Exam 2 Study Guide
Starling's
"An increase in end-diastolic volume increases the stroke volume" is a way of stating ________ law of the heart. Finch's Hawking's Starling's Sparrow's Robin's
vasodilation
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except _________. vasodilation irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques elevated hematocrit increased sympathetic stimulation elevated levels of epinephrine
decreased; decreased
Hemorrhage would lead to a __________ preload and therefore __________ cardiac output. increased; decreased decreased; increased increased; increased decreased; decreased
11,250 ml / min
Calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 125 beats/minute, the end-diastolic volume is 130 ml, and the end-systolic volume is 40 ml. 11,250 ml / min 21,250 ml / min 16,250 ml / min 200 ml / min 195 ml / min
continuous capillaries
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called _____________. vasa vasorum sinusoidal capillaries sinusoids continuous capillaries fenestrated capillaries
pumps a greater volume
Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics, except that it _______. is round in cross section pumps a greater volume has a thicker wall produces about four to six times more pressure when it contracts works harder
diastole
What is the relaxed state of the ventricle called? ventricular filling systole ventricular ejection diastole
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
What occurs at the circled label "4" on the graph? isovolumetric ventricular relaxation isovolumetric ventricular contraction ventricular filling sympathetic stimulation ventricular ejection
peak systolic pressure
What occurs at the circled label "5" on the graph? peak systolic pressure isovolumetric systole ventricular refilling increased heart rate isovolumetric contraction
QRS complex
What part of the ECG tracing occurs just as ventricular volume reaches 130 mL? T wave QRS complex P wave There is no relationship between the ECG tracing and the ventricular volume curve.
a precapillary sphincter
What structure is indicated by the red arrow? a precapillary sphincter an arteriovenous anastomosis the thoroughfare channel the metarteriole
smooth muscle and scattered elastic fibers
What tissue types and features are found in the layer indicated by the red arrow? endothelium and basement membrane endothelium smooth muscle and scattered elastic fibers connective tissue and basement membrane
stroke volume
What volume is labeled "E" on the graph? end-systolic volume cardiac output end-diastolic volume total cardiac volume stroke volume
angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I
When renin is released from the kidney, blood flow to the kidneys decreases blood pressure goes down angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I
open
When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then ________. make the third heart sound prolapse close open contract
arteriole
Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel? venule arteriole artery vein capillary
right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium
Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit? right ventricle, pulmonary veins, aorta left ventricle, pulmonary veins, right atrium inferior vena cava, right atrium, aorta superior vena cava, right atrium, left ventricle right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium
cusp of tricuspid valve
Identify the structure labeled "6." aortic semilunarvalve cusp of tricuspid valve ligamentum arteriosum bicuspid valve pulmonary semilunar valve
papillary muscles
Identify the structure labeled "8." pectinate muscles papillary muscles trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae moderator band
100
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg. 105 100 90 210 93
the ventricles will beat more slowly
If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked, _______. the ventricles will beat more slowly the ventricles will beat faster the ventricular beat will remain unchanged cardiac output will increase the atria will contract more forcefully
decrease
If the force of ventricular contraction increases, what will happen to the end-systolic volume? decrease remain the same reduced to zero increase fluctuate rapidly
heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize
If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the ______. heart rate will decrease cells will hyperpolarize heart rate will increase heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize cells will depolarize.
atrial repolarization
On an ECG, what phase of the cardiac cycle is masked by the QRS complex? atrial repolarization atrial depolarization ventricular depolarization ventricular repolarization
can spontaneously depolarize
Pacemaker cells in the SA node ________. also contract with the rest of the cells in the heart wall are special neurons that convey signals from the brain to the heart have a well-defined resting potential can spontaneously depolarize All of the answers are correct.
80 - 100
Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute. 140 - 180 100 - 140 20 - 40 80 - 100 40 - 60
ventricular diastole
Passive refilling of the heart occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle? atrial diastole ventricular systole isovolumetric contraction ventricular diastole
QRS complex
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing. T wave QRS complex P wave P-R interval R-T interval
the presence of a plateau phase in cardiac muscle cells
An action potential in cardiac muscle cells is the same as an action potential in skeletal muscle cells EXCEPT for ______. as the membrane potential approaches +30mV, the voltage-gated sodium channels close, and sodium begins to be actively transported out of the cell the presence of a plateau phase in cardiac muscle cells the movement of potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization at threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, and there is a massive influx of sodium ions
both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure
An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will trigger a reflex to _______. decrease heart rate increase heart rate decrease blood pressure both increase heart rate and increase pressure both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure
stroke volume
Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except _________. the duration of the ventricular action potential the effects of drugs and poisons heart rate stroke volume the condition of the conducting system
stroke volume
Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following, except the __________. condition of the conducting system heart rate stroke volume effects of drugs and poisons duration of the ventricular action potential
efferent; afferent
Artery is to ________ as vein is to ________. efferent; afferent afferent; efferent toward; away afferent; away efferent; away
tetany
As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit ________. tetany fatigue tonus recruitment treppe
conus arteriosus
As blood leaves the right ventricle it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk. aorta pulmonary veins conus arteriosus superior vena cava inferior vena cava
1 second
At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts _______. 60 milliseconds 1 second 60 seconds 630 milliseconds 370 milliseconds
equal to
Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output. much higher than somewhat higher than equal to somewhat lower than much lower than
arterioles dilate
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the ________. level of carbon dioxide at the tissue decreases level of oxygen at the tissue increases arterioles dilate arterioles constrict veins constrict
tricuspid
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve. pulmonary semilunar tricuspid bicuspid aortic semilunar mitral
left coronary artery
Blood is supplied to the left atrium by the _____________. phrenic arteries. left coronary artery brachiocephalic artery right coronary artery pulmonary arteries
the coronary arteries
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by _________. contact with blood in the pumping chambers arteries that branch off the subclavian arteries the coronary sinus arteries that branch from the pulmonary arteries the coronary arteries
pulmonary valve
Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the _______. mitral valve aortic valve bicuspid valve tricuspid valve pulmonary valve
estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff
Blood pressure is determined by _________. estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff listening carefully to the pulse measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle measuring the size of the pulse
left atrium
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the _____________. left atrium right atrium right ventricle conus arteriosus left ventricle
Aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve.
Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole? Ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure so the ventricle cannot eject blood. The ventricle is still filling with blood and therefore cannot eject blood during this time. The bicuspid valve needs time to shut before the ventricle can eject blood. Aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve. The ventricle needs to pressurize the blood to close the aortic valve.
prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria
Contractions of the papillary muscles ______________. prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria eject blood from the ventricles eject blood from the atria into the ventricles close the semilunar valves close the atrioventricular valves
P wave
Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the EKG's _________. S-T segment QT interval QRS complex P wave T wave
decrease heart rate
Drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will _______. increase cardiac output increase contractility increase heart rate decrease the end-systolic volume decrease heart rate
calcium
During the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential, which ion is entering the cardiac muscle cell? potassium hydrogen calcium sodium
AV valves are closed
During ventricular systole, the _______. pressure in the ventricles remains constant atria are contracting AV valves are closed blood is entering the ventricles pressure in the aorta remains constant
increased hematocrit
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except _______. increased hematocrit increased blood pressure relaxation of precapillary sphincters decreased peripheral resistance increased vessel diameter
parasympathetic stimulation
Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output except increased _________. force of contraction parasympathetic stimulation heart rate sympathetic stimulation venous return
increased blood concentration of glucose
Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output except __________. increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart increased venous return increased blood concentration of glucose stimulation of the heart by epinephrine decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected? The QRS duration will be longer. The ventricles will stop beating. There will be much bigger P waves. The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes. The P-R interval will be shorter.
cardiac output
If you know both the heart rate and stroke volume, you can calculate the __________. cardiac output ejection fraction end-systolic volume end-diastolic volume
about 20 percent of the calcium ion required for contraction comes from outside the cell
In cardiac muscle ________. calcium ions are not released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ions play an important role in repolarizing the membrane after the depolarization phase about 20 percent of the calcium ion required for contraction comes from outside the cell calcium ions play no role in the process of contraction calcium ions do not bind to troponin molecules
increased membrane permeability to sodium ions
In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of ________. increased membrane permeability to potassium ions increased membrane permeability to sodium ions decreased membrane permeability to sodium ions increased membrane permeability to chloride ions decreased membrane permeability to calcium ions
left atrium
In mitral valve prolapse, the cusps of the mitral valve are pushed into the ________. right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle
artery
In what vessel is blood pressure the highest? venule arteriole vein artery capillary
All of the answers are correct
Intercalated discs serve to transfer ________ from cell to cell. electrical signals the force of contraction action potentials ionic currents All of the answers are correct
right atrium
Into which chamber of the heart will blood flow next after the vessel indicated by the red arrow? Left ventricle Right ventricle Right atrium Left atrium
Both AV valves are forced shut while both semilunar valves are forced open.
Predict the position of the valves when the ventricles contract. Both AV valves are forced shut while both semilunar valves are forced open. Both AV valves and semilunar valves are forced open. Both AV valves and semilunar valves are forced shut. Both AV valves are forced open while both semilunar valves are forced shut.
decreases blood flow
Resistance is a force that _________. is always higher than blood pressure decreases blood flow never changes in a blood vessel increases blood flow acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.
Select the correct statement about cardiac output. Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume. If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased. A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases.
All of the answers are correct
Stroke volume depends on _________. venous return of blood to the heart the pressure required to pump blood into the aorta the contractility of the ventricle end-diastolic volume All of the answers are correct
the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes
Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because ______. neural stimulation is lacking the refractory period ends before the muscle reaches peak tension the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own potassium channels outnumber sodium channels
contraction of both atria
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is closely followed by __________. contraction of both atria contraction of the right atrium relaxation of both atria contraction of the left atrium
coronary arteries
The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium. cardiac veins carotid arteries superior vena cava coronary sinus coronary arteries
end-diastolic volume
The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole. stroke volume start-diastolic volume ejection fraction end-systolic volume end-diastolic volume
bicuspid
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. tricuspid bicuspid semicaval pulmonic semilunar
cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute during the cardiac cycle is called the __________. stroke volume cardiac output end-systolic volume ejection fraction
venous return
The amount of blood returning to the heart is the _________. afterload venous return stroke volume end-diastolic volume cardiac reserve
Serous pericardium
The arrow indicates the pericardial cavity. What term best describes the membrane on both sides of the cavity? Pericardium Pericardial sac Serous pericardium Stratified squamous epithelium
systole
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called _______. diastole hyperpolarization systole asystole depolarization
Q-T interval
The duration of the ventricular action potential is approximately equal to the __________ interval in the electrocardiogram. ST interval Q-T interval QRS duration PR interval
coronary
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries. subclavian carotid coronary pulmonary circumflex
AV valves close
The first heart sound is heard when the _______. atria contract semilunar valves close AV valves close AV valves open blood enters the aorta
5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
collect blood then pump it to the ventricle
The function of an atrium is to _____________. pump blood to the lungs pump blood into the systemic circuit collect blood then pump it to the ventricle collect blood pump blood to the ventricle
coronary sinus
The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the ______. superior vena cava coronary sulcus inferior vena cava coronary sinus
All of the answers are correct
The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain arteries contain fat contain veins are grooves on the surface of the heart All of the answers are correct
calcium channels remaining open
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to _________. increased membrane permeability to sodium ions movement of fewer sodium ions across the cell membrane calcium channels remaining open decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane increased membrane permeability to potassium ion
prevent the AV valves from reversing into the atria
The papillary muscles function to __________. push blood from the atria into the ventricles prevent the AV valves from reversing into the atria close the AV valves eject blood from the ventricles
oxygenated; left atrium
The right pulmonary veins carry ________ blood to the ________ . deoxygenated; right atrium deoxygenated; left atrium deoxygenated; superior vena cava oxygenated; right lung oxygenated; left atrium
370 msec
The systolic part (both atrial and ventricular) of a cardiac cycle lasts, on average, ______. 100 msec 3 seconds 800 msec 370 msec 5 seconds
contractile
The two types of cardiac muscle cells involved in a normal heartbeat include specialized cells of the conducting system and ________ cells. conductive internodal contractile pacemaker intercalated
epicardium
The visceral pericardium is the same as the parietal pericardium epicardium mediastinum endocardium myocardium
stroke volume
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the ______. end-systolic volume stroke volume cardiac reserve cardiac output end-diastolic volume
osmolarity of interstitial fluids
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the ___________. length of a blood vessel turbulence blood viscosity blood vessel diameter osmolarity of interstitial fluids
back pressure exerted by arterial blood
What best describes afterload? contractility of cardiac muscle cardiac reserve back pressure exerted by arterial blood degree of stretch of the heart muscle
Left atrium is in systole
What is occurring in the left atrium at the circle labeled "2" on the graph? Left atrium is receiving pressure from the left ventricle Left atrium is pressurizing the left ventricle Left atrial pressure is decreasing Left atrium is in diastole Left atrium is in systole
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
What is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta? 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6
Blood pressure continuously drops as blood flows through the systemic circulation.
Which of the following can be stated based on at least one of the graphs shown here? Blood speeds up as it enters capillaries. Blood pressure rises as blood flows from the smaller capillaries to the larger venules. Blood flow continuously slows down through the systemic circulation. Blood pressure continuously drops as blood flows through the systemic circulation.
increased vagal tone
Which of the following cannot trigger tachycardia? cardiovascular center increased sympathetic stimulation increased vagal tone increased venous return
slow down heart rate
Which of the following is a function of the nerve indicated by the red arrow? increase strength of heart contraction slow down heart rate stimulate opening of the heart valves speed up heart rate
Increased contractility
Which of the following is appropriate for the box identified with a question mark? Increased ESV Increased contractility Decreased afterload Decreased EDV
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
Which of the following volumes should be the greatest? end-systolic volume (ESV) end-diastolic volume (EDV) end systolic volume (ESV) stroke volume (SV) end-diastolic volume (EDV)
Interventricular septum
Which of the following will receive electrical impulses next, after the structure indicated by the red arrow? Pacemaker cells Apex of the heart Auricles of the right and left atria Interventricular septum
pericardial fluid
With the force of the head-on collision, the patient's chest collided with the steering wheel, causing fractures of the anterior chest wall, including the sternum and ribs. The heart itself, located just deep to the sternum, was injured and began bleeding into the pericardial cavity. What is normally found in the pericardial cavity? pericardial fluid air blood synovial fluid
Bradycardia; tachycardia
________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate. Angina; infarction Bradycardia; tachycardia Bradycardia; cardiomyopathy Cardiac tamponade; bradycardia Tachycardia; bradycardia
