Exam 3

D. All of these contribute to making recombinant organisms possible

We can express genes from a jelly fish in bacteria. Why is it possible, through recombinant DNA technology, to express genomic material from one organism in another? A. Because the genomic code is universal, all organisms use the same 4 nucleotides B. Because all organisms use the same 20 amino acids to make protein C. Because the processes of transcription and translation are used by all organisms D. All of these contribute to making recombinant organisms possible

A. Polypeptide chain

What is A?

B. Charged tRNA

What is B?

C. Uncharged tRNA

What is C?

D. Ribosome

What is D?

E. mRNA

What is E?

B. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3'

What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the 2 strands of nucleic acids that make up DNA? A. The twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands B. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand C. Base pairings create unequal spacing between the 2 DNA strands D. One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines

D. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein

What is the central dogma of molecular biology? A. RNA is transcribed into protein, which is translated into DNA B. RNA is transcribed into DNA, which is translated into protein C. DNA is transcribed into protein, which is transcribed into RNA D. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein

B. Transcription

What process is shown in the diagram? A. DNA replication B. Transcription C. Translation D. DNA repair

A. Cut both the gene of interest and the vector with the same restriction endonucleases

When cloning a gene into a plasmid, it is important to... A. Cut both the gene of interest and the vector with the same restriction endonucleases B. Only grow the gene of interest in to organism from which it originated C. Use a DNA Polymerase to bind the backbone of the gene of interest to the backbone of the plasmid D. None of these are important when cloning

C. Transcription factor binding would be reduced or eliminated, and transcription of the gene would decrease dramatically

A eukaryotic mutation upstream of a particular gene has been identified that changes the sequence of the TATA box to GAGA. How would you predict that this mutation would affect the transcription of this gene? A. Transcription would proceed normally B. Transcription factors would bind to the start point in the promoter region C. Transcription factor binding would be reduced or eliminated, and transcription of the gene would decrease dramatically D. Transcription factors would bind in the middle of the gene sequence and transcribe the gene from that point

C. 3'-UUU-5'

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is 5'-AAA-3' . The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is A. 3'-TTT-5' B. 3'-UUA-5' C. 3'-UUU-5' D. 3'-AAA-5'

A. 3'-UCA-5'

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5'-AGT-3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is: A. 3'-UCA-5' B. 3'-UGA-5' C. 5'-TCA-3' D. 3'-ACU-5'

D. Part of the mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus and encodes for a protein

An exon is: A. A transfer RNA that binds to the codon B. A protein that is modified post-translationally C. RNA that is removed during the processing of an RNA molecule and remains inside the nucleus D. Part of the mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus and encodes for a protein

A. 8% Cytosine 42% + Guanine 42% = 84% 100% - 84% = 16% Adenine and Thymine Therefore, 8% Thymine

Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? A. 8% B. 16% C. 31% D. 42%

C. A site

For translation, the charged tRNA molecules enter the ribosome at the A. E site B. P site C. A site D. R site

A. Size

Gel electrophoresis can distinguish between the ______ of different DNA fragments. A. Size B. Charge C. Sequences D. All of the above

A. 5'-AAGCTT-3' , 3'-TTCGAA-5' (reads the same both ways, racecar)

Identify the sequence that could be cut by a restriction endonuclease. A. 5'-AAGCTT-3' , 3'-TTCGAA-5' B. 5'-AGTCCG-3', 3'-TCAGGC-5' C. 5'-GGCCAATT-3', 3'-CCGGTTAA-5' D. 5'-ACGCGA-3', 3'-TGCGCT-5'

B. Proofreading

If the wrong nucleotide is added during DNA replication, what mechanism does DNA Polymerase have to correct the mistake? A. Base excision repair B. Proofreading C. Mutation alteration repair D. Complementary base reversion

A. RNA polymerase

Label the diagram and answer the questions below. What is A?

B. mRNA

Label the diagram and answer the questions below. What is B?

C. Coding strand

Label the diagram and answer the questions below. What is C?

D. Template strand

Label the diagram and answer the questions below. What is D?

D. When the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three

Match the term to the definition. Frameshift mutation

E. Changes the code from one amino acid to another

Match the term to the definition. Missense mutation

C. Mutation that changes to a stop codon

Match the term to the definition. Nonsense mutation

A. Base pair change that does not alter the amino acid sequence

Match the term to the definition. Silent mutation

A. Travels down the DNA template strand and assembles complementary strand

Match the term to the definition. DNA polymerase

C. Separates hydrogen-bonded strands

Match the term to the definition. Helicase

E. Links the sugar-phosphate backbone after RNA primers are removed

Match the term to the definition. Ligase

D. Binds to hold the helix open and protect the exposed nucleotides

Match the term to the definition. Single-stranded binding proteins

B. Relieves the additional supercoils (tension) ahead of the replication fork

Match the term to the definition. Topoisomerase

A. Denature template; anneal primers; polymerize new strand

Polymerase Chain Reactions are a useful tool to amplify segments of DNA. Identify the correct order of steps for a PCR A. Denature template; anneal primers; polymerize new strand B. Anneal primers; denature template; polymerize new strand C. Polymerize new strand; denature template; anneal primers D. Denature template; polymerize new strand; anneal primers

A. A single circular chromosome; multiple linear chromosomes

Prokaryotic cells carry their genomic material as _______, while eukaryotes carry their genomic material as ____________. A. A single circular chromosome; multiple linear chromosomes B. A single linear chromosome; multiple circular chromosomes C. Multiple circular chromosomes; a single linear chromosome D. Multiple linear chromosomes; a single circular chromosomes

C. Promoter

RNA polymerase binds to the _____ region to begin synthesis of the message A. Enhancer B. Repressor C. Promoter D. Terminator

D. DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive

Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of Escherichia coli bacteria to which radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the presence of this radioactive base? A. One of the daughter cells, but not the other, would have radioactive DNA B. Neither of the 2 daughter cells would be radioactive C. All four bases of the DNA would be radioactive D. DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive

B. There are 20 possible codons which encode for 64 amino acids

The genetic code is said to be redundant and universal because of all of the following except A. There are 64 possible codons which encode for 20 amino acids B. There are 20 possible codons which encode for 64 amino acids C. There is flexibility because of wobble base interactions D. The genetic code is nearly identical for all organisms

B. expresses a different set of genes

The human body contains approximately 200 major cell types. They look and function differently from one another because each: A. has a slightly different genome B. expresses a different set of genes C. expresses the same set of genes, but in different orders at different times D. has a slightly different genome and each expresses a different set of genes

C. ATP, RNA, and DNA

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which of the following groups of molecules? A. Proteins, triglycerides, and testosterone B. Proteins, ATP, and DNA C. ATP, RNA, and DNA D. Glucose, ATP, and DNA

A. 5' cap, AUG

To initiate translation, the ribosome binds to the ______ and begins scanning for the start codon ______ A. 5' cap, AUG B. 3' tail, AUG C. 5' cap, CCG D. 3' tail, CCG

B. DNA

Which component is not directly involved in translation? A. GTP B. DNA C. tRNA D. Ribosomes

B. Telomerase

Which enzyme, that is periodically expressed in cancer cells, is responsible for extending the ends of chromosomes in germ cells (sperm and egg)? A. Helicase B. Telomerase C. RNA Polymerase D. Nuclease

C. tRNA

Which molecule is responsible to delivering the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome during translation? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. DNA

A. the sequence of bases

Which of the following characteristics of the structure of DNA allows it to carry a large amount of hereditary information? A. the sequence of bases B. phosphates in the backbone C. complementary pairing of bases D. different five-carbon sugars

D. The small subunit of the ribosome recognizing and attaching to the 5' cap of mRNA

Which of the following events in translation is the first to occur in eukaryotes? A. Elongation of the polypeptide B. Base pairing of methionine-tRNA to AUG of the smaller ribosomal subunits C. Binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits D. The small subunit of the ribosome recognizing and attaching to the 5' cap of mRNA

C. A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA, and a cap is added to the 5' end

Which of the following processes only occurs in eukaryotic gene expression? A. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are transcribed B. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter C. A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA, and a cap is added to the 5' end D. Transcription can begin as soon as translation has assembled the first few amino acids in the polypeptide

A. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction

Which of the following statements correctly describes how the leading and lagging strands of DNA formed during DNA replication differ? A. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction B. The leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end C. The lagging strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the leading strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together D. The leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand

D. It assists in the translocation of polypeptides across the ER membrane

Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of a signal peptide? A. It directs an mRNA molecule into the Golgi apparatus B. It causes RNA polymerase to bind DNA and initiate transcription C. It terminates translocation of the messenger RNA D. It assists in the translocation of polypeptides across the ER membrane

D. Transformation is the assimilation of external DNA into a cell

Which of the following statements most accurately describes transformation in bacteria? A. Transformation is the creation of a strand of DNA from an RNA molecule B. Transformation is the creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule C. Transformation is the infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule D. Transformation is the assimilation of external DNA into a cell

D. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end

Why does a new DNA strand elongate only in the 5' to 3' direction in replication? A. DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides at the 5' end of the template B. Okazaki fragments prevent elongation in the 3' to 5' direction C. Replication must progress toward the replication fork D. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end

A. DNA polymerase requires a free 3' OH to add new nucleotides to the strand

Why is the enzyme Primase necessary during DNA replication? A. DNA polymerase requires a free 3' OH to add new nucleotides to the strand B. It is not necessary, DNA Polymerase can synthesize a new strand without a primer C. Primase is necessary to remove the RNA primer from the leading strand D. Primase is necessary to remove the RNA primer from the lagging strand