based approach.

Explain why it is so important for safety personnel to help employees and supervisors conduct self-assessments

To help prevent accidents and injuries from electrical hazards, safety personnel should consider developing checklists supervisors can use to undertake periodic self-assessments in their areas of responsibility

In which direction does a fire normally travel?

Travels from a higher temp to a lower temp, never from a lower temp to a higher temp without outside forces being applied.

Explain briefly the most common kinds of falls

Trip and fall, stump and fall, step and fall, slip and fall.

Why are warning devices less effective than designed-in safety precautions?

Warning devices to alert personnel about detected hazards may include lights, colored indicators, on/off blinkers, audible signals, or labels.It is better to design safety into the equipment and system than to rely on human behavior such as reading and following labels

What are the safety and health problems most widely associated with VDT use?

eye fatigue, muscle stiffness, and mental fatigue

Describe the three types of point-of-operation guards.

fixed guards, interlocked guards, adjustable guards

Briefly summarize the evolution of hard hats in this country.

the hard hats first used for head protection in an industrial setting were inspired by the helmets worn by soldiers in World War I. Such early versions were made of varnished resin-impregnated canvas. As material technology evolved, hard hats were made of vulcanized fiber, then aluminum, and then fiberglass. Today's hard hats are typically made from the thermoplastic material polyethylene, using the injection molding process.

Describe four types of point-of-operation devices.

photoelectric devices, radiofrequency devices, electromechanical devices, pullback devices, restraint devices, safety trip devices, two hand controls, and gates.

Chapter 14: List and briefly explain the most common types of mechanical injury hazards.

shearing, cutting and tearing, puncturing, crushing, straining and spraining.

Chapter 18: Define zero potential and the relationship between zero potential and grounding.

the earth is considered to have zero potential because of its massive size. Any electrical conductor pushed into the earth is said to have zero potential. the ground wire is a low-resistance path to the earth and carries the highest current possible for that circuit.