Exam 2 Study Questions

The waterproof region around the radial and transverse walls of endodermal cells is the a) Casparian strip b) pericycle c) apoplast d) symplast e) pneumatophore

a) Casparian strip

After fertilization, the ______ develop(s) into a fruit and the ______ develop(s) into a seed. a) ovary; ovule b) polar nuclei; ovule c) ovary; endosperm d) ovule; ovary e) ovule; polar nuclei

a) ovary; ovule

Cork cambium and the tissues it produces are collectively called a) periderm b) lenticels c) cortex d) epidermis e) wood

a) periderm

The transfer of pollen grains from the male to the female reproductive structure is known as a) pollination b) fertilization c) embryo sac development d) seed development e) fruit development

a) pollination

___ is a leaf that arose from a branch system. a) An antheridium b) A microphyll c) A megaphyll d) A sorus e) A microspore

c) A megaphyll

In plants that lack endosperm in their mature seeds, the cotyledons function to a) enclose and protect the seed b) aid in seed dispersal c) serve as an absorptive embryonic root d) store food reserves e) attach the embryo within the ovule

d) store food reserves

In plant life cycles a) the first products of meiosis are gametes b) spores are part of the diploid sporophyte generation c) the embryo gives rise to a zygote d) the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the zygote e) the first stage in the haploid gametophyte generation is the prothallus

d) the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the zygote

The observation that insects with long mouth parts pollinate long, tubular flowers and insects with short mouthparts pollinate flowers with short corollas is explained by a) coevolution b) germination c) double fertilization d) apomixis e) explosive dehiscence

a) coevolution

The apoplast is a) a layer of cells that surround the vascular region in roots b) the layer of cells just inside the endodermis c) a system of interconnected plant cell walls through which water moves d) the central cylinder of the root that comprises the vascular tissues e) a continuum of cytoplasm of many cells, all connected by plasmodesmata

c) a system of interconnected plant cell walls through which water moves

Stomatal opening is most pronounced in response to ______ light. a) green b) yellow c) blue d) ultraviolet e) infrared

c) blue

There are at least ______ species of flowering plants worldwide. a) 300 b) 3000 c) 30,000 d) 300,000 e) 3,000,000

d) 300,000

Plants probably descended from a group of green algae called a) rhyniophytes b) Calamites c) epiphytes d) charophytes e) club mosses

d) charophytes

Gas exchange occurs through microscopic pores formed by two a) subsidiary cells b) abscission cells c) mesophyll cells d) guard cells e) stipules

d) guard cells

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon are collectively known as a) micronutrients b) microvilli c) micronuclei d) macronuclei e) macronutrients

e) macronutrients

At sunrise, the accumulation in the guard cells of the osmotically active substance ______ causes an inflow of water and the opening of the pore. a) protons b) starch c) ATP synthase d) sucrose e) potassium ions

e) potassium ions

This flowering plant may be the nearest living relative to the ancestor of all flowering plants. a) Amborella b) Archaeopteris c) Gnetum d) water lily e) magnolia

a) Amborella

The waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the a) cuticle b) archegonium c) protonema d) stoma e) thallus

a) cuticle

When transpiration is negligible, plants such as grasses exude excess water by a) guttation b) circadian rhythm c) abscission d) pumping H+ out of and K+ into guard cells e) photosynthesis

a) guttation

The green, gametangia-bearing moss plant a) is the haploid gametophyte generation b) is the diploid sporophyte generation c) is called a protonema d) contains cells with single large chloroplasts e) b and c

a) is the haploid gametophyte generation

Mutually beneficial associations between certain soil fungi and the roots of most plant species are called a) mycorrhizae b) pneumatophores c) nodules d) rhizobia e) humus

a) mycorrhizae

There is a trade-off between photosynthesis and transpiration in leaves because a) numerous stomatal pores provide both gas exchange for photosynthesis and openings through which water vapor escapes b) a waxy layer, the cuticle, reduces water loss c) blue light triggers an influx of potassium ions (K+) into the guard cells d) leaves of deciduous plants abscise as winter approaches in temperate climates e) stomata are closed at night, although water continues to move into the roots by osmosis

a) numerous stomatal pores provide both gas exchange for photosynthesis and openings through which water vapor escapes

Which of the following is a mechanism of phloem transport in which dissolved sugar is moved by means of a pressure gradient that exists between the source and the sink? a) pressure-flow b) tension-cohesion c) root pressure d) active transport of potassium ions into guard cells e) guttation

a) pressure-flow

Anatomically, the abscission zone where a petiole detaches from a stem consists of a) thin-walled parenchyma cells with few fibers b) thick-walled cork parenchyma cells c) clusters of fibers and collenchyma strands d) hard, pointed stipules e) epidermal cells with sunken stomata

a) thin-walled parenchyma cells with few fibers

A simple pistil consists of a single a) calyx b) carpel c) ovule d) filament e) petal

b) carpel

The nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants that is formed from the union of a sperm cell and two polar nuclei is called the a) plumule b) endosperm c) cotyledon d) hypocotyl e) radicle

b) endosperm

The two lateral meristems responsible for secondary growth are a) phloem and xylem b) epidermis and periderm c) primary xylem and secondary xylem d) cortex and pith

b) epidermis and periderm

Conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes are collectively called a)club mosses b) gymnosperms c)angiosperms d)eudicots e) seedless vascular plants

b) gymnosperms

Root hairs a) cover and protect the delicate root apical meristem b) increase the absorptive capacity of roots c) secrete a waxy cuticle d) orient the root so that it grows downward e) store excess sugars produced in the leaves

b) increase the absorptive capacity of roots

A strengthening compound found in cell walls of vascular plants is a) chitin b) lignin c) cutin d) cellulose e) carotenoid

b) lignin

Certain plants adapted to flooded soil produce aerial "breathing" roots known as a) fibrous roots b) pneumatophores c) mycorrhizae d) nodules e) prop roots

b) pneumatophores

Which of the following statements is false? a) primary growth is an increase in the length of a plant b) primary growth occurs at both apical and lateral meristems c) all plants have primary growth d) herbaceous stems have primary growth, whereas woody stems have both primary and secondary growth e) buds are embryonic shoots that contain apical meristems

b) primary growth occurs at both apical and lateral meristems

Each annual ring in a section of wood represents one year's growth of a) primary xylem secondary xylem b) primary xylem or secondary xylem in alternate years c) primary phloem d) secondary phloem

b) primary xylem or secondary xylem in alternate years

After fertilization, the ovule develops into a ______, and the ovary develops into a ______. a) fruit; seed b) seed; fruit c) calyx; corolla d) corolla; calyx e) follicle; legume

b) seed; fruit

Which of the following is a mechanism of water movement in xylem that combines the evaporative pull of transpiration with the cohesive and adhesive properties of water? a) pressure- flow b) tension-cohesion c) root pressure d) active transport of potassium ions into guard cells e) guttation

b) tension-cohesion

Which of the following is not a characteristic of plants? a) cuticle b) unicellular gametangia c) stomata d) multicellular embryo e) alternation of generations

b) unicellular gametangia

How does increasing solute concentration affect water potential? a) water potential becomes more positive b) water potential becomes more negative c) water potential becomes more positive under certain conditions and more negative under other conditions d) water potential is not affected by solute concentration e) water potential is always zero when solutes are dissolved in water

b) water potential becomes more negative

One main root, formed from the enlarging embryonic root, with many smaller lateral roots branching off it is a) a fibrous root system b) an adventitious root system c) a taproot system d) a storage root system e) a prop root system

c) a taproot system

______ fruits develop from many ovaries of a single flower, whereas ______ fruits develop from the ovaries of many separate flowers. a) multiple; accessory b) simple; accessory c) aggregate; multiple d) accessory; aggregate e) simple; multiple

c) aggregate; multiple

Stomata a) help prevent desiccation of plant tissues b) transport water and minerals through plant tissues c) allow gas exchange for photosynthesis d) strengthen cell walls e) produce male gametes

c) allow gas exchange for photosynthesis

The process of ______ in flowering plants involves one sperm cell fusing with an egg cell and one sperm cell fusing with two polar nuclei. a) coevolution b) germination c) double fertilization d) apomixis e) pollination

c) double fertilization

The female gametophyte in flowering plants is also called the a) polar nuclei b) anther c) embryo sac d) endosperm e) sporophyll

c) embryo sac

Which of the following statements about ferns is not true? a) ferns have motile sperm cells that swim through water to the egg-containing archegonium b) ferns are vascular plants c) ferns are the most economically important group of bryophytes d) the fern sporophyte consists of a rhizome, roots, and fronds e) the diversity of ferns is greatest in the tropics

c) ferns are the most economically important group of bryophytes

These plants have hollow, jointed stems that are impregnated with silica. a) mosses b) club mosses c) horsetails d) whisk ferns e) hornworts

c) horsetails

Plants with an alternate leaf arrangement have a) blades divided into two or more leaflets b) major veins that radiate out from one point c) one leaf at each node d) major veins branching off along the entire length of the midvein e) two leaves at each node

c) one leaf at each node

The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is a) fertilization b) double fertilization c) pollination d) germination e) apomixis

c) pollination

Which of the following is a mechanism of water movement in xylem that is responsible for guttation? a) pressure-flow b) tension-cohesion c) root pressure d) active transport of potassium ions into guard cells e) transpiration

c) root pressure

Plants obtain positively charged mineral ions from clay particles in the soil by cation exchange, in which a) roots passively absorb the positively charged mineral ions b) mineral ions flow freely along porous cell walls c) roots secrete protons, which free other positively charged mineral ions to be absorbed by roots d) the Casparian strip effectively blocks the passage of water and mineral ions along the endodermal cell wall e) a well developed system of internal air spaces in the root allows both gas exchange and cation exchange

c) roots secrete protons, which free other positively charged mineral ions to be absorbed by roots

The normal order of whorls from the flower's periphery to the center is a) sepals, petals, carpels, stamens b) stamens, carpels, sepals, petals c) sepals, petals, stamens, carpels d) petals, carpels, stamens, sepals e) carpels, stamens, petals, sepals

c) sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

Modified leaves that enable a stem to climb are called ______, whereas modified leaves that cover the winter buds of a dormant woody plant are called ______ a) spines; bud scales b) bud scales; tendrils c) tendrils; bud scales d) tendrils; spines e) carnivorous leaves; spines

c) tendrils; bud scales

The bryophytes a) include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts b) include whisk ferns, horsetails, and club mosses c) are small plants that lack a vascular system d) a and c

d) a and c

Which of the following statements about soil is true? a) pore spaces are always filled with about 50% air and 50% water b) a single teaspoon of fertile agricultural soil may contain up to several hundred living microorganisms c) the texture of a soil is determined by the soil's pH d) a soil's organic matter includes litter, droppings, and the dead remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms e) soil formation is unaffected by a region's climate or topography

d) a soil's organic matter includes litter, droppings, and the dead remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms

The primary function of the spongy mesophyll is a) reducing water loss from the leaf surface b) changing the shape of the guard cells c) supporting the leaf to prevent it from collapsing under its own weight d) diffusing gases within the leaf e) deterring herbivores

d) diffusing gases within the leaf

Axillary buds are located a) at the tips of stems b) in unusual places, such as on roots c) in the region between two successive nodes d) in the upper angle between a leaf and the stem to which it is attached e) within the loosely arranged cells of lenticels

d) in the upper angle between a leaf and the steam to which it is attached

A flower that lacks stamens is both ______ and ______. a) complete; imperfect b) incomplete; perfect c) complete; perfect d) incomplete; imperfect

d) incomplete; imperfect

Which of the following is not an adaptation of pine needles to conserve water? a) less surface area exposed to the air than thin-bladed leaves b) a relatively thick cuticle c) sunken stomata d) netted veins instead of parallel veins e) both c and d are not adaptations of pine needles

d) netted veins instead of parallel veins

The cell layer from which lateral roots originate is the a) epidermis b) cortex c) endodermis d) pericycle e) vascular cambium

d) pericycle

The immature male gametophytes of pine are called a) ovules b) stamens c) seed cones d) pollen grains e) polar nuclei

d) pollen grains

A horizontal underground stem that may or may not be fleshy and that is often specialized for asexual reproduction is called a a) stolon b) bulb c) corm d) rhizome e) tuber

d) rhizome

A pistil consists of a) stigma, style, and stamen b) anther and filament c) sepal and petal d) stigma, style, and ovary e) radicle, hypocotyl, and plumule

d) stigma, style, and ovary

These plants have vascularized stems but lack true roots and leaves. a) mosses b) club mosses c) horsetails d) whisk ferns e) hornworts

d) whisk ferns

Seed plants lack which of the following structure(s)? a) ovules surrounded by integuments b) microspores and megaspores c) vascular tissues d) a large, nutritionally independent sporophyte e) a large, nutritionally independent gametophyte

e) a large, nutritionally independent gametophyte

Ground tissue in monocot stems performs the same functions as ______ and ______ in herbaceous eudicot stems. a) phloem; xylem b) cork cambium; vascular cambium c) epidermis; periderm d) primary xylem; secondary xylem e) cortex; pith

e) cortex; pith

The thin, noncellular layer of wax secreted by the epidermis of leaves is the a) stoma b) abscission zone c) trichome d) bundle sheath e) cuticle

e) cuticle

Motile sperm cells are found as vestiges in these two gymnosperm groups: a) monocots, eudicots b) gnetophytes, conifers c) gnetophytes, flowering plants d) cycads, conifers e) cycads, ginkgo

e) cycads, ginkgo

Water potential is a) the formation of a proton gradient across a cell membrane b) the transport of a watery solution of sugar in phloem c) the transport of water in both xylem and phloem d) the removal of sucrose at the sink, causing water to move out of the sieve tubes e) the free energy of water in a particular situation

e) the free energy of water in a particular situation