Exam 2

Steps for cardiac conduction

1. Once the impulse leaves the S-A Node, it passes into the atrial syncytium and the atria contract almost simultaneously 2. From there, the impulse travels along a system continuous with the atrial muscle fiber and into the A-V node which is the only normal route to the ventricular syncytia. 3. Because of the small diameter of the nerve fibers, the impulse is slowed enough for the atria to empty and the ventricles to fill with blood. 4. From here, the impulse passed through the A-V node, which is comprised of larger diameter nerves 5. The impulse speeds up and splits into two branches on the way to the Purkinje fibers. 6. These fibers are even larger and cause the impulse to move even faster. \ 7. The Purkinje fibers branch into the pulmonary muscles and downward to the apex of the heart 8. There, they curve upward and branch along the entire walls of the ventricles until they become continuous with the cardiac muscle fibers 9. The whorl design of the myocardium causes the ventricles to contract in a wringing motion that squeezes the blood out and into the arteries.

The ABO blood groups are based on two antigens: antigen _ and antigen _. A) A; B B) A; O C) AB; O D) B; O

A) A; B

Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (~70%) is ____. A) dissolved blood plasma B) bound to hemoglobin C) ultimately transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide E) carried by WBC

A) Dissolved in plasma

What statement regarding compliance is incorrect? A) High compliance leads to difficulty in breathing B) Low compliance dramatically increases energy needed for breathing C) A decrease in surfactant decreases compliance D) A loss of supporting tissues due to alveolar damage, as in emphysema, increases compliance E) Compliance is the ease with which lungs can be expanded as a result of pressure changes ocurring during breathing

A) High compliance leads to difficulty in breathing

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both testes and ovaries? A) Inhibin B) estrogens C) progestins D) androgens E) Renin

A) Inhibin

Substances that the body recognizes as foreign are called A) antigens B) antibodies C) formed elements D) megakaryocytes

A) antigens

If you carry the Rh antigen, you are referred to as Rh ______. A) positive B) sensitive C) negative D) compatible

A) positive

Pulmonary ventilation refers to ____. A) the movement of air into and out of the lungs B) the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood C) the movement of dissolved gasses from the blood to the interstitial space D) the movement of dissolved gases from the interstital space to the cells E) the utilization of O2

A) the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Which statement below explains why carbon monoxide is toxic? A) the toxic effect of CO occurs because it comines with the hemoglobin more effectively than O2 does B) Becasue is combine with the H+ in the blood changing the blood pH C) Because it binds to muscle cells altering blood temperature D) because it does dissociate readily from hemoglobin, thereby leaving more hemoglobin available for oxygen transport

A) the toxic effect of CO occurs because it comines with the hemoglobin more effectively than O2 does

A person with type B blood can receive blood from blood type(s). A) AB; B B) B; O C) A, B, AB, O D) B, O, AB

B) B; O

Levels of which of the following are responsible for regulating respiratory activities under normal conditions? A) O2 B) Co2 C) bicarbonate ions D) sodium ions E) hemoglobin

B) CO2

The inspiratory muscles that contract so we can inspire are the ___ and ____. A) rectus abdominis; external oliques B) diaphragm; external intercostals C) trapezius; latissmus dorsi D) diaphragm; external obliques

B) Diaphragm and external intercostals

The first heart sound is produced as the atrioventricular valves ____ and the semilunar valves ___. A) open;close B) close: open C) open;open D) close; close

B) close: open

Which of the following statements in the sequence for early diastole is incorrect? A) At the end of systole, all four valves are briefly closed at the same time B) Second heart sound is heard as semilunar valves close, "dup" sound C) Closure prevents blood backflow into the atriums D) Ventricular pressure is low and the atrioventriculuar valves open

C) Closure prevents blood backflow into the atrium

The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n) ___ effect A) antagonistic effect B) synergistic effect C) permissive effect D) opposing effect E) integrative effect

C) Permissive effect

Which of the following statements regarding RBC's shape is incorrect? A) The RBCs shaoe enables the cells to stay rigid and inflexible B) The RBCs shape enables the cells to form stacks called rouleaux C) The RBCs shape also enables the calls to stack and break apart without affecting the integrity or function of the RBC D) The RBCs shape also enables the cell stacks to smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels, such as capillaries E) The RBcs shape also enables the cells to force their way through narrow vessels

C) The RBCs shape also enables the calls to stack and break apart without affecting the integrity or function of the RBC

The most important chemical stimulus leading to increased rate and depth of breathing is ______. A) decreased O2 level in the blood B) increased blood pH C) increased CO2 level in the blood D) Increased hydrogen ion in the blood E) decreased carbon dioxide in the blood

C) increased CO2 level in the blood

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation? A) stem cell, erythroblasts stage, proerythroblasts stage, reticulocyte, RBC B) hemocytoblast, myeloblast, reticulocyte, megakaroctye, RBC C) myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC D) monoblast, promonocyte, myelocyte, band cell, RBC

C) myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

The second heart sound is heard when ____. A) The AV valve opens B) the AV valve closes C) the semilunar valves close D) the atria contract E) blood enters the aorta

C) the semilunar valves close

When antibodies bind to antigens on foreign blood types, clumping or ____ occurs. A) coagulation B) hematopoiesis C)agglutination D) alkalosis

C)agglutination

The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by A) the pterygoids B) the abdominal muscles C) internal intercostal muscles D) atmospheric pressure E) the digastric muscles

D) Atmospheric pressure

Which is the following statements in the sequence for ventricular systole is incorrect? A) Blood pressure rises as ventricles prepare to contract B) Atrioventricular valves close causes first heart beat sound C) Semilunar valves opens as blood pushes against them D) Blood travels out of the atriums through the pulmonary trunk and arota E) Atria are relaxed and filling with blood

D) Blood travels out of the atria through the pulmonary trunk and aorta *travels through the AV valves

The respiratory conducting passageways perform all of the following functions EXCEPT: A) allow air to reach the lungs B) purify air C) humidity air D) exchange gases E) warm incoming air

D) Exchange gases

As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of the RBCs? A) Hemoglobin binds oxygen and releases its bound carbon dioxide B) Hemoglobin releases CO2 and O2 C) Hemoglobin binds O2 and CO2 D) Hemoglobin binds CO2 and releases its bound O2 E) Hemoglobin gains an increase in its O2- carrying capacity

D) Hemoglobin binds CO2 and releases its bound O2

Capillary exchange of gases and nutrients move to and from the blood and tissue cells through capillary walls due to concentration gradients. Which of the following statements is NOT a possible route substances can take to enter or leave the blood? A) Direct diffusion through membranes B) Diffusion through intercellular membranes C) Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries D) Osmosis E) Transport via vesicles

D) Osmosis

The amount of oxygen bound (or released) by hemoglobin depends primarily on which of the following? A) P CO2 of its surroundings B) P N2 of its surrounding C) the carbonic anhydrase available D) P O2 of its surroundings E) the effect of the chloride shift

D) P O2 of its surroundings

Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which of the adrenal hormones? A) cortisol B) erythropoetin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) renin

D) aldosterone

The chief difference between plasma and serum involves the A) amount of water B) quantity of electrolytes C) quantity of organic wastes D) presence/absence of clotting proteins E) concentration of glucose

D) presence/absence of clotting proteins

A hemoglobin molecule contains____. A) 3 protein chains, 4 heme groups, and 2 iron ions B) 2 protein chains, 2 heme groups, and 4 iron ions C) 4 protein chains, 2 heme groups, and 2 iron ions D)4 protein chains, 4 heme groups, and 4 iron ions E) 4 protein chains, 6 heme groups, and 2 iron ions

D)4 protein chains, 4 heme groups, and 4 iron ions

In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound? A) urobilin B) bilirubin C) stercobilin D) transferrin E) Biliverdin

E) Biliverdin

Which of the follow is not one of the six key hormones required for normal growth? A)GH B) TH C) Insulin D) PTH E) ADH

E) ADH

Without mitochondria, RBCs relatively inefficient in terms of energy use, but advantages of RBC function. Why? A) it ensures that its iron component will interact with the plasma protein, transferrin B) It stimulates the conversion of yellow bone marrow to red bone marrow. C) It stimulates the absorption of vit. B12 D) It ensures that its iron component is converted to bilirubin E) It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues

E) It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues

Which of the following statements regarding the blood is incorrect? A) Blood is a fluid form of CT, containing cells suspended i a fluid extracellular matrix B) Plasma makes up 50-60% of blood volume C) More than 90% of plasma is water D) Plasma is similar to extracellular fluid E) Na+, K+, CL-, and Ca++ ions in the cytoplasm of cells are similar concentrations as that of the plasma and interstitial fluid outside of the cells.

E) Na+, K+, CL-, and Ca++ ions in the cytoplasm of cells are similar concentrations as that of the plasma and interstitial fluid outside of the cells.

Nervous system regulates the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is incorrect? A) When the body needs the heart to slow down, the medulla oblongata sends the impulse down the parasympathetic tracts to the S-A and A-V nodes B) The release of acetyl CoA causes the heart to decrease in activity, by increasing K+, decreasing Ca+ and Na+ movement C) These nerves, parasympathetic nerves, secrete norepinephrine, which causes the heart to speed up and increase the force of its contractions D) The cardiac center of the medulla controls the impulses from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves by interpreting information from the baroreceptors in the aortic sinus and aortic arch, and the carotid sinuses in the carotid arteries. E) None are incorrect

E) None of the above statements is incorrect

Preparation of the uterus for implantation results from stimulation by___. A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) testosterone D) mineralocorticoids E) progesterone

E) Progesterone

Which statement is correct regarding the heart wall? A) the endothelium consists of cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves B) The myocardium is comprised of a simple squamous epithelium and an underlying later of areolar tissue. C) the endocardium is the visceral pericardium D) The cardiac muscle tissue forms bands that wrap around the ventricles and spiral into the wall of the atria E) The epicardium is a serous membrane that consists of an exposed epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue

E) The epicardium is a serous membrane that consists of an exposed epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue

Which of the following statements is not a functions of the respiratory system? A) Provides large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood B) Moves air into and out of gas-exchange surfaces, the alveoli C) Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature, changes, and pathogens D) Produces sounds allowing for speech and other forms of communication E) Transports oxygen, CO2, and nutrients in the systemic cells

E) Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the systemic cells

Carbon dioxide transport occurs because of which of the following A) CO2 can be dissolved in the blood plasma B) CO2 can combine with hemaglobin and form carbaminohemoglobin C) CO2 can be transported as part of a bicarbonate ion D) CO2 can be transported due to the chloride shift in the blood E) all of the above are correct

E) all of the above are correct

Which of the following is NOT a role of blood? A) Blood transports dissolved substances throughout the body; O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, and waste products B) Blood regulates the pH and ion levels C) Blood defends against toxins and pathogens D) Blood stabilizes body temperature E) All of the above are correct

E) all of the above are correct

Factors other than the nervous system that affect the cardiac cycle include all except A) Temperature B) K+ C) Ca++ D) Diet E) pH

E) pH

What happens during exhalation, ____. A) pressure inside the lungs is less than the outside pressure B) pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases C) inside and outside pressures are equal D) the volume of the thoracic cavity increases E) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases

E) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases

oxyhemoglobin

how oxygen is transported in the blood

Hypoxia

low tissue O2 levels

From superior to inferior, the three regions of the pharnx

nasopharynx, oropharnyx, laryngopharynx

Surfactant

oily secretion that keeps alveoli open

Pleura

serous membrane

Vital capacity

the sum of the tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume