Exam 3
Viruses were discovered by ______. Multiple choice question. protein analysis using a filter by microscopy DNA analysis
using a filter
Which of the following reveals a positive chest x-ray for tuberculosis?
Abnormal opaque patches
If a diagnosis of tuberculosis needs to be confirmed after positive skin testing and chest X-rays, which stain can be performed on sputum samples?
Acid-fast stain
Oxygen exchange in the lungs occurs in which of the following?
Alveoli
Pertussis can be prevented in exposed individuals by which of the following?
Antibiotic therapy
Which of the following virulence factors of B. pertussis leads to host cytokine release and its profound effect on the host?
B. pertussis endotoxin
What term is used to specifically describe the types of viruses that infect bacteria? Multiple choice question. Bacteriophage Archaea Viroid Prion Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. Multiple select question. Injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane
Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane
Which two of the following are established mechanisms by which microbes enter the body to cause cellulitis? Multiple select question. Entry through hair follicles disrupted by shaving Entry through breaks in toe skin caused by athlete's foot Traumatic entry into the dermis layer of skin Penetration of the gut lining by endogenous gut microbes
Entry through breaks in toe skin caused by athlete's foot Traumatic entry into the dermis layer of skin
Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses? Multiple choice question. Phagosome Envelope Cell membrane Vacuole
Envelope
Which type of tuberculosis occurs when the infections to other organs outside of the lungs?
Extrapulmonary
The portal of entry for cellulitis that manifests in the lower leg is breaks in the skin in which area? Multiple choice question. On the calf, caused by shaving On the knee, from scrapes and rug burns Between the toes, from athlete's foot Behind the toenails, from fungal infections
Gram positive coccus
Which microorganisms can cause cellulitis?
Group B streptococcus Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Opportunistic bacteria
The signs and symptoms of scarlet fever include which of the following?
High fever Sandpaper-like skin rash
Which two countries have seen the most XDR-TB cases?
India China
Why is it impossible to become immune to rhinitis?
It is caused by more than 200 different viruses.
Which of the following describes a bacteriophage-mediated process by which bacteria gain genes enhancing their ability to cause human disease? Multiple choice question. Lysogenic conversion Latency Exocytosis Lysogeny
Lysogenic conversion
______ is an enzyme found in sweat that breaks down peptidoglycan in bacteria.
Lysozyme
There are increasing problems with emerging ______-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in many hospital settings.
Methicillin
If an elderly patient contracts whopping cough, usually the infection can be described as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Always fatal Life-threatening Mild
Mild
TB is caused by ___ ___
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Identify an advantage of the IGRA test for tuberculosis diagnosis.
No return visit to the clinic is needed.
Bacterial sinusitis is most often caused by which of the following?.
Normal microbiota of the respiratory tract
The lesions of impetigo can be described as which of the following? Multiple select question. Dark plug of sebum Peeling skin Flaky scabs Bullous lesions Honey colored crusts Fluid-filled cysts
Peeling skin Flaky scabs Honey colored crusts
Which is the antibiotic of choice in treating pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes because serious complications can occur if it is not treated.
Penicillin
These positively charged chemicals reduce the number of pathogens on the skin by disrupting their cell membranes. Multiple choice question. -Lysozyme -Sebum -Keratin -Peptides
Peptides
These positively charged chemicals reduce the number of pathogens on the skin by disrupting their cell membranes. Multiple choice question. -Sebum -Lysozyme -Peptides -Keratin
Peptides
Which of the following best describes a prion? Multiple choice question. Proteinaceous infectious agent Obligate aerobe RNA-based infectious agent Obligate intracellular parasite
Proteinaceous infectious agent
One important function of the normal biota in the upper respiratory tract is to do which of the following? Multiple choice question. Produce important vitamins for the health of the system Increase the involuntary coughing response that protects the system Reduce the growth of harmful pathogens in the system Participate in communication with other body systems for overall homeostasis
Reduce the growth of harmful pathogens in the system
B. pertussis is transmitted by which of the following?
Respiratory droplets
Identify any benefits of viruses to people. Multiple select question. Some viruses control food pathogens Some viruses can be modified to deliver genetic cures via gene therapy Some viruses control insect pests Some viruses can lead to paralysis or death
Some viruses control food pathogens Some viruses can be modified to deliver genetic cures via gene therapy Some viruses control insect pests
Which of the following are the possible causative agents of impetigo? Multiple select question. Variola virus Poxvirus Herpes simplex virus Dermatophyte Streptococcus pyogenes S. pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus
______ _______ is the bacterium that most likely causes the initial impetigo infection.
Streptococcus, pyogenes
Which two layers of the skin are usually involved in cellulitis? Multiple select question. Subcutaneous Epidermis Stratum corneum Dermis
Subcutaneous Dermis
In the IGRA test for tuberculosis, the kit detects for which of the following?
T cells that react with M. tuberculosis antigens
Which of the following drugs is given in capsule or powdered form to prevent influenza A or B infections?
Tamiflu
Which type of phage generally can increase the pathogenicity of a bacterium? Multiple choice question. Lytic phage Temperate phage
Temperate phage
A negative tuberculin skin test may indicate which of the following?
That a person has been infected but has not yet reacted That an individual has not had any contact with tuberculosis
The common name for pertussis comes from which of the following?
The sound a patient makes during the uncontrollable bouts of coughing
Compare the symptoms of impetigo caused by S. pyogenes with the symptoms of impetigo caused by S. aureus. Multiple choice question. They are overlapping but not identical. They are very different. They are identical.
They are identical.
How do the antimicrobial peptides in the epidermis defend the skin against pathogens? -They disrupt the bacterial membranes. -They break down peptidoglycan, destroying the cell walls of bacteria. -They cause the skin pH to be too low to support most bacterial growth. -They increase the rate of the sloughing of the dead outer cells.
They disrupt the bacterial membranes.
Why aren't influenza B viruses divided into subtypes?
They do not undergo antigenic shift.
Why are children more susceptible to rhinitis?
They have no secondary immunity to rhinoviruses. Their immune systems are immature. Each virus they encounter is a new virus.
Which of the following is the most noticeable symptom seen in the paroxysmal stage of pertussis?
Uncontrollable cough
Rhinitis is caused by which general type of microorganisms? Multiple choice question. Yeasts Bacteria Viruses Protozoans Fungi
Viruses
The causative agent of influenza belongs to which group? Multiple choice question. Fungi Protozoa Viruses Bacteria
Viruses
Which of the following is a TRUE statement? Multiple choice question. Viruses and yeast cells are of similar size. Yeast cells are smaller than viruses. Viruses are smaller than yeast cells.
Viruses are smaller than yeast cells.
The drier air of which season(s) most effectively facilitates the spread of influenza virus, leading to the highest rates of infection?
Winter Late Fall
____ is the viral process of attaching to the host cell receptor for the virus.
adsorption
Influenza is primarily transmitted through inhalation of ___ and ___ containing virus particles.
aerosols; droplets
One of the important functions of the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory system is microbial _____ which reduces the possibility of pathogens establishing themselves there.
antagonism
It is well known that _____ have no effect on treating viral infections.
antibiotics
Glomerulonephritis is thought to be caused by ___ - ___ complexes that deposit in the basement membrane of the glomeruli.
antigen-antibody
Glomerulonephritis is thought to be caused by ___-___ complexes that deposit in the basement membrane of the glomeruli.
antigen-antibody
During the _____ step in the viral multiplication cycle, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virions. Please give the specific term for this step.
assembly
Which strain of Influenza virus is probably not involved in epidemics?
c
What is the best method for viewing viruses
electron microscopy
XDR-TB stands for ___ drug-resistant tuberculosis.
extensively
Pertussis is most dangerous in which group?
infants
Which term describes a nonliving microscopic agent? Multiple choice question. Microbe Infectious particle Microorganism
infectious particles
The ______ surface of the skin prevents most microbes from penetrating deeper into the skin.
keratinized
Viruses that are ____ lead to cancer in infected hosts.
oncogenic
Which age group of children is affected the most by impetigo? Multiple choice question. College students in dorms Preschool Middle school high school
preschool
Most human viral infections are ______. Multiple choice question. self-limiting lethal chronic for life
self-limiting
A culture taken from a patient with pharyngitis should be streaked on plates containing which agar?
sheep blood
The gut microbiome of babies delivered by C-section are generally composed of bacteria from which of the following areas of the mother? Multiple choice question. -Vagina -Lungs -Skin -Rectum
skin
Identify the genome carried by influenza viruses.
ssRNA
For the most effective action against the virus, antiviral drugs should be given to a patient within how many days after infection?
two
Cytomegaloviruses, Epstein Barr viruses, bacteriophages, and the remainder of the approximately 1015 viruses associated with a typical adult can collectively be referred to as that individual's ___ .
virome
The sum total of the viruses associated with your body is called the ______. Multiple choice question. capsid bacteriophage virome genome
virome
Bacterial sinusitis is transmitted via which of the following means?
A patient's microbiota (endogenous route)
Which of the following describes the action of prions? A prion is an abnormal form of a protein that converts the normal protein to the abnormal form A prion is an abnormal form of a protein that damages cellular DNA A prion is a virus that attacks chloroplasts in plant cells A prion is a virus that attacks bacterial cells A prion is an abnormal form of a protein that causes cytoplasmic (cell) membranes to lose their selective permeability
A prion is an abnormal form of a protein that converts the normal protein to the abnormal form
What is a bacteriophage? A virus that infects bacterial cells A virus that lies dormant in human cells A virus that infects plant cells A virus that lies dormant in plant cells A virus that infects human cells
A virus that infects bacterial cells
The current vaccine for pertussis consists of which of the following?
Acellular antigens of B. pertussis
Which is the correct term to describe viral adherence to a host cell receptor? Multiple choice question. Absorption Adsorption Penetration
Adsorption
Which viral stage occurs first? Multiple choice question. Synthesis Adsorption Assembly Release Penetration Uncoating
Adsorption
Which of the following is the correct order of the steps in the multiplication cycle of an animal/human virus? Assembly, release, adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis Adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release Uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release, adsorption, penetration Penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release, adsorption Synthesis, assembly, release, adsorption, penetration, uncoating
Adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release
Transmission of the viruses that cause rhinitis occurs in which of the following ways? Multiple select question. Ingestion of contaminated source Aerosol transmission Indirect fomite transmission Mechanical vectors Vertical transmission Droplet contact
Aerosol transmission Indirect fomite transmission Droplet contact
Rheumatic fever is most likely caused by which of the following?
An immune system cross-reaction between agent protein and host tissue
Which factors influence the ability of members of the normal microbiota to cause sinusitis?
Anatomy of the sinuses in the skull Build up of fluids Underlying infection with another agent Favorable environment for growth
dentify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate. Multiple select question. Animal cells Freshwater Marine water Bacterial cells Human cells
Animal cells Bacterial cells Human cells
Which three of the following can be used to detect possible Group A streptococci in the pharynx?
Antibody reaction tests to Group A carbohydrates in cell wall Measuring sensitivity to bacitracin Culture of pharyngeal swab on blood agar
Glomerulonephritis is most likely caused by which of the following?
Antibody/antigen complexes that deposit in host tissue
Which of the following is the causative agent of SSSS? Multiple choice question. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pneumoniae
Aureus
The portal of entry for cellulitis that manifests in the lower leg is breaks in the skin in which area? Multiple choice question. Between the toes, from athlete's foot Behind the toenails, from fungal infections On the knee, from scrapes and rug burns On the calf, caused by shaving
Between the toes, from athlete's foot
Pertussis is most contagious during which stages?
Catarrhal Paroxysmal
A single virion could contain a genome of Multiple select question. DNA only both RNA and DNA neither RNA or DNA RNA only
DNA only RNA only
Over-the-counter medications are effective for which of the following in cases of rhinitis?
Decreasing the transmission to other persons Minimizing symptoms Blocking the inflammation process
Which two conditions must be tolerated by the normal microbiota populating the majority of the skin on the human body?
Dry, Salty
Which of the following are the signs and symptoms of otitis media in younger children?
Ear pain Build up of fluid in middle ear Hearing difficulties Irritability/fussiness
Which two of the following do not affect the susceptibility of a person to TB?
Education level Blood type
Death from influenza infection is most likely to occur in which group?
Elderly adults Infants
Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following?
Emergence of drug resistant strains
In impetigo, both S. pyogenes and S. aureus produce which of the following? Multiple choice question. Acid and gas from aerobic respiration Immunosuppressive factors Enzymes and toxins as virulence factors
Enzymes and toxins as virulence factors
Which of the following is the outermost portion of the skin? Multiple choice question. -Dermis -Epidermis -Subcutaneous
Epidermis
Which of the following is produced by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, causing the rash and severe fever characteristic of scarlet fever?
Erythrogenic toxin
What is the only current prevention method for impetigo? Multiple choice question. Safe sex practices Avoidance of vectors Vaccination Good hygiene Prophylactic antibiotics
Good hygiene
Why has the treatment of uncomplicated otitis media changed in the last 20 years?
HIgh rates of antibiotic resistance in the normal microbiota
Which is the best prevention for group A streptococci infection?
Hand washing
Which of the following are the signs and symptoms of sinusitis?
Headache Nasal discharge Nasal or facial pressure Nasal congestion
Different viruses can infect which of the following? Multiple choice question. Human, bacterial, or plant cells Human cells only Plant cells only Bacterial cells only
Human, bacterial, or plant cells
Which describes the current rates of TB worldwide?
Increasing
Bedaquiline, a drug used for MDR-TB, acts by which of the following methods?
Inhibiting ATP synthesis
Complicated cellulitis is successfully treated with which of the following? Multiple choice question. Intramuscular antibiotic injections Oral antibiotics Intravenous antibiotics Topical antibiotics
Intravenous antibiotics
What is the function of keratin protein in the stratum corneum? Multiple choice question. -It provides strength against abrasion, penetration and water passage. -It increases the rate of cell division to assist in replacing the epidermis. -It increases oxygen delivery to the avascular epidermis. -It tightly binds the fibroblasts together to prevent tearing of the skin.
It provides strength against abrasion, penetration and water passage.
As skin cells die, they become packed with ____, which gives them the ability to withstand damage and prevents microbes from penetrating into deeper tissues.
Keratin
What is the main means of prevention for the spread of TB in the US?
Limiting exposure to contaminated air
To prevent reactivation in patients with latent TB, patients may be subjected to which of the following?
Long-course antibiotic therapy
Sebum protects the skin by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms due to which of its chemical characteristics? Multiple choice question. -High salt content -High water content -Low water content -Low pH -High pH
Low pH
Most cases of tuberculosis are contained within which of the following organs?
Lungs
Rheumatic fever is thought to be caused by a cross-reaction between the streptococcal ___ ___ and ___ muscle.
M protein, heart
What is the common name of bovine spongiform encephalopathy? Multiple choice question. Eastern equine encephalitis Mad cow disease Bird flu
Mad cow disease
Certain skin infections complicate when the bacteria produce toxins that break down tissues and the bacteria spread through the blood stream. These bacteria also produce superantigens, that can induce a massive release of cytokines leading to shock and death. This condition is termed which of the following? Multiple choice question. Erysipelas Folliculitis Necrotizing fasciitis Scalded skin syndrome
Necrotizing fasciitis
At minimum, all viruses are composed of Multiple select question. Nucleic acids Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids Proteins
Which of the following best describes viruses? Multiple choice question. Living cells Obligate intracellular parasites Infectious proteins
Obligate intracellular parasites
The discharge seen in bacterial sinusitis is usually which of the following?
Opaque Yellow Green
Uncomplicated cellulitis is successfully treated with which of the following? Multiple choice question. Intravenous antibiotics Intramuscular antibiotic injections Oral antibiotics Topical antibiotics
Oral antibiotics
The upper respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?
Oral cavity Sinuses Epiglottis Pharynx Nasal cavity Larynx
Influenza viruses belong to the family ___
Orthomyxoviridae
Which of the following best describe the relationship between viruses and their host cell? Multiple choice question. Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism
Parasitism
Which is one of the biggest problems with TB therapy?
Patient noncompliance
Prions are composed of what molecule? Multiple choice question. Nucleic Acid Protein Neither protein nor nucleic acid
Protein
Which of the following is the most common portal of entry for human pathogens? Multiple choice question. Urogenital tract Skin Digestive tract Respiratory tract
Respiratory tract
Identify the most common cause of pharyngitis.
Rhinoviruses
Which of the following are the signs and symptoms of otitis media in older patients?
Slight loss of hearing Sensation of fullness in the ear Pain in the ear
Which two of the following statements regarding the human virome are true? Multiple select question. Some viruses are in a dormant state in the body. Most viruses in the human virome are pathogenic. The human virome includes viruses that infect our commensal bacteria. Only a few cell types in the human body are susceptible to viruses.
Some viruses are in a dormant state in the body., the human virome includes viruses that infect our commensal bacteria.
Enveloped viruses attach to a target host cell using their Genetic material (nucleic acid) Phospholipids Spikes Fimbriae Capsid proteins
Spikes
Folliculitis is an infection of the hair follicle caused by which microorganism? Multiple choice question. Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus pyogenes Enterobacter species
Staphylococcus aureus
The outermost portion of the skin is composed of dead cells. This layer is called the _______ ________
Stratum Corneum
Vaccination against which microorganism has been recommended since 2000 as part of the childhood vaccination schedule to prevent the most common cause of acute otitis media.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Which of the following causes the most serious form of pharyngitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes
The lesions of impetigo can be described as which of the following? Multiple select question. Peeling skin Fluid-filled cysts Flaky scabs Bullous lesions Honey colored crusts Dark plug of sebum
Streptococcus pyogenes Group B streptococcus Staphylococcus aureus Opportunistic bacteria
For about 15% of the population, S. pyogenes is part of their normal microbiota. Which of the following is a true statement?
They are less likely to transmit the disease than someone with an active infection.
Which group should receive the annual influenza vaccine?
Those 6 months of age and older
Which of the following is probably the most common means of transmitting cold viruses?
Touch a fomite and rub your eye
Which two of the following are the most important exotoxins produced by B. pertussis for virulence?
Tracheal cytotoxin Pertussis toxin
Which of the following techniques are used for the treatment of MRSA? Multiple select question. Exposure of the affected area to ultraviolet light Treatment with at least two antibiotics Immunization with the MRSA vaccine Amputation of the affected limb Incision to drain pus from the lesion
Treatment with at least two antibiotics Incision to drain pus from the lesion
Which describes the annual flu vaccine in the US?
Trivalent or quadrivalent
True or false: Bacterial sinusitis is not communicable.
True
True or false: Children are more susceptible to frequent rhinitis infections because their immune system has not been exposed to as many of the possible causative agents. True false question.
True
The gut microbiome of vaginally delivered babies are colonized by which of the following bacteria from their mothers? Multiple select question. -Skin -Respiratory -Vaginal -Fecal
Vaginal, Fecal
A single virus particle is known as a(n) ____
Virion
Pharyngitis caused by F. necrophorum can be misinterpreted as a case caused by which of the following?
Virus
TRUE statements concerning viruses include (choose all that apply): Viruses are very small cells Viruses are free-living organisms Viruses are part of the human microbiome Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites
Viruses are part of the human microbiome Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites
Which facts best support the position that viruses are not living organisms? Multiple select question. Viruses do not have any means of independent metabolism. Viruses are agents of disease. Viruses are not prokaryotic. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own. Viruses are small.
Viruses do not have any means of independent metabolism. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own.
What is the current treatment for uncomplicated acute otitis media is?
Wait for resolution
The signs and symptoms of secondary TB do not include which of the following?
Weight gain Clear sputum Nausea/vomiting High fever
The 1918 and 2008 influenza pandemics affected which group, in particular?
Young, healthy adults
Streptococcus pyogenes belongs to which group of streptococci?
a
Host cells that have been transformed by an oncovirus will have which two of the following features? Multiple select question. increased numbers of flagella atrophied Golgi apparatus ability to divide indefinitely changes in cell surface molecules
ability to divide indefinitely changes in cell surface molecules
The ______ are small balloon-like structures attached to the bronchioles which inflate and deflate with breathing.
alveoli
Regarding enveloped viruses, at which point do viral spike proteins insert into the host's cell membrane in order to be incorporated into the new virion? Multiple choice question. Penetration Assembly Release Absorption
assembly
When someone has already contracted pertussis, the drug of choice for antibiotic therapy is ___
azithromycin
Lysogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes that contain genes from a temperate ___ can synthesize erythrogenic toxin.
bacteriophage
In which way do enveloped viruses leave their host cell? Multiple choice question. Rupture Lysis Budding Endocytosis Fusion
budding
Mature enveloped viruses are released from host cells via ___ or exocytosis.
budding
The sloughing of the stratum _______ contributes to the protection of the skin by removing microbes with the dead cells.
corneum
Which types of viruses are released by budding? Multiple choice question. DNA viruses Naked viruses RNA viruses enveloped viruses
enveloped viruses
Streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever when it has become infected with a lysogenic virus that confers on the streptococci the ability to produce an exotoxin called ___ toxin.
erythrogenic
True or false: Acute infections that do not require hospitalization are most often caused by bacteria. True false question.TrueFalse
false
______ viruses in the human body are pathogenic. Multiple choice question. Most All Few No
few
Viruses which have a series of rod-shaped capsomer proteins linked together forming a series of interconnected hollow discs are termed ______. Multiple choice question. helical diamond icosahedral complex
helical
Two shapes of viral capsids are ______ , which resembles a bracelet; or_____ , which is a type of polyhedron.
helical, icosahedral
Host cells that have been transformed by an oncovirus will have which two of the following features? Multiple select question. increased growth rate viral ribosomes in the cytoplasm altered chromosomes loss of mitochondria
increased growth rate altered chromosomes
Which is a naturally produced antiviral protein in humans? Multiple choice question. Interferon Lysozyme Penicillin
interferon
Metabolic breakdown ____ of in sebum produces toxic by-products that inhibit the growth of pathogens of the skin.
lipids
The process by which bacteriophages infect bacteria, conferring new traits enhancing human disease, is called ______. Multiple choice question. lysogeny exocytosis latency lysogenic conversion
lysogenic conversion
Viruses are considered the ______ common cause of acute infections that do not require hospitalization. Multiple choice question. second most (common to bacteria) most second most (common to helminths)
most
______ active viral infections lead to cell death. Multiple choice question. Only some Most No (none)
most
Sweat inhibits microbes on the skin due to its low _____ and high _____ content.
pH, salt
Bordetella pertussis produces the exotoxins ___ toxin and ___ cytotoxin.
pertussis, tracheal
A(n) ____ is a proteinaceous infectious agent associated with spongiform encephalopathies.
prion
Which agent is the cause of spongiform encephalopathy? Multiple choice question. Satellite virus Prion Viroid
prion
In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid fast organisms will appear what color?
red
Viral glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope and attach to host cell receptors are termed _____
spike
How do the antimicrobial peptides in the epidermis defend the skin against pathogens? Multiple choice question. -They break down peptidoglycan, destroying the cell walls of bacteria. -They disrupt the bacterial membranes. -They cause the skin pH to be too low to support most bacterial growth. -They increase the rate of the sloughing of the dead outer cells.
they disrupt the bacterial membranes.
Signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include swollen ___, reddened ___, and sometimes white packets on the walls of the throat.
tonsils, Mucosa
True or false: A negative tuberculin skin test usually indicates that an ongoing infection with the TB bacillus is not present.
true
True or false: A vaccination against pneumococcus is part of the recommended childhood schedule.
true
True or false: Bacteriophages can increase the pathogenicity of their bacterial host. True false question.TrueFalse
true
True or false: Both naked and complex viruses are released from host cells via lysis once mature. True false question.TrueFalse
true
True or false: Scarlet fever is only caused by S. pyogenes strains that are themselves infected with a lysogenic bacteriophage.
true
True or false: Superantigens are bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells and monocytes causing an excessively strong reaction.
true
True or false: There has been an increased incidence of pertussis in the US even though an effective vaccine is available.
true
Viruses with a _____ capsid have rod-shaped capsomers, while the capsomers of viruses with _____ capsids are arranged as a multifaceted polygon.
Helical, icosahedral
Order the following entities by average size, from smallest to largest, starting with the smallest at the top. Bacterial cell, yeast cell, viruses
Viruses, bacterial cells, yeast cells
A(n) _____ virus has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid.
enveloped
_____ is a name given to a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.
prion
Which type of capsids are composed of multiple protein types and nonsymmetrical shapes? Multiple choice question. Helical Icosahedral Complex
complex
What is the mortality rate of untreated secondary tuberculosis?
60%
What is the mortality rte of patients with XDR-TB?
70%
Due to its waxy coat, M. tuberculosis is able survive for how long in fine aerosol particles?
8 months
Patients who are at high risk for reactivated tuberculosis may be treated with multiple antibiotics for up to what length of time?
9 months
The word ____ is used to describe viruses which have a non-icosahedral or non-helical arrangement of capsomer proteins.
complex
In addition to the skin, microorganisms can populate which of the following? Multiple select question. -Glandular ducts -Dermis -Hypodermis -Hair follicles
Glandular ducts, Hair follicles
Which of the following are the common signs/symptoms of cellulitis? Multiple select question. Inflammation Desquamation Mottled skin appearance Significant odor Lymphangitis Fever
Inflammation Lymphangitis Fever
Which of the following contribute to the high level of variability in the influenza virus?
Antigenic shift Antigenic drift
The sloughing of the stratum ______ contributes to the protection of the skin by removing microbes with the dead cells.
corneum
A " ___ storm" may accompany influenza infection and cause severe lung inflammation.
cytokine
Rhinitis often leads to acute otitis media because of inflammation of the ___ tubes and buildup of fluid in the ___ ___
eustachian, middle ear
Acute otitis media is communicable.
false
The acronym BCG stands for ___-___-___ and is a vaccine for tuberculosis.
Bacille-Calmette-Guerin
True or false: Before treatment of bacterial sinusitis begins, the species of bacteria is usually identified.
false
True or false: Nausea and diarrhea are typical signs and symptoms of influenza.
false
Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n) ____
Bacteriophage
What are the main signs and symptoms of pharyngitis?
Bad breath Pain and swelling of throat Reddened mucosa in throat
True or false: Over-the-counter medications are effective in curing rhinitis. True false question.TrueFalse
false
When a case of tuberculosis is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, it is defined as which of the following?
Multidrug-resistant TB
True or false: Viral spikes insert into the host cell membrane as the virion is released from the cell. True false question.TrueFalse
false
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to which of the following? Multiple choice question. -Methicillin and related -cillin antibiotics -Methicillin only -Multiple antibiotics
Multiple antibiotics
True or false: Viruses which can lead to cancer are termed carcinoviruses. True false question.TrueFalse
false
Damage from the action of prions occurs in the Brain Blood Liver Heart Lungs
Brain
Which of the following is the treatment for suspected bacterial sinusitis?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
The lower respiratory tract is composed of which of the following structures? Multiple select question. Sinuses Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Nasal cavity Larynx Trachea Epiglottis Oral cavity
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Trachea
Which is the first large branch of of the trachea?
Bronchus
The two means of viral release from an infected host cell are Maturation and penetration Adsorption and penetration Adsorption and uncoating Budding and cell rupture Budding and uncoating
Budding and cell rupture
A fast-spreading infection in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues characterized by pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth and lymphangitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and other opportunistic bacteria and fungi is which of the following? Multiple choice question. Acne Cellulitis Necrotizing fasciitis SSSS Impetigo
Cellulitis
Identify the signs and symptoms of secondary TB.
Chest pain Fatigue Bloody/green sputum Violent coughing Night sweats Low-grade fever Loss of appetite Weight loss
Which group is the most susceptible to otitis media?
Children
Identify the virus types which are released from host cells by lysis. Multiple select question. Enveloped Naked Complex
Naked Complex
As a tuberculosis infection progresses, tubercles break down into which of the following?
Necrotic caseous lesions
A viral infection in which damage to cells, tissues, and organs occurs gradually over a long period of time is referred to as a ___________ viral infection Persistent Slow Acute Latent Low grade
Persistent
_____ infections are those which cells are infected yet show no cytopathic effects.
Persistent
Identify which of the following statements represent activities that viruses CANNOT do. Multiple select question. Consume food Replicate outside of a cell Replicate inside of a cell Infect cells Cause cancer
Consume food Replicate outside of a cell
Which of the following are the most common modes of transmission for streptococcal pharyngitis?
Contact with mucus Inhalation of respiratory droplets
Which prion-associated spongiform encephalopathy is marked by dementia, impaired senses, and uncontrolled muscle contractions? Multiple choice question. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Hepatitis B virus Poliomyelitis
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Identify prion related diseases. Multiple select question. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease primary amebic meningoencephalitis Lyme disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Antimicrobial treatment of MRSA involves multiple antibiotics, determined by which of the following? Multiple choice question. Current strain susceptibility patterns Availability of the antibiotics Cost of the antibiotics
Current strain susceptibility patterns
Which is the only significant reservoir of Streptococcus pyogenes?
humans
Which of the following are treatments for rhinitis?
Decongestants Antihistamines
Which factors have no influence on the ability of members of the normal microbiota to cause sinusitis?
Decreased mucus production Leukopenia
The lesions of impetigo are found most often found in which of the followings areas? Multiple select question. Torso Face Mouth Extremities
Face Mouth Extremities
True or false: If someone contract whooping cough there is no treatment for this illness.
False
True or false: Most uncomplicated colds are accompanied by a fever. True false question.TrueFalse
False
Which four of the following terms describe a sSA skin lesion? Multiple select question. Clear fluid-filled -Pus-filled -Red -Blackened -Diffuse -Hot to the touch -Raised
-Pus-filled -Red -Hot to the touch -Raised
A cell harboring a virus that is not causing cytopathic effects is characteristic of which type of infection? Multiple choice question. Acute infection Persistent infection Active infection
Persistent infection
At minimum, viruses are composed of nucleic acid covered by a coating comprised of _____
proteins
A cell harboring a virus that is not causing cytopathic effects is characteristic of which type of infection? Multiple choice question. Persistent infection Active infection Acute infection
Persistent infection
Which of the following virulence factors of B. pertussis leads to excessive mucus production?
Pertussis toxin
How is acute otitis media usually acquired?
Sequelae of rhinitis
In primary tuberculosis,identify the lesions which form in the lung and are composed of bacteria in enlarged macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils.
-lymph nodes-kidneys-long bones-genital tract-brain-meninges
What is the approximate infectious dose for tuberculosis?
10 cells
Which of the following components are found in all viruses? (Choose all that apply): Genetic material (nucleic acid) Enzymes Envelope Capsid
Genetic material (nucleic acid) Capsid
Which factors affect the susceptibility of a person to TB?
Genetic susceptibility Poor diet Immunosuppression Lung damage Inadequate medical care
Primary TB may present with which of the following signs?
Formation of tubercles Mild fever
True or false: Viruses are among the smallest infective agents. True false question.TrueFalse
true
Which approaches are effective in preventing the transmission of rhinitis?
Frequent and adequate handwashing Covering the mouth and nose to prevent droplets from escaping
How many deaths from the seasonal flu are experienced annually in the US?
17,000-52,000
Treatment of MDR-TB requires a course of 4-6 drugs for approximately what length of time?
18-24 months
In what year was the first vaccine for pertussis available in the US?
1926
Approximately what percent of sinusitis is caused by bacteria?
2
Second-line antibiotics against S. pyogenes are ineffective against which Gram-negative bacterium that also can cause pharyngitis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
What is the typical incubation period for rhinitis? Multiple choice question. 2-3 days 1-2 weeks 5-7 days 6-10 hours
2-3 days
What is the typical incubation period for pharyngitis?
2-5 days
Over _______ different types of viruses cause the common cold.
200
True or false: Viruses cannot be called organisms. True false question.TrueFalse
true
TNF stands for
tumor necrosis factor
Approximately what percent of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case?
5
What caused the decline of TB cases in the 1940s?
Discovery of streptomycin
Scientific evidence shows that TB has been around since what time period?
Stone Age
A(n)___ is a microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
virus
The highest incidence of influenza in the United States occurs during the ___ months though cases typically begin in late fall.
winter
Which element appears to block the replication of rhinoviruses and shorten the length of the cold symptoms?
zinc
List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top. Instructions Assembly Penetration/Uncoating Adsorption Synthesis Release
Adsorption Penetration/Uncoating Synthesis Assembly Release
Which is the typical route of infection for mad cow disease? Multiple choice question. Insect-borne: mosquito Insect-borne: tick Bite from an infected animal Consumption of contaminated food
Consumption of contaminated food
Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. Multiple select question. Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane
Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus, Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane
Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect? Multiple choice question. Host range Spread Virus range Compatible range
Host range
Different viruses can infect which of the following? Multiple choice question. Bacterial cells only Human, bacterial, or plant cells Plant cells only Human cells only
Human, bacterial, or plant cells
What was the significance of the discovery of filterable viruses? Multiple choice question. It demonstrated that infections could only be caused by cellular, rather than acellular, microbial agents. It demonstrated that viruses could infect bacteria. It demonstrated that infections could be caused by agents that were smaller than bacteria.
It demonstrated that infections could be caused by agents that were smaller than bacteria.
Which of the following structures of enveloped viruses must be specific for adsorption? Multiple choice question. Envelope Capsid Nucleic acid Spike proteins
Spike proteins
Which of the following diseases are caused by prions? Multiple choice question. Spongiform encephalopathy Pneumonia Rheumatoid arthritis Rocky mountain spotted fever
Spongiform encephalopathy
Which facts best support the position that viruses are not living organisms? Multiple select question. Viruses are not prokaryotic. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own. Viruses are agents of disease. Viruses do not have any means of independent metabolism. Viruses are small.
Viruses cannot reproduce on their own. Viruses do not have any means of independent metabolism.
What does "obligate" mean in regard to viruses? Multiple choice question. Viruses are composed of proteins and nucleic acids Viruses are airborne Viruses are infectious Viruses must have a host cell
Viruses must have a host cell
During the ____ step in the viral multiplication cycle, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virions. Please give the specific term for this step.
assembly
Regarding enveloped viruses, at which point do viral spike proteins insert into the host's cell membrane in order to be incorporated into the new virion? Multiple choice question. Assembly Penetration Release Absorption
assembly
Which of the following describes the various viral parts coming together to produce virions? Multiple choice question. Assembly Absorption Penetration Release
assembly
Which of the following viral release methods will not initially destroy the cell? Multiple choice question. Lysis Budding
budding
Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through ______ (exocytosis) by enveloped viruses, and through _____ (rupture) by naked viruses.
budding, lysis
Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of a virus? Multiple choice question. Envelope Spike Capsid
capsid
The process of ____ , a type of penetration, occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vacuole or vesicle.
endocytosis
The two principal processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are ____ (engulfment) and direct fusion.
endocytosis
The two principal processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are _____ (engulfment) and direct fusion.
endocytosis
True or false: Budding viruses do not lyse the host cell during release. True false question.TrueFalse
true
True or false: Interferons are naturally produced during some viral infections. True false question.TrueFalse
true
True or false: Most active viral infections lead to cell death regardless of the type of release process. True false question.TrueFalse
true
True or false: Most infections caused by animal viruses do not result in death of the host organism.
true
True or false: Viruses can be both harmful or beneficial to humans. True false question.TrueFalse
true
The process of ____ occurs when viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the envelope/capsid is are dissolved within a vacuole.
uncoating
Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment? Multiple choice question. Uncoating Release Shedding Absorption
uncoating
A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a ______. Multiple choice question. virion serotype hapten prion
virion
A single virus particle is known as a(n) _____
virion
Identify the smallest pathogenic agent. Multiple choice question. Bacterial cell Virion Helminth Fungal cell
virion
