exam 2 sample questions

picture of cut spinal cord like from the quiz. Ascending and descending tracts can be found in which area(s) of the spinal cord?

1, 2, 3

The molecule responsible for making cyclic AMP is called

adenylate cyclase

The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates ________ cells.

all of the above (smooth muscle, glandular, heart muscle, skeletal muscle)

picture of cut spinal cord like from the quiz. Identify the structure labeled "9."

anterior gray commissure

same picture of multipolar neuron. Identify the structure labeled "4."

telodendria

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of motor neurons.

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

clinicians test this when a peripheral nerve injury is suspected

Branches that may occur along an axon are called

collaterals

The structure of the brain that carries ascending sensory information to the thalamus is the

midbrain.

same picture of multipolar neuron. What is contained inside the structure labeled "5"?

neurotransmitter molecules

In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

shingles

adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

picture of action potential graph, what is happening in area between 2-3?

sodium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

somatic

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as

tracts

Which cranial nerve sends balance sensations to the brain?

vestibulocochlear

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

wallerian

picture of action potential graph. What is occurring at the area labeled #4? (-90mV)

Excessive potassium has diffused out causing hyperpolarization.

Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?

It is a superficial layer of gray matter.

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about

L1

Sometimes, when it is difficult to initiate a knee-jerk reflex by tapping the patellar tendon, a patient will be asked to voluntarily make a fist. Then the reflex will be easily evoked. What does this illustrate about the relation between voluntary and involuntary reflex movement?

The motor tracts that excite the motor neurons that activate the hand also send excitatory impulses to motor neurons lower down the spinal cord. Making a fist starts the action potentials through summation which then causes the knee-jerk reflex. (got this from googling and found a quizlet lol)

picture of a multipolar neuron. The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels.

both statements are true

same picture of multipolar neuron. Which type of membrane channels are found at label "3"? (axon)

both voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the

brain stem.

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

central

The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a

dermatome.

Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?

hypothalamus

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

memory

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is

multipolar

Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer.

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the

pons

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?

prosencephalon

Bell's palsy is caused by inflammation of the facial nerve (VII). What signs and symptoms would you expect in this condition? Is it permanent?

rapid onset of mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of your face. facial droop and difficulty making expressions. it is not considered permanent.

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

subarachnoid space.