Exam 2 Study Guide

IN the Nephron, Glucose, proteins and Vitamins are

Absorbed in the proximal tubule

Celiac disease (select all the correct statements):

Affects the brush border in the small intestine Results in flattened or eroded villi

1. Increase in Aldosterone and increase in ADH, both lead to:

An increase in the H2O reabsorption in the collecting duct

After Talapia fish are moved from sea water to fresh water, which transmembrane protein is massively downregulated?

CFTR

When we witness the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle, the following must have occurred (select all the correct answers)

Ca+ was released by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum An action potential travelled through the T-tubule of the muscle fiber An Increase in Ca+ resulted in the tropomyosin moving out The action (thin) filaments slid past the myosin (think) filaments The Z bands got closer to the M band

Catch muscles differ from skeletal muscle because:

Catch muscles can sustain tension in the absence of high Ca+2

Animals can obtain water by:

Condensing water on their surface Metabolizing carbohydrates Using capillary forces between the scales Eating Drinking

Match the name to the description of the heat transfer process

Convection - by mass movement of the molecules Radiation - by electromagnetic waves Evaporation - by the loss of molecules from a liquid in the form of a gas

Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose are

Converted to glucose or fructose so that they can be absorbed

Acclimation and adaptation strategies against low temperatures includes:

Different protein isoforms. Antifreeze in the plasma Counter-current systems Upregulation of glucose production

When Talapia is transferred from Sea water to fresh water, the following changes take place in the Gills

Downregulation of the CTRF channel expression and removal from membrane

A teleost in Sea water will osmoregulate by:

Drinking water excrete ions at the gills Concentrating its urine

An animal that can produce heat to make its body temperature go above ambient temperature, but does not keep its body temperature constant is called:

Endothermic Poikilotherm

(Multiple answers with partial credit and penalty)

Euryhalines Osmoregulators Ionoregulators

Lamprey fish in sea-water

Excrete salts at the gills Drink water Produce concentrated urine

The known method/s used by a cell to transport glucose across the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm include

Facilitated diffusion Methods used depends on the cell type Secondary active transport

An athlete could die due to dehydration (not enough water), but never from drinking too much water.

False

Lipids

Get repacked in the endoplasmic reticulum into chylomicrons

Salt glands:

Have a central duct where the sodium and chloride are excreted

Draw/explain: Strategies of a teleost fish or a Lamprey in fresh water and sea water

In sea water: drink, secrete salt at the gills, and concentrate urine at the kidneys In freshwater: Don't drink, uptake salt at the gills, dilute urine at the kidneys

Muscle innervation and activation in arthropod:

Involves inhibitory neurons Is particular because each muscle fiber is only innervated by one neuron

Twitchin

Is phosphorylated after if muscle is bathed in 5-HT. Is found in the smooth muscles of bivalves

SERCA:

Is responsible for pumping calcium back into the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Counter-current circulatory systems:

Is used by dolphins to prevent the blood coming back from the skin from cooling their body Are used by some animals to reduce heat transfer to the environment

The Osmolality of the interstitial space of the kidney medulla:

Its always higher than the osmolality of the blood

Metabolic rate may be expressed as:

Kilocalories per year Oxygen consumed per hour Joules per hour Calories per minute Carbon Dioxide produced by day

The nasal turbinates help to retain moisture. The most efficient nasal turbinates are those with:

Larger area and smaller distance to the center of the air stream

Match the excretory organ (left) with the animal (right)

Lingual salt Gland =Crocodiles Orbital Salt gland (head) =Birds Dentritic Organ =Marine Catfish Rectal Gland =Elasmobranchs

An increase in Aldosterone has an action in the kidney, and results in:

Lower amounts of K+ being absorbed into the blood Higher amounts of H2O being absorbed into the blood Higher amounts of Na+ being absorbed into the blood

The number of nephrons in a human kidney

May vary from 250,000 to 2.5 million Is in average 1 million

With regards to the Concentrations of body fluids. ____________ is used when referring to the concentration of a single type of solute (such as Na+). In contrast, ___________ is used when referring to the total concentration of the solution when all the solutes taken together.

Molarity | Osmolality

With regards to the concentrations of body fluids. ____________ is used when referring to the concentration of a single type of solute. In contrast, ___________ is used when referring to the total concentration of the solution when all the solutes taken together. MiliOsmollar and Milliequivalents have the same units when the __________ is _________

Molarity, Osmolality, electrolyte, monovalent

After Talapia teleost fish are moved from sea water to fresh water, which transmembrane protein is now found in the apical membrane of ionocytes (and no longer found in their basolateral membrane)?

NKCC

An animal has the same internal Osmolality as its external environment. However, the Molarity of Na+ in the blood serum is much lower than the Molarity of Na+ in the outside environment. This animal is therefore an:

Osmoconformer Ionoregulator

Hagfish are:

Osmoconformers Ionoregulators

An osmometer measures the ___________ of the sample. ____________ can be estimated with the equation 2x [na+] x [Glu/18] x [BUN/2.8].

Osmolality| Osmolality

This cell type produces granules with antimicrobial peptides

Paneth cell

The Solutes that leave the filtrated are being:

Reabsorbed

You can detect renal function has decreased by 30% by obtaining a blood panel and looking at the levels of :

SDMA

In order to maintain membrane fluidity when the ambient temperature increases animals increase the proportion of :

Saturated lipids

The main route by which glucose enters the enterocytes by:

Secondary transport on the SGLT

1. In the Nephron, creatinine is:

Secreted in the Proximal Tubule

Upon arriving in the lab, you notice that the Red Blood cells from sample A look shriveled, those from Sample B look like super inflated balloons, and the ones from sample C look like textbook disc shape. Given this observations, a reasonable explanation is that :

Solution A was hypertonic, Solution B was hypotonic and Solution C was isotonic to the RBCs

Why the SERCA so important for muscle action?

The SERCA is the pump that puts the calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum because when the muscles are activated the action potential comes down the tubule and that makes the sarcoplasmic reticulum release calcium. We need the calcium to go back so that we can retract our muscles again. The SERCA uses ATP to put the calcium back.

Brown Adipocytes are special cells because

The activation of UPC1 in the mitochondria leads to heat production

Animals are known to shift ____________ as an adaptation to the ambient temperature

The affinity of Lactase Dehydrogenase (LDH)

At the capillaries, the blood plasma fluid moves out, and the extracellular fluid moves into the capillary because:

The blood pressure drops from arterial to venous end, but the osmotic pressure stays the same

1. In Celiac disease:

The person may have trouble absorbing necessary nutrients The immune system mounts a response The brush border is affected. The villi end up being eroded

Lampreys and hagfish are similar because:

They are both jawless fish

Kangaroo rats can survive in the desert because:

They have overcome the need to drinking water They cover their water needs from food They reduce evaporative water loss with nasal turbines They make super dry feces

____________ have internalized their red muscles, which minimizes the loss of the heat to the environment. In contrast, __________ have evolved a heater organ on top of their eyes, which uses heat produced by _______________

Tuna | Marlin | Muscle SERCA Non shivering thermogenesis

What type of muscle cells would you expect to be the most prevalent in the muscles of Cheetahs and Cats?

Type 2 fast glycolytic

1. Pandas can't taste ____________ and cats can't taste ______________

Umami | Sweet

Primary active transport across the semipermeable cell membrane

Uses a pump Is believed to be one of the most energetically expensive processes in neurons Answer, Must take place before secondary active transport can occur Sets up a concentration gradient Uses ATP

Peptides enter the enterocytes by:

Using a proton-sodium antiporter

Pick the best word to complete the sentences ______ ionoconformers are osmoconformers. ______ osmoconformers are ionoconformers. ______ osmoregulators are ionoconformers.

___all___ ionoconformers are osmoconformers. ___some___ osmoconformers are ionoconformers. ___no ___ osmoregulators are ionoconformers.

Each muscle fiber

has many nuclei is one long cell that stretches the length of the muscle has invaginations of the sarcolemma called t-tubules

Along a capillary the osmotic pressure _____________ and the blood pressure _____________. The net difference between these two forces is what results in the intravascular fluid being _________ and then __________ the capillary.

remains constant | drops | filtered out of | reabsorbed into

Our skeletal muscle is:

striated

Nasal turbinates

their efficiency is related to their surface area Are very developed and complex in elephant seals

Camels can survive in the desert by/ by using:

their nephrons with long loop of Henle their nasal turbinates

Marlin can keep their eyes warm when they dive because

they use non-shivering muscle thermogenesis they have a heater organ above each eye

With regards to their osmoregulatory capabilities, pinnipeds and sea otters differ from cetaceans and manatees, because:

when placed in seawater, they can concentrate their urine above the concentration of seawater

Drosophila put through generations of desiccating conditions have:

A lower rate of evaporative water loss

Compared to a hippo, a mouse has:

A lower whole animal metabolic rate A higher mass specific metabolic rate

Osmosis is/involves

A passive process The movement of solvent A selectively semipermeable membrane

What is osmosis?

A process where the net water movement across the semipermeable membrane of a cell can be into cell, out of the cell or zero, depending on the conditions present

With regards to Blood Plasma Concentration Estimations: A) What is BUN? B) Why UREA and not Ammonia in our blood? C) Why is BUN divided by 2.8 in the following equation? D) Where is the 2.8 number from? (show your work). Estimation of Solution Concentration = 2x [na+] x [Glu/18] x [BUN/2.8]

A) Blood Urea Nitrogen B) Because Ammonia has higher toxicity C) Conversion factor to get the units in mol/l D) Since BUN accounts for only the nitrogen content of urea (molecular weight 28) urea accounts for the whole molecule (molecular weight 60) urea is approximately two times higher (60/28=2.14) than BUN

Rate of diffusion in Simple vs Facilitated diffusion transport. After looking at the graphs on the right, address the following questions: A) What relationship exists between concentration gradient and diffusion rate in simple diffusion vs facilitated diffusion? B) Why are the relationships different? C) If the concentration gradient is very high, which type will keep achieving much higher diffusion rates? D) If the concentration gradient is very low, which type achieves higher diffusion rates? E) Could you calculate the diffusion rate of Glucose with Fick's Law as we know it?

A) The Simple diffusion function is linear. the Facilitated diffusion is rectangular hyperbola B) At low concentrations, molecules pass through the carrier proteins in a way similar to that of simple diffusion. However, Carrier proteins may increase the rate of diffusion by allowing more solute to enter the cell. At the high concentration end, facilitated diffusion involves a limited number of carrier proteins, hence the rate saturates at some point. C) Simple diffusion D) They could be the same, or facilitated diffusion could have higher rates. E) No. Because diffusion of glucose is of the facilitated type. An additional term accounting for the dynamics of the carrier for Glucose would need to be added to Fick's law.

Contact lenses, an experiment: 1 st. You place two sets of contact lenses as follows for 24hours. Lens Set 1 placed in a storage solution hypoosomotic to tear film (150 mmol/kg) Lens Set 2 placed in a storage solution isoosomotic to tear film (300 mmol/kg). 2 nd After 24h hours, you replace both sets of solution with Fresh Isoosmotic solution: Lens set 1: the osmolality of the solution was 294.87±10.92 and 284.58±13.69 mmol/kg, before and after the lenses were immersed (respectively) Lens set 2: the osmolality of the solution was 295.57±11.93 and 299.92±12.31 mmol/kg, before and after the lenses were immersed (respectively). An ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p<0.01) between the osmolarities over the storage time. A) Does it matter whether you store the lenses in isosmotic or hypoosmotic solution? Why? B) Explain the results of the hypoosmotic treatment (what happened?) : C) What would happen if you were to wear the contact lenses that have been stored in hypoosmotic solution for 24hours? (i.e. Would you predict that wearing these contact lenses would reduce or further aggravate eye dryness?)

A) Yes, because it changes the amount of water that the lenses will carry. B)Storing the lenses in hypoosmotic solution for 24 hours, means that the lenses 'soaked up' water during that time. (i.e they inflated). The lenses were moved into a new solution of 294 mmol/kg. This new solution would have been hyperosmotic to the lenses. Thus, the water moved out of the lenses, diluting the new storage solution down to 284 mmol/kg. C) More water will be delivered to your eyes. In theory, this should reduce eye dryness. But! The timeline of the delivery, the resulting tear film osmolality, and whether the additional water affect the functionality of the lenses would need to be tested

Explain how a marathon runner may end up suffering from Exercise-associated hyponatremia and why it is so dangerous.

1. Exercise + environment = Heat‐> body cools downs by producing sweat 2. Lost of electrolytes and water 3. Person drinks water or electrolyte drink: Replenishes fluid, but not electrolytes 4. Osmolarity of the blood drops 5. Osmosis‐> interstitial fluid diluted 6. Osmosis‐> water moves into Cells‐> disruption of cell function/ and maybe death.