Exam 3- Abnormal Psychology

Barbara Melamed and her Colleagues (1975)

60 4-12 yr old children about to undergo elective surgery for hernias, tonsillectomies, or urinary-genital tract difficulties were shown on hospital admission either a relevant peer modeling film of a child being hospitalized and receiving surgery or an unrelated control film. Both groups received extensive preparation by the hospital staff. State measures of anxiety, including the Hospital Fears Rating Scale, the Observer Rating Scale of Anxiety, and Palmar Sweat Index, revealed a significant reduction of preoperative (night before) and postoperative (3-4 wk postsurgery examination) fear arousal in the experimental as compared to the control film group. The parents reported a significant posthospital increment in the frequency of behavior problems in the children who had not seen the modeling film. Trait measures of anxiety (e.g., Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Human Figure Drawing Test) did not reflect the group differences due to the hospital experience.

Killer T Cells

A T cell capable of destroying infected cells and infective particles upon recognizing CD1 protein presenting lipid antigen with its T-cell receptor Supplement: In mammals, the T lymphocytes (also called T cells) form in the bone marrow and attains maturity in the thymus. There are different types of T lymphocytes and one of them is natural killer T cell. Natural killer T cell is a type of T lymphocyte that "kills" foreign pathogens and cancer cells upon recognizing CD1 protein that presents lipid antigens on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell with its T-cell receptor. This activates the natural killer T cell to produce cytokines. Natural killer T cell should not be confused with another T lymphocyte with similar function, i.e. cytotoxic T cell. The cytotoxic T cell (also called killer T cell) is a T cell that has CD8+ receptor on its cell surface. This receptor is essential for binding with MHC class I molecule for recognition of an antigen-presenting cell. The natural killer T cell does not express this receptor and therefore does not associate with MHC class I molecule. Natural killer T cell should not also be confused with a natural killer cell (NK cell). The former has antigen-specific receptors. This means that the natural killer T cell is more specific in its immune response. The NK cell is less specific and therefore attacks a wider range of pathogens.

Sleep-Related Hypoventilation

A breathing-related disorder that interrupts normal sleep. This condition may be diagnosed when all other sleep disorders have been ruled out, though it may appear simultaneously with other sleep disorders.

Genital Herpes

A common sexually transmitted infection marked by genital pain and sores (incurable). Caused by the herpes simplex virus, the disease can affect both men and women. Pain, itching, and small sores appear first. They form ulcers and scabs. After initial infection, genital herpes lies dormant in the body. Symptoms can recur for years. Medications can be used to manage outbreaks.

Cataplexy

A debilitating condition in which a person suddenly feels weak and collapses at times of strong emotion such as during laughter, anger, fear, or surprise. In so collapsing, people with cataplexy may injure themselves. For example, laughter and other emotions may trigger a reflex that can bring many of the muscles of the body to the point of collapse. Cataplexy often affects people who have narcolepsy.

Penile Strain Gauge

A device for measuring sexual arousal through changes in penile circumference.

Vaginal Photoplethysmograph

A device that uses light to indirectly measure blood flow to the vagina.

Sleep Apnea

A disorder that involves obstructed nighttime breathing. Disorder involving brief periods when breathing ceases during sleep.

Saab and Colleagues (1992)

The purpose of this study was to assess the short term stability of myocardial and peripheral vascular responses to behavioral challenges, and to compare the response patterns of Black and White men. Blood presure and heart rate, as well as stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and systolic time interval measures derived from the impedance cardiogram were obtanined in 12 Black and 12 White men. These measures were taken prior to and during an evaluative speech stressor, a mirror star tracing task, and a forehead cold pressor test presented during two laboratory sessions scheduled two weeks apart. In general, total peripheral resistance and impedance‐derived baseline measures showed acceptable reproducibility (G>.85). With a few exceptions, adequate reliability was also demonstrated for change (delta) scores. All tasks raised blood pressure responses above resting levels. Blacks demonstrated significantly greater increases in total peripheral resistance responses across tasks. Whites but not Blacks also revealed increases above baseline in cardiac output and contractility as estimated by the Healther Index. These findings are consistent with the view that Blacks show greater vascular responsiveness than Whites across a variety of tasks, but reveal less myocardial responsiveness.

Hypoventilation

The state in which a reduced amount of air enters the alveoli in the lungs, resulting in decreased levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypoventilation can be due to breathing that is too shallow (hypopnea) or too slow (bradypnea), or to diminished lung function. The opposite of hypoventilation is hyperventilation (over breathing)

Hypoxiphilia

The state of strangulation to restrict oxygen flow to the brain during sex for the purpose of enhancing orgasmic pleasure. Hypoxyphilia uses choking, toxic gasses, electric shock and drugs in sexual encounters to achieve a 'high'.

Oncology

The study of cancer.

B Cells

They are a part of the adaptive immune system. They are one of the two types of lymphocytes, the other kind being T cells. Like most immune cells, these have a very specific function: the production of antibodies, which play a major role in immunity. However, in order for a this to produce antibodies it must first become activated.

Chronic Stress

This is stress resulting from repeated exposure to situations that lead to the release of stress hormones. This type of stress can cause wear and tear on your mind and body. Many scientists think that our stress response system was not designed to be constantly activated.

Irregular Sleep-Wake Type of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

This sleep disorder has an undefined sleep-wake cycle. You may take several naps during a 24-hour period. Symptoms include ongoing (chronic) insomnia, excessive sleepiness or both. This disorder is more commonly seen in people with neurological conditions such as dementia, in nursing home residents, in children with intellectual disabilities and in those with traumatic injuries to the brain.

Jamison and Virts (1990)

This study examined the role family support plays in insulating chronic pain patients from maladaptive behaviors associated with their pain. Two hundred and thirty-three patients who described their family as always being supportive and never having any conflicts were compared with 275 chronic pain patients who endorsed having family disharmony and limited support. One year after completing an out-patient pain program a random sample of 181 of these patients were followed to determine the extent to which family support influenced treatment outcome. The patients who reported having non-supportive families tended to have liability and work-related injuries, relied on medication, reported having more pain sites and used more pain descriptors in describing their pain. These patients also tended to show more pain behaviors and more emotional distress compared with pain patients coming from supportive families. On follow-up, patients who described their families as being supportive reported significantly less pain intensity, less reliance on medication and greater activity levels. They tended to be working and not to have gone elsewhere for treatment of their pain compared with patients who described their family as non-supportive. The results of this study demonstrate that perceived support is an important factor in the rehabilitation of chronic pain patients.

Wilfley and Colleagues (2002)

Treated 162 overweight or obese men and women with BED with either CBT or IPT and found comparable results from each treatment. Fully 60% refrained from bingeing at a one-year follow-up.

Grazzi and Colleagues (2002)

Treated 61 patients with migraine headaches and analgesic overuse by withdrawing the patients from analgesics and then starting them on a more comprehensive but nonaddicting medication regimen, either with biofeedback and relaxation or without these (drugs only). After three years, significantly more individuals in the medication-only condition had relapsed by resuming analgesic use and were experiencing more headache pain.

Immunotherapy

Treatment that uses certain parts of a person's immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. This can be done in a couple of ways: Stimulating, or boosting, the natural defenses of your immune system so it works harder or smarter to find and attack cancer cells.

Phototherapy

Treatment with light. For example, a newborn with jaundice may be put under special lights to help reduce the amount of bilirubin pigment in the skin.

A simple, effective treatment for many disorders is education.

True

Attention must be focused on dysfunctional attitudes about body shape in anorexia, or relapse will most likely occur after treatment.

True

Biological limitations, as well as the societal pressure to use diet and exercise to achieve nearly impossible weight goals, contribute to the number of people with anorexia nd bulimia

True

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) are both successful treatments for bulimia nervosa, although CBT is the preferred method.

True

Many physical and medical conditions and their treatments (e.g., prescription medications) contribute to sexual dysfunction; however, many doctors are unaware of the connection.

True

Many young women with eating disorders have a diminished sense of personal control and confidence in their own abilities and talents, are perfectionists, and/or are intensely preoccupied with how they appear to others.

True

Most surgical and pharmacological treatments of recent yers have focused on erectile disorder.

True

Obesity is the single most expensive health problem in the United States, surpassing both smoking and alcohol abuse.

True

Professionally directed behavior modification programs represent the most successful treatment for obesity.

True

Sexual dysfunction can result from a growing dislike for a partner, traumatic sexual events, or childhood lessons about the negative consequences of sexual behavior.

True

Penile Prostheses

Two artificial cylinders that fill with fluid to allow the penis to become hard for an erection. It is placed under the skin and within the erection parts of the penis. These products have been utilized since 1973.

Psychologists have found that behavior pattern "types" impact physical health. _____________ is associated with the development of illness to a greater extent than is ____________.

Type A (Hard driving and impatient); Types B (relaxed, less concerned)

Biofeedback

Use of physiological monitoring equipment to make individuals aware of their own bodily functions, such as blood pressure or brain waves, that they cannot normally access, with the purpose of controlling these functions.

Lutgendorf and Colleagues (1997)

Used an intervention program that significantly decreased depression and anxiety compared with a control group that did not receive the treatment. More important, there was a significant reduction in antibodies to the herpes simplex virus II in the treatment group compared to the control group, which reflects the greater ability of the cellular component of the immune system to control the virus.

Mosher and colleagues and Chandra and colleagues

Virtually all men and women studied were sexually experienced, with vaginal intercourse a nearly universal experience, even for those who had never been married. By age 15, over a quarter of males and females have engaged in vaginal intercourse, and the prevalence rate increases with the age of individuals.

Peeping Tom loves to look through Susie's bedroom window and watch her undress. He gets extremely excited as she disrobes. He is practicing:

Voyeuristic disorder

Script Theory of Sexual Functioning

We all operate by following "scripts" that reflect social and cultural expectations and guide our behavior.

Nocturnal Eating Syndrome

When individuals rise from their beds and eat while they are still asleep.

Leukocytes

White Blood Cells

Resistance

With continued stress human pass into this second stage of sustained stress, in which we mobilize various coping mechanisms to respond to the stress.

Robert Ader and his Colleagues (1974)

Working with classical conditioning paradigm, they gave sugar-flavored water to rats, together with a drug that suppresses the immune system. They then demonstrated that giving the same rats only the sweet-tasting water produced similar changes in the immune system. In other words, the rats "learned" ( through classical conditioning) to respond to the water by suppressing their immune systems.

Robert Sapolsky and his colleagues

Working with primates showed that increased levels of cortisol in response to chronic stress may kill nerve cells in the hippocampus. If hippocampal activity is this compromised, excessive cortisol is secreted and, over time, the ability to turn off the stress response decreases, which leads to further aging of the hippocampus. These findings indicate that chronic stress leading to chronic secretion of cortisol may have long-lasting effects on physical function, including brain damage. Cell death may, in turn, lead to deficient problem-solving abilities among the aged and, ultimately, dementia. This physiological process may also affect susceptibility to infectious disease and recovery from it in other pathophysiological systems. His work is important because we now know that hippocampal cell death associated with chronic stress and anxiety occurs in humans with PTSD and depression. The long-term effects of this cell death are not yet known.

Shift Work Type of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

You may have this sleep disorder if you frequently rotate shifts or work at night. These work schedules conflict with your body's natural circadian rhythm, making it difficult to adjust to the change. Shift work disorder is identified by a constant or recurrent pattern of sleep interruption that results in insomnia or excessive sleepiness. Other common features of shift work disorder are: Ongoing tiredness; General feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, mood disorder; Gastrointestinal problems; Decreased sex drive. Other health risks include increased risk of alcohol and substance abuse, weight gain, high blood pressure, heart disease and breast and endometrial cancer. This sleep disorder is most commonly seen in people who have night or early morning shifts.

Features of Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders include the following:

•A persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by an individual's physical environment or social or professional schedule •The sleep disruption leads to excessive sleepiness, insomnia, or both •The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning

Sleep Paralysis

A frightening form of paralysis that occurs when a person suddenly finds himself or herself unable to move for a few minutes, most often upon falling asleep or waking up. Sleep paralysis is due to an irregularity in passing between the stages of sleep and wakefulness. The symptoms of sleep paralysis include sensations of noises, smells, levitation, paralysis, terror, and images of frightening intruders. Once considered very rare, up to half of all people are now believed to experience sleep paralysis sometime during their life. Sleep paralysis is not considered to be a sign of a serious condition, although it can be frightening. Sleep paralysis occurs as a person is moving into or out of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the deepest part of sleep. During REM sleep, the body is largely disconnected from the brain, effectively leaving the body paralyzed. Sleep paralysis is the result of premature (or persistent) mind-body disconnection as one is about to enter into (or exit from) REM sleep. Sleep paralysis occurs most often after jet lag or periods of sleeplessness that interrupt the normal REM patterns, or after changes in sleep patterns. It affects both sexes equally and occurs at all ages but is most common in teenagers. Medically, sleep paralysis is sometimes called waking paralysis, predormital (before-sleep) paralysis, postdormital (after-sleep) paralysis, and REM sleep atonia.

Memory T Cells

A long-lived T cell that bears receptors for an antigen during its encounter with a prior infection or vaccination. Supplement: In mammals, the T lymphocytes (also called T cells) form in the bone marrow and attains maturity in the thymus. There are different types of T lymphocytes and one of them is memory T cell. A memory T cell, compared with other T lymphocytes, lives relatively longer. It can recognize pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, and cancer cells. The receptors on its cell surface enables an immune response against these foreign particles. The cell got its name memory from its ability to recognize the same foreign particle through its receptors. Recognizing the pathogen previously encountered during re-exposure, the memory T cells produce clones immediately and as such respond to the infection more strongly. A memory T cell is different from a memory B cell. Apart from the lineage from where they were derived, the memory B cell produces large amounts of antibodies during re-exposure to the same antigen whereas the memory T cell does not. Both of them, though, are capable of proliferating to produce clones during re-exposure to a particular antigen.

Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)

A neurohormone that is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland.

Partialism

A part of the body, such as foot, buttocks, or hair.

Gender Nonconformity

A phenomenon in which pre-pubescent children do not identify with their biological sex, but instead identify strongly with the gender of the opposite sex and display varying degrees of behavior more characteristic of the opposite sex.

Features of Insomnia Disorder include the following:

A predominant complaint of dissatisfcation with sleep quatity or quality associated with one or more of the follow: (1) difficulty initiating sleep, (2) difficulty maintaining sleep, (3) early morning awakening with inability to return to sleep. The sleep disturbance causes significant distress in social occupational, educational, academic, behavioral, or other important areas of functioning. The sleep difficulty occurs at least three nights per week and is present for at least three months. The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep. The insomnia is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep-wake disorder and is not attributable to the effects of a substance (e.g., a drug abuse) or a co-existing mental disorders or medical conditions.

Philips and Grant (1991)

A preliminary investigation was undertaken on 117 acute back pain cases, to assess the utility of counseling at the acute stage upon the course of recovery over the subsequent 6 months. In addition, the extent to which psychological reactions to acute injury would allow the 'tagging' of individuals at risk for chronic pain problems, was studied. The minimal rehabilitation counseling proved inadequate to effect the course of recovery, but remarkably accurate predictions were possible at the sub-chronic point (3 months) as to who would make complete recoveries.

Immunoglobulins

A protein produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes and characteristic of these types of cells. They play an essential role in the body's immune system. They attach to foreign substances, such as bacteria, and assist in destroying them.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart. Abbreviated ECG and EKG. An ECG is a simple, noninvasive procedure. Electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest and connected in a specific order to a machine that, when turned on, measures electrical activity all over the heart. Output usually appears on a long scroll of paper that displays a printed graph of activity on a computer screen. The initial diagnosis of heart attack is usually made through observation of a combination of clinical symptoms and characteristic ECG changes. An ECG can detect areas of muscle deprived of oxygen and/or dead tissue in the heart. If a medication is known to sometimes adversely affect heart function, a baseline ECG may be ordered before the patient starts taking the medicine, and follow-up testing may occur at regular intervals to look for any changes.

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A sexual dysfunction characterized by little or no sexual desire.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

A technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn.

Electromyogram

A test that records the electrical activity of muscles. Normal muscles produce a typical pattern of electrical current that is usually proportional to the level of muscle activity. Diseases of muscle and/or nerves can produce abnormal electromyogram patterns. Abbreviated EMG. Also known as a myogram.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A test used to evaluate the electrical activity in the brain. Brain cells communicate with each other through electrical impulses. An EEG can be used to help detect potential problems associated with this activity. An EEG tracks and records brain wave patterns. Small flat metal discs called electrodes are attached to the scalp with wires. The electrodes analyze the electrical impulses in the brain and send signals to a computer that records the results. The electrical impulses in an EEG recording look like wavy lines with peaks and valleys. These lines allow doctors to quickly assess whether there are abnormal patterns. Any irregularities may be a sign of seizures or other brain disorders.

T4 Cells (Helper T Cells)

A type of T cell that has CD4 markers on its surface and participates in the immune response by recognizing foreign antigens and secreting substances called cytokines that activate T and B cells. T-helper cells fall into two main classes: those that activate other T cells to achieve cellular inflammatory responses; and those that drive B cells to produce antibodies in the humoral immune response. These two classes of response are generally incompatible with one another and require coordination by substances called cytokines to promote one response while dampening the other. The HIV virus attacks T-helper cells, knocking out the body's ability to defend itself against infections. T-4 cells are also known as CD4 cells, T-helper cells, helper cells, and helper T cells.

Restricting Type of Anorexia Nervosa

A type of anorexia nervosa in which people reduce their weight by severely restricting their food intake.

Friends with benefits

A type of hooking up that involves an ongoing non-romantic relationship.

T Cells

A type of white blood cell that is of key importance to the immune system and is at the core of adaptive immunity, the system that tailors the body's immune response to specific pathogens. The T cells are like soldiers who search out and destroy the targeted invaders. Immature T cells (termed T-stem cells) migrate to the thymus gland in the neck, where they mature and differentiate into various types of mature T cells and become active in the immune system in response to a hormone called thymosin and other factors. T-cells that are potentially activated against the body's own tissues are normally killed or changed ("down-regulated") during this maturational process. There are several different types of mature T cells. Not all of their functions are known. T cells can produce substances called cytokines such as the interleukins which further stimulate the immune response. T-cell activation is measured as a way to assess the health of patients with HIV/AIDS and less frequently in other disorders. T cell are also known as T lymphocytes. The "T" stands for "thymus" -- the organ in which these cells mature. As opposed to B cells which mature in the bone marrow.

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections; two groups of this are: B cells and T cells.

Macrophages

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.

What procedures and strategies are used in stress management and in prevention and intervention programs?

A variety of psychosocial treatments have been developed with the goal of either treating r preventing physical disorders. Among these are biofeedback and the relaxation response. Comprehensive stress- and pain-reduction programs include not only relaxation and related techniques but also new methods to encourage effective coping, including stress management, realistic appraisals, and improved attitudes through cognitive therapy. Comprehensive programs are generally more effective than individual components delivered singly. Other interventions aim to modify such behavior as unsafe sexual practices, smoking, and unhealthy dietary habits. Such efforts have been made in a variety f areas, including injury control, AIDS prevention, smoking cessation campaigns, and programs to reduce risk factors for diseases such as CHD.

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

A vivid dreamlike hallucination that occurs as one is falling asleep. The opposite of an hypnopompic hallucination which is a vivid dreamlike hallucination that occurs as one is waking up.

Large Fibers

A-beta fibers

Small Fibers

A-delta and C fibers

Physical Disorders

AIDS, cancer, cardiovascular problems, chronic pain, and chronic fatigue syndrome

Parasomnias

Abnormal behaviors such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep.

What could be the cause(s) of Charlie's disorder?

Abnormal hormone levels during development; social or parental influences.

Circa

About

Carlat, Camargo, and Herzog (1997)

Accumulated information on 135 male patients with eating disorders who were seen over 13 years and found that 42% were either gay males or bisexual.

Sexsomnia

Acting out sexual behaviors such as masturbation and sexual intercourse with no memory of the event.

Relaxation Response

Active components of meditation methods, including repetitive thoughts of a sound to reduce distracting thoughts and closing the mind to other intruding thoughts, that decrease the flow of stress hormones and neurotransmitters and cause a feeling of calm.

Stress Hormones

Adrenaline and Cortisol are the major ones.

Cardiovascular Disease

Afflictions in the mechanisms, including the heart, blood vessels, and their controllers, responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues and organs. Psychological factors may play important roles in such diseases and their treatments.

Suffering

An emotional component of pain.

Antibodies

An immunoglobulin, a specialized immune protein, produced because of the introduction of an antigen into the body, and which possesses the remarkable ability to combine with the very antigen that triggered its production. The production of this is a major function of the immune system and is carried out by a type of white blood cell called a B cell (B lymphocyte). They can be triggered by and directed at foreign proteins, microorganisms, or toxins. Some of these are autoantibodies and home in against our own tissues. The term "antibody" dates to 1901. Prior to that time, an "antibody" referred to any of a host of different substances that served as "bodies" (foot soldiers) in the fight against infection and its ill effects.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis

An important physiological stress pathway. The hormones of this acts to maintain homeostasis in the presence of stress through a variety of mechanisms.

Pain

An unpleasant sensation that can range from mild, localized discomfort to agony. Pain has both physical and emotional components. The physical part of pain results from nerve stimulation. Pain may be contained to a discrete area, as in an injury, or it can be more diffuse, as in disorders like fibromyalgia. Pain is mediated by specific nerve fibers that carry the pain impulses to the brain where their conscious appreciation may be modified by many factors. Pain is also a term specifically used to denote a painful uterine contraction occurring in childbirth. The word "pain" comes from the Latin "poena" meaning a fine, a penalty.

Kirsten has lost several pounds and now weighs less than 90 pounds. She eats only a small portion of the food her mother serves her and fears that intake above her current 500 calories daily will make her fat. Since losing the weight, Kirsten has stopped having periods. She sees a fat person in the mirror.

Anorexia Nervosa

Abbey and Garfinkel (1991)

Another possibility suggested by these people is that the condition represents a rather non-specific response to stress.

Transcription Factor

Are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. Transcription factors include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genes. One distinct feature of transcription factors is that they have DNA-binding domains that give them the ability to bind to specific sequences of DNA called enhancer or promoter sequences. Some transcription factors bind to a DNA promoter sequence near the transcription start site and help form the transcription initiation complex. Other transcription factors bind to regulatory sequences, such as enhancer sequences, and can either stimulate or repress transcription of the related gene. These regulatory sequences can be thousands of base pairs upstream or downstream from the gene being transcribed. Regulation of transcription is the most common form of gene control. The action of transcription factors allows for unique expression of each gene in different cell types and during development.

Edwards and Colleagues (2009)

Articulated the neurobiological processes underlying the effectiveness of psychological coping procedures that successfully alter the experience of pain. Certain procedures, such as reappraising the significance of the pain instead of catastrophizing or thinking the worst about it, activate a variety of brain circuits that modulate or diminish pain experience and allow for more normal functioning.

Shafran, Lee, Payne, and Fairburn (2006)

Artificially raised perfectionistic standards in otherwise normal women by instructing them to pursue the highest possible standards in everything they did for the next 24 hours. These instructions caused them to eat fewer high-calorie foods, to restrict their eating, and to have more regret after eating than women told to just do the minimum for 24 hours. This occurred even though eating was not specifically mentioned as part of pursuing the "highest standards." Perfectionism alone, however, is only weakly associated with the development of an eating disorder, because individuals must consider themselves overweight and manifest low self-esteem before the trait of perfectionism makes a contribution. But when perfectionism is directed to distorted perception of body image, a powerful engine to drive eating disorder behavior is in place.

Striegel-Moore, Silberstein, and Rodin (1986) and Attie and Brooks-Gunn (1995)

As pointed out in these classic studies differential patterns of physical development in girls and boys interact with cultural influences to create eating disorders. After puberty, girls gain weight primarily in fat tissue, whereas boys develop muscle and lean tissue. As the ideal look in Western countries is tall muscular for men and thin and prepubertal for women, physical development brings boys closer to the ideal and takes girl further away.

Polysomnographic (PSG) Evaluation

Assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave, and other functions.

Lymphocytes that operate within the humoral part of the system and circulate in the blood and bodily fluids.

B Cells

Sapolsky and others

Baboon studies In addition to numerous scientific papers about stress, Sapolsky has written four popular books on the subject—Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers, The Trouble with Testosterone, A Primate's Memoir and Monkeyluv. Many of his insights are based on his 30-year field study of wild African baboons, highly social primates that are close relatives of Homo sapiens. Each year, he and his assistants follow troops of baboons in Kenya to gather behavioral and physiological data on individual members, including blood samples, tissue biopsies and electrocardiograms. "We've found that baboons have diseases that other social mammals generally don't have," Sapolsky said. "If you're a gazelle, you don't have a very complex emotional life, despite being a social species. But primates are just smart enough that they can think their bodies into working differently. It's not until you get to primates that you get things that look like depression." The same may be true for elephants, whales and other highly intelligent mammals that have complex emotional lives, he added. "The reason baboons are such good models is, like us, they don't have real stressors," he said. "If you live in a baboon troop in the Serengeti, you only have to work three hours a day for your calories, and predators don't mess with you much. What that means is you've got nine hours of free time every day to devote to generating psychological stress toward other animals in your troop. So the baboon is a wonderful model for living well enough and long enough to pay the price for all the social-stressor nonsense that they create for each other. They're just like us: They're not getting done in by predators and famines, they're getting done in by each other." It turns out that unhealthy baboons, like unhealthy people, often have elevated resting levels of stress hormones. "Their reproductive system doesn't work as well, their wounds heal more slowly, they have elevated blood pressure and the anti-anxiety chemicals in their brain, which have a structural similarity to Valium, work differently," Sapolsky said. "So they're not in great shape." Among the most susceptible to stress are low-ranking baboons and type A individuals. "Type A baboons are the ones who see stressors that other animals don't," Sapolsky said. "For example, having your worst rival taking a nap 100 yards away gets you agitated." But when it comes to stress-related diseases, social isolation may play an even more significant role than social rank or personality. "Up until 15 years ago, the most striking thing we found was that, if you're a baboon, you don't want to be low ranking, because your health is going to be lousy," he explained. "But what has become far clearer, and probably took a decade's worth of data, is the recognition that protection from stress-related disease is most powerfully grounded in social connectedness, and that's far more important than rank." Coping with stress What can baboons teach humans about coping with all the stress-inducing psychosocial nonsense we encounter in our daily lives? "Ideally, we have a lot more behavioral flexibility than the baboon," Sapolsky said, adding that, unlike baboons, humans can overcome their low social status and isolation by belonging to multiple hierarchies. "We are capable of social supports that no other primate can even dream of," he said. "For example, I might say, 'This job, where I'm a lowly mailroom clerk, really doesn't matter. What really matters is that I'm the captain of my softball team or deacon of my church'—that sort of thing. It's not just somebody sitting here, grooming you with their own hands. We can actually feel comfort from the discovery that somebody on the other side of the planet is going through the same experience we are and feel, I'm not alone. We can even take comfort reading about a fictional character, and there's no primate out there that can feel better in life just by listening to Beethoven. So the range of supports that we're capable of is extraordinary." But many of the qualities that make us human also can induce stress, he noted. "We can be pained or empathetic about somebody in Darfur," he said. "We can be pained by some movie character that something terrible happens to that doesn't even exist. We could be made to feel inadequate by seeing Bill Gates on the news at night, and we've never even been in the same village as him or seen our goats next to his. So the realm of space and time that we can extend our emotions means that there are a whole lot more abstract things that can make us feel stressed."

Definition of Chronic Fatigue

Clinically evaluated, medically unexplained fatigue of at least six months duration that is: Of new onset (not lifelong) Not resulting from ongoing exertion Not substantially alleviated by rest A substantial reduction in previous level of activities The occurrence of four or more of the following symptoms: Subjective memory impairment Sore throat Tender lymph nodes Muscle pain Joint pain Headache Unrefreshing sleep Post-exertional malaise lasting more than 24 hours

Type B Behavior Pattern

Cluster of behaviors including a relaxed attitude, indifference to time pressure, and less forceful ambition; originally thought to promote low risk for heart disease.

Type A Behavior Pattern

Cluster of behaviors including excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger, originally thought to promote high risk for heart disease.

Mary is often upset by stupid things other people are always doing. Her doctor wants her to realize her exaggeration of these events and suggests

Cognitive Coping Procedures

Covert Sensitization

Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and establish negative rather than positive associations with them.

Psychological Treatments for Insomnia

Cognitive: This approach focuses on changing the sleeper's unrealistic expectations and beliefs about sleep ("I I get less than eight hours of sleep, it will make me ill"). The therapist attempts t alter beliefs and attitudes about sleeping by providing information on topics such as normal amounts of sleep and a person's ability to compensate for lost sleep. Guided Imagery Relaxation: This approach uses meditation or imagery to help with relaxation at bedtime or after night waking. Graduated Extinction: Used for children who have tantrums at bedtime or wake up crying at night, this treatment instructs the parent to check on the child after progressively longer periods until the child falls asleep on his or her own. Paradoxical Intention: This technique involves instructing individuals in the opposite behavior from the desired outcome. Telling poor sleepers to lie in bed and try to stay awake as long as they can is used to try to relieve the performance anxiety surrounding efforts to try to fall asleep. Progressive Relaxation: This technique involve relaxing the muscles of the body in an effort to introduce drowsiness.

Ironson and Colleagues (1992)

Compared increased heart rate when they instructed individuals with heart disease to imagine situations or events in their own lives that made them angry with heart rates when they imagined other situations, such as exercise. They fund that anger impaired the pumping efficiency of the heart, putting these individuals at risk for dangerous disturbances in heart rhythm (arrhythmias). This study confirms earlier findings relating the frequent experience of anger to later CHD.

Stice, Shaw, and Marti (2007)

Concluded after a review of prevention programs that selecting girls age 15 or over nd focusing on eliminating an exaggerated focus on body shape or weight and encouraging acceptance of one's body stood the best chance of success in preventing eating disorders.

Holroyd and Colleagues (1984)

Concluded that the success of biofeedback, at least for headaches, may depend not on the reduction of tension but on the extent to which the procedures instill a sense of control over the pain.

Insomnia Disorder

Condition in which insufficient sleep interferes with normal functioning.

Autoimmune Disease

Condition in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue rather than antigens.

Predisposing Conditions

Conditions that make a body more susceptible to disease without actually causing it are called.

Pike and Rodin (1991)

Confirmed some differences in interactions within the families of girls with disordered eating in comparison with control families.

Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and complex control mechanisms for regulating their function.

Night Eating Syndrome

Consuming a third or more of daily food intake after the evening meal and getting out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack. In the morning, individuals with night eating syndrome are not hungry and do not usually eat breakfast. These individuals do not binge during their night eating and seldom purge.

Bandura (1986)

Convergent evidence from the diverse lines of research reported in the present special issue of this journal attests to the explanatory and predictive generality of self-efficacy theory. This commentary addresses itself to conceptual and empirical issues concerning the nature and function of self-percepts of efficacy.

Which of the following is not considered part of the experience of pain? The subjective impression of pain as reported by the patient Pain behaviors or overt manifestations of pain Cuts, bruises, and other injuries An emotional component called suffering

Cuts, bruises, and other injuries

Dian

Day

Sexual Self-Schemas

Defined as "cognitive generalizations about sexual aspects of oneself that are derived from past experience, manifest in current experience, influential in the processing of sexually relevant social information, and guide sexual behavior."

Non-Restorative Sleep

Defined as the subjective feeling that sleep has been insufficiently refreshing, often despite the appearance of physiologically normal sleep.

Autogynephilia

Defines a transsexual typology and provides a theory of transsexual motivation: as Ray Blanchard proposed, male to female (MtF) transsexuals are either sexually attracted exclusively to men (homosexual) or are sexually attracted primarily to the thought or image of themselves as female (autogynephilic), and that autogynephilic transsexuals seek sex reassignment to actualise their autogynephilic desires. Blanchard's types of autogynephilia: Transvestic—Fantasy of wearing women's clothing. Behavioural—Fantasy of engaging in typical feminine behaviour (e.g., knitting with women). Physiologic—Fantasy of pregnancy, breast feeding, menstruating. Anatomic—Fantasy of having a woman's body, including partial autogynephilia, where the focus is on a mix of male and female body parts.

Hsu (1988) and others

Demonstrated initial weight gain is a poor predictor of long-term outcome in anorexia. Without attention to the patient's dysfunctional attitudes about body shape, as well as interpersonal disruptions in her life, she will almost always relapse. For restricting anorexics, the focus of treatment must shift to their anxiety over becoming obese and losing control of eating, as well as to their emphasis on thinness as a determinant of self-worth.

Stice and Colleagues (1999)

Demonstrated that one of the reasons attempts to lose weight may lead to eating disorders is that weight-reduction efforts in adolescent girls are more likely to result in weight gain than weight loss. To establish this finding, 692 girls, initially the same weight, were followed for four years. Girls who attempted dieting faced more than 300% greater risk of obesity than those who did not diet.

Barbara Anderson and her colleagues

Demonstrated that women tend to report the experience of romantic feelings as integral part of their sexuality, as well as an openness to sexual experience.

Initially, strong ________ can help a patient endure the shock of bad news; however, later it can inhibit or prevent the healing process.

Denial

Olivardia, Pope, and Hudson (2000)

Described a syndrome in men, particularly male weight lifters, that they initially termed "reverse anorexia nervosa." Men with this syndrome reported they were extremely concerned about looking small, even though they were muscular. These men were prone to using anabolic-androgenic steroids to bulk up, risking both the medical and psychological consequences of taking steroids. Thus, although a marked gender difference in typical body image distortion is obvious, with many women thinking they're too big and some men thinking they're too small, both types of distortion can result in severe psychological and physical consequences.

Patton, Johnson-Sabine, Wood, Mann, and Wakeling (1990)

Determined in a prospective study that adolescent girls who dieted were eight times more likely to develop an eating disorder one year later than those who weren't dieting.

Herbert Benson (1975, 1984)

Developed a brief procedure called relaxation technique. The best time to practice the Relaxation Response is first thing in the morning for 10 to 20 minutes. Practicing just once or twice daily can be enough to counteract the stress response and bring about deep relaxation and inner peace. These brief, simple procedures can be powerful in reducing the flow of certain neurotransmitters and stress hormones, an effect that may be mediated by an increased sense of control and mastery.

Stice and Colleagues (2012)

Developed a program called "Healthy Weight" compared with just handing out educational material in 398 college women at risk for developing eating disorders because of weight and shape concerns. During four weekly hour-long group session with 6,210 participants, the women were educated about food and eating habits (and motivated to alter these habits using motivational enhancement procedures). Eating disorder risk factors and symptoms were substantially reduced in the "Healthy Weight" group compared with the comparison group, particularly for the most severely at risk women, and the effect was durable at a six-month follow-up.

Michael Sharpe (1997)

Developed one of the first models of the causes of CFS that accounts for all of its features. Theorized that individuals with particularly achievement-oriented lifestyles (driven, perhaps, by a basic sense of inadequacy) undergo a period of extreme stress or acute illness.

James Greer and his associates

Developed vaginalphotoplethysmograph.

Some evidence shows that psychological factors may contribute to both the course and the ______________ of cancer, Aids, and other diseases, as well as treatment and recovery.

Development

Incest

Deviant sexual attraction (pedophilia) directed toward a family member; often the attraction of a father toward a daughter who is maturing physically.

Edmund Jacobson (1938)

Devised progressive muscle relaxation. People tense different muscle groups in a sequential fashion followed by relaxing each specific muscle group. In this way they learn to recognize tension in different muscle groups and how to reduce it. A number of meditation-based procedures focus attention either on a specific part of the body or on a single thought or image. This attentional focus is often accompanied by regular, slowed breathing.

Primary Insomnia

Difficulty in initiating, maintaining, or gaining from sleep; not related to other medical or psychological problems.

Scheier and Colleagues (1989)

Discovered that optimistic people are less likely to use denial as a means of coping with a severe stressor such as surgery.

Mauler, Hamm, Weike, and Tuschen-Caffier (2006)

Discovered that women with bulimia evidenced more intense negative affect after overeating, which could lead to extreme food restriction or intense exercise.

Delayed Ejaculation

Disorder in which a man achieves orgasm only with great difficulty.

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Dysfunction in which a man feels distress from having little or no sexual interest.

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (e.g., deliberate vomiting, laxative abuse, and excessive exercise).

Evidence-Based Instruction

Education on the use of a treatment that has empirical support.

Features of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea include the following:

Either (1) evidence by polysomnography of at least five obstructive apneas or hypopneas per hour of sleep and either (a) nocturnal breathing disturbances (snoring, snorting/gasping, or breathing pauses) or (b) daytime sleepiness, fatigue, or unrefreshing sleep despite sufficient opportunities to sleep that is not better explained by another mental disorder or medical condition. Evidence by polysomnography of 15 or more obstructive apneas and/or hypopneas per hour of sleep regardless of accompanying symptoms.

Chronic Pain

Enduring pain that does not decrease over time; may occur in muscles, joints, and the lower back, and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue. Other significant factors are social and psychological.

Sleep Terrors

Episodes of apparent awakening from sleep, accompanied by signs of panic, followed by disorientation and amnesia for the incident. These occur during nonrapid eye movement sleep and so do not involve frightening dreams.

Good Sleep Habits

Establish a set bedtime routine. Develop a regular bedtime and a regular time to awaken. Eliminate all foods and drinks that contain caffeine six hours before bedtime. Limit any use of alcohol or tobacco. Try drinking milk before bedtime. Eat a balanced diet, limiting fat. Go to bed only when sleepy and get out of bed if you are unable to fall asleep or back to sleep after 15 minutes. Do not exercise or participate in vigorous activities in the hours before bedtime. Do include a weekly program of exercise during the day. Restrict activities in bed to those that help induce sleep. Reduce noise and light in the bedroom. Increase exposure to natural and bright light during the day. Avoid extreme temperature changes in the bedroom (that is, too hot or too cold).

Features of Central Sleep Apnea include the following:

Evidence by polysomnography of five or more central apneas per hour of sleep. The disorder is not better explained by another current sleep disorder.

Fairburn, Cooper, Doll, and Davies (2005)

Examined a group of 2,992 young women who were dieting and identified 104 who developed an eating disorder over the next two years. Among all of these dieters, several risk factors were identified. Those most at risk for developing an eating disorder were already binge-eating and purging, were eating in secret, expressed a desire to have an empty stomach, were preoccupied with food, and were afraid of losing control over eating.

Obesity

Excess of body fat resulting in a body mass index (BMI, a ratio of weight to height) of 30 or more.

Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

Excessive jerky leg movements.

Sam finds arousal in walking up to strangers in the park and showing them his genitals.

Exhibitionistic disorder

What Peeping Tom does not realize is that Susie knows that he is watching. She is aroused by slowly undressing while others are watching, and she fantasizes about what they are thinking. Susie's behavior is called:

Exhibitionistic disorder

Paxton, Schutz, Wertheim, and Muir (1999)

Explored the influence of close friendships groups on attitudes concerning body image, dietary restraint, and extreme weight-loss behaviors. In a clever experiment, the authors identified 79 different friendship cliques in a group of 523 adolescent girls. They found tht these friendship cliques tended to share the same attitudes toward body image, dietary restraint, and the importance of attempts to lose weight. They assumed from the study that these friendship cliques are significantly associated with individual body image concerns and eating behaviors. In other words, if your friends tend to use extreme dieting or other weight-loss techniques, there is a greater chance that you will, too.

Sheldon Cohen and his associates

Exposed volunteer participants to a dosage of a cold virus and found that the chance a participant would get sick was related to how much stress the person had experienced during the past year.

Sleep Attacks

Falling asleep suddenly during the daytime.

Fatty foods and technology are not to blame for the obesity epidemic in the United States.

False

One study showed that males consider a smaller female body size to be more attractive than women do.

False; Females find a smaller size more attractive than do men.

Individuals with night eating syndrome consume at least half their daily intake after their evening meal.

False; It's at least 1/3 or more.

Antidepressants help individuals overcome anorexia but have no effect on bulimia.

False; They help with bulimia nervosa not anorexia.

All sexual dysfunctions are treated with the same psychosocial technique.

False; non-demand pleasuring, squeeze technique, and so on.

Anxiety always decreases or even eradicates sexual arousal.

False; sometimes increases arousal.

Non-Purging Type of Bulimia Nervosa

Fasting Exercising excessively

Samantha came into the office because she is unable to reach orgasm. She loves her husband but stopped initiating sex. She is most likely suffering from

Female orgasmic disorder

Kelly has no real desire for sex. She has sex only because she feels that otherwise her husband may leave her. Kelly suffers from:

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Kai has a collection of women's panties that arouse him. He loves to look at, collect, and wear them.

Fetishistic disorder

What Peeping Tom will be shocked to find out is that "Susie" is actually Scott, a man who can become aroused only if he wears feminine clothing. Scott's behavior is __________.

Fetishistic disorder

Exhaustion

Finally, if the stress is too intense or lasts too long, we enter into this third stage of sustained stress, in which our bodies suffer permanent damage or death.

Fallon and Rozin (1985)

Findings that men have different body image perceptions than women. Several studies confirmed that men generally desire to be heavier and more muscular than they are.

Racine and Wildes (2015)

Followed 191 patients who had received inpatient or day hospital treatment who had recovered sufficiently to be discharged and demonstrated that the presence of continued emotion dysregulation at discharge predicted an increase in anorexia over the following year, whereas low emotion dysregulation predicted a decrease in anorexic symptoms.

Agras, Telch, Arnow, Eldredge, and Marnell (1997)

Followed 93 obese individuals with BED for one year and found that immediately after treatment with CBT, 41% of the participants abstained from binging and 72% binged less frequently. After one year, binge-eating was reduced by 64%, and 33% of the group refrained from bingeing altogether. Importantly, those who had stopped binge-eating during CBT maintained a weight loss of approximately nine pounds over this one-year follow-up period; these who continued to binge gained approximately eight pounds. Thus, stopping binge-eating is critical to sustaining weight loss in obese patients, a finding consistent with other studies of weight-loss procedures.

Garner, Garfinkel, Rockert, and Olmstead (1987)

Followed a group of 11- to 14-year-old female students in ballet school. The conservative estimate was that at least 25% of these girls developed eating disorders during the two ears of the study. Similar results are apparent among athletes, particularly females, such as gymnasts.

Purging Type of Bulimia Nervosa

Forced vomiting Misusing laxatives, diuretics, or enemas

Antigens

Foreign material that enters the body, including bacteria and parasites.

Heim and Colleagues (2006)

Found a higher level of adverse early stressful events in people with CFS compared with non-fatigued controls, reminiscent of Sapolsky's monkeys.

Mumford, Whitehouse, and Platts (1991)

Found comparable results with Asian women living in the United States.

Owen and Fincham (2011)

Found greater alcohol use leads to greater engagement in "friends with benefits" relationships, and this was especially true for women.

Wade and Colleagues (2008)

Found support for this idea in a study of 1,002 same-sex twins in which anorexia was associated with, and maybe a reflection of, a trait of perfectionism and a need for order that runs in families.

Billy and colleagues (1993)

Found that 23.3% f men had had sex with 20 or more partners which is another high-risk behavior. Then again, more than 70% had had only one sexual partner during the previous year and fewer than 10% had had four or more partners during the same period.

Patrick and colleagues (2005)

Found that men who complain of premature ejaculation ejaculated 1.8 minutes after penetration, compared with 7.3 minutes in individuals without this compliant.

Bandura and Colleagues (1987)

Found that people with a greater sense o self-efficacy and control had a higher tolerance for pain than individuals with low self-efficacy and that they increased their production of endogenous opioids when they were confronted with a painful stimulus.

Thompson and Stice (2001)

Found that risk for developing eating disorders was directly related to the extent to which women internalize or "buy in" to media messages and images glorifying thinness, a finding also confirmed by Cafri, Yamamiya, Brannick, and Thompson (2005) as well as Keel and Forney (2013).

Marques and Colleagues (2011)

Found that the prevalence of eating disorders is now more similar among non-Hispanic whites, African American, Asian American, and Hispanic females. Eating disorders are generally more common among Native Americans than other ethnic groups

McKenzie, Williamson, and Cubic (1993)

Found that women with bulimia judges that their bodies were larger after they ate a candy bar and soft drink, whereas the judgments of women in control groups were unaffected by snacks. Thus, rather minor events related to eating may activate fear of gaining weight, further distortions in body image, and corrective schemes such as purging.

Nightmares

Frightening and anxiety-provoking dreams occurring during rapid eye movement sleep. The individual recalls the bad dreams and recovers alertness and orientation quickly.

Charlie always felt out of place with the boys. At a young age, he preferred to play with girls and insisted that his parents call him "Charlene." He later claimed that he felt like a woman trapped in a man's body. What disorder could Charlie have?

Gender Dysphoria

AIDS-Related Complex (ARC)

Group of minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats that appears after HIV infection but before development of full-blown AIDS.

Myocardial Stunning

Heart failure.

Essential Hypertension

High blood pressure with no verifiable physical cause, which makes up the overwhelming majority of high blood pressure cases.

Sense of Control

How well you think you can cope with the threat or challenge you are facing.

Melinda sleeps all night and still finds herself falling asleep throughout the next day. This happens even when she goes to bed early and gets up as late as possible

Hypersomnolence Disorder

Psychosocial and biological factors contribute to the development of __________________, a potentially deadly condition of high blood pressure, and to the development of ________________, the blockage of arteries supplying blood to heart muscle.

Hypertension; Coronary Heart Disease

Fairburn and Colleagues (2000)

Identified a group of 102 females with bulimia nervosa and followed 92 of them prospectively for five years. About a third improved to the point where they no longer met diagnostic criteria each year, but another third who had improved previously relapsed. Between 50% and 67% exhibited serious eating disorder symptoms at the end of each year of the five-year study, indicating this disorder has a relatively poor prognosis.

Ma and Colleagues (2008)

Identified several myths that characterize Chinese smokers. These include: 1. The identification of smoking as a symbol of personal freedom. 2. A perception that tobacco is important in social and cultural interactions. 3. The perception that the health effects of smoking can be controlled through reasonable and measured use. 4. The importance of tobacco to the economy. At present, the Chinese government is considering ways to counter these prevailing misconceptions as a prelude to developing more effective presentative programs.

Anxiety

If something really is threatening and you believe there is little you can do about it, you may feel this.

Advanced Sleep Phase Type of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

If you have this sleep disorder, you fall asleep in the early evening (6 p.m. to 9 p.m.) and wake up in the early morning (2 a.m. to 5 a.m.). Other common features of advanced sleep phase disorder are: You typically complain of early morning awakening or insomnia and are sleepy in the late afternoon or early evening; Is most commonly seen in the middle age and older adults; May run in families.

Delayed Sleep Phase Type of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

If you have this sleep disorder, you go to sleep and wake up more than two hours later than what is typically considered a normal sleep-wake cycle. For example, you're a "night owl" who may not be able to fall asleep until 2 a.m. or later, but then sleep in until as late as 3 p.m. Other common features of delayed sleep phase disorder are: You're often most alert, productive and creative late at night; If forced to get up early, you are sleepy during the day; You're often perceived as lazy, unmotivated, or a poor performer who is always late for morning responsibilities; Is most commonly seen in adolescents and young adults; May run in families.

Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Type of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

If you have this sleep disorder, you keep your same length of sleep and awake time, but your "internal clock" is longer than 24 hours. When this is the case, the actual sleep-wake cycle changes every day, with the time being delayed one to two hours each day. This disorder occurs most commonly in blind people.

Jet Lag Type of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

If you have this sleep disorder, your body's internal clock has been disturbed from long air travel time to a destination that is two or more time zones different from your home. This sleep-wake cycle disruption makes it difficult to adjust and function in the new time zone. Eastward travel is more difficult than westward travel because it is easier to delay sleep than to advance sleep. Common features of jet lag are: Change in appetite; Changes in gastrointestinal (stomach and bowel) function; General tiredness; General feeling of discomfort or uneasiness and mood disturbance.

Highly specific molecules that act as antibodies. They combine with antigens to neutralize them.

Immunoglobulins

Rebound Insomnia

In a person with insomnia, the worsened sleep problems that can occur when medications are used to treat insomnia and then withdrawn.

Whooley and Colleagues (2008)

In a study of 1,017 patients with CHD, they found a 31%higher rate of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or arrhythmias in patients with depressive symptoms compared with those without depressive symptoms.

Hyper

In great amount or abnormal stress.

George Vaillant (1979)

In prior studies, the effect of religious involvement upon physical health has shown generally positive results, but these studies have been marred by confounders. The 65 year-old US prospective Study of Adult Development has offered an opportunity to repeat these studies with somewhat better control over confounders. The physical and mental health of 224 Harvard University sophomores was monitored for 65 years. Their religious involvement from church attendance to private spirituality was prospectively monitored every 2-4 years from age 47 to 85. In this analysis we focus on the male respondent. We found that religious involvement, no matter how measured was uncorrelated with their late life physical, mental and social well-being. The exception was that the 44 men with major depression or with multiple negative life events were twice as likely to manifest high religious involvement as men with the least "stress." If these findings can be generalized, they suggest that religious involvement may exert the greatest mental health benefits on people with the fewest alternative social and personal resources.

Purging Techniques

In the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, the self-inducing vomiting or laxative abuse used to compensate for excessive food ingestion.

Chandra and colleagues (2011)

In the overall sample 81.35 of men and 80.1% of women in the study also engaged in oral sex, but only 35.8 and 30.7%, respectively, had engaged in anal sex, a particularly high-risk behavior for AIDS transmission. Reports similar figures, with 21.4% of men having sex with 15 or more partners during their lifetime (compared with 8.3% of women. Also, only 6% of men and 2.9% of women reported four or more partners during the past year.

Walters and Kendler (1995) and Kendler and Colleagues (1991)

In twin studies of bulimia, researchers ascertained the prevalence of the disorders among 2,163 female twins. In 23% of identical twin pairs, both twins had bulimia, as compared with 9% of fraternal twins.

Retrograde Ejaculation

In which ejaculatory fluids travel backward into the bladder rather than forward.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

Incapacitating exhaustion following only minimal exertion, accompanied by fever, headaches, muscle and joint pain, depression, and anxiety.

Para

Indicates the attraction is abnormal.

Depression

Individuals who always perceive life as threatening may lose hope about ever having control and slip into a state of this, no longer trying to cope.

Durand and Mindell (1999)

Instructed parents of children who were experiencing almost nightly sleep terrors to awaken their child briefly approximately 30 minutes before a typical episode (these usually occur around the same time each evening). This simple technique, which was faded out over several weeks, was successful in almost eliminating these disturbing events.

Behavioral Medicine

Interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. Also known as Psychosomatic Medicine.

Lizette Peterson and her Colleagues (1992, 2009)

Interested in preventing accidents in children. Injuries kill more children than the next six causes of childhood death combined, and nearly half of all cases of poisoning each year occur in children under six.

Intersexuality or Hermaphroditism

Intersex is a group of conditions where there is a discrepancy between the external genitals and the internal genitals (the testes and ovaries). The older term for this condition is hermaphroditism.

Ellen Frank and her colleagues (1978)

Interviewed 100 well-educated, happily married couples who were not seeking treatment. More than 80% of these couples reported that their marital and sexual relations were happy and satisfying. Surprisingly, 40% of the men reported occasional erectile and ejaculatory difficulties, and 63% of the women reported occasional dysfunctions of arousal or orgasm.

Three major aspects to the assessment of sexual behavior:

Interviews, usually supported by questionnaires because patients my provide more information on paper than in a verbal interview. A through medical evaluation to rule out medical conditions that can contribute to sexual problems. A psychophysiological assessment to measure the physiological aspects of sexual arousal.

Pope and Colleagues (2000)

Measured the height, weight, and body fat of college-age men in three countries-Austria, France, and the United States. They asked the men to choose the body image that they felt represented (1) their own body, (2) the body they ideally would like to have, (3) the body of an average man of their age, and (4) the male body they believed was preferred by women. In all three countries, men chose an ideal body weight that was approximately 28 pounds more muscular than their current one. In contradiction to this impression in men, they demonstrated, in a pilot study, that most women preferred an ordinary male body without the added muscle. Men who abuse anabolic-androgenic steroids to increase muscle mass and "bulk up" possess these distorted attitudes toward muscles, weight, nd the "ideal man" to a greater degree than men who don't use steriods, and utilizing these unhealthy substances can lead to other serious problems such as binge-drinking or other drug addictions.

Vacuum Device Therapy

Mechanical treatment for male erectile disorder that employs a vacuum cylinder to draw blood into the penis, where it is held by a ring placed at the base of the penis.

Tyrone can't seem to focus on anything at work. He feels too stressed. He needs ________ , a way of minimizing intruding thoughts that he can do at work in a short amount of time.

Meditation and Relaxation

These are created so that when a specific antigen is encountered in the future, the immune response will be faster.

Memory B Cells

Klump and Colleagues (2001)

Mention perfectionist traits, along with negative affect.

At a world conference, leaders met to discuss how to reduce the risk of childhood injuries, AIDS risks, and the number of smoking-related diseases. Professionals suggested programs involving teaching individuals how to _________________________________________________________.

Modify Behaviors to Promote Health

Name some gender differences that exist in sexual attitudes and sexual behavior.

More men masturbate and do it more often. Men are more permissive about casual sex. Women want more intimacy from sex.

Sahler and Colleagues (2005)

Mothers of children with cancer experience significant distress associated with their children's diagnosis and treatment. The efficacy of problem-solving skills training (PSST), a cognitive-behavioral intervention based on problem-solving therapy, was assessed among 430 English- and Spanish-speaking mothers of recently diagnosed patients. Participants were randomized to usual psychosocial care (UPC; n=213) or UPC plus 8 sessions of PSST (PSST; n=217). Compared with UPC mothers, PSST mothers reported significantly enhanced problem-solving skills and significantly decreased negative affectivity. Although effects were largest immediately after PSST, several differences in problem-solving skills and distress levels persisted to the 3-month follow-up. In general, efficacy for Spanish-speaking mothers exceeded that for English-speaking mothers. Findings also suggest young, single mothers profit most from PSST.

Phase Advances

Moving bedtime earlier.

Phase delays

Moving bedtime later.

Sonia has problems staying awake throughout the day. Even while talking on the phone or riding the bus, she unexpectedly loses muscle tone and falls asleep for a while. This is due to

Narcolepsy

Jaclyn's dad is sometimes awakened by his daughter's screams. He runs to Jaclyn's room to comfort her and is eventually able to calm her down. Jaclyn usually explains that she was being chased by a big, one-eyed, purple monster. The events typically happen after watching scary movies with friends.

Nightmares

Jack has made a serious commitment to his diet for more than a month but continues to gain weight. He has no memory of eating but noticed that food is always missing from the refrigerator.

Nocturnal Eating Syndrome

Insomnia

Not sleeping.

Telch and Agras (1993)

Noted marked increases in bingeing during and after rigorous dieting in 201 obese women.

Garfinkel (1992)

Noted that of 107 women seeking treatment for bulimia nervosa, only 3% did not share this attitude.

Schreiner-Engel and Schiaui (1986)

Noted that patients with the disorder rarely have sexual fantasies, seldom masturbate, and attempt intercourse once a month or less.

Fairburn and Cooper (2014)

Noted the importance in treatment of countering the tendency to overly restrict food intake and the associated negative attitudes about body image that lead to bingeing and purging.

Kelly Brownell (2003, et al. 2010)

Notes that in our modern society, individuals are continually exposed to heavily advertised, inexpensive fatty foods that have low nutritional value. When consumption of these is combined with an increasingly inactive lifestyle, it is not surprising that the prevalence of obesity is increasing. She has referred to this as the "toxic environment."

Greenberg and LaPorte (1996)

Observed in an experiment that young white males preferred somewhat thinner figures in women than African-American males, which may contribute to the somewhat lower incidence of eating disorders in African-American women.

Generalized

Occurring every time the individual attempts sex.

Situational

Occurring with some partners or at certain times but not with other partners or at other times.

Atherosclerosis

Occurs when a fatty substance or plaque builds up inside the arteries and causes an obstruction.

Monogamous

One partner.

Acute Pain

Pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated.

John Liebeskind and his Colleagues

Painful Stressors such as surgery have been shown both to suppress immune function and to enhance tumor development. Whether the immune system mediates the tumor-enhancing effects of surgery remains unclear. Moreover, the role of postoperative pain has been largely ignored in such studies. To explore these issues, we used the MADB106 tumor, a mammary adenocarcinoma syngeneic to the subjects of this study (Fischer 344 rats) and known to be sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell activity. We found that surgery enhanced metastatic colonization and that this tumor-enhancing effect occurred only during the time in which the MADB106 tumor is sensitive to NK control. These results support the hypothesis that suppression of NK cell activity mediates the surgery-induced enhancement of metastatic colonization. Further, we found that an analgesic dose of morphine blocked the surgery-induced increase in metastasis without affecting metastasis in unoperated animals. These findings suggest that postoperative pain is a critical factor in promoting metastatic spread. If a similar relationship between pain and metastasis occurs in humans, then pain control must be considered a vital component of postoperative care.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Painful, degenerative disease in which the immune system essentially attacks itself, resulting in stiffness, swelling, and even destruction of the joints. Cognitive-behavioral treatments can help relieve pain and stiffness.

Transvestic Disorder

Paraphilia in which individuals, usually males, are sexually aroused or receive gratification by wearing clothing of the opposite sex.

Sexual Masochism

Paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with experiencing pain or humiliation.

Sexual Sadism

Paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with inflicting pain or humiliation.

Pedophilia

Paraphilia involving strong sexual attraction toward children.

Voyeuristic Disorder

Paraphilic disorder in which sexual arousal is derived from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked.

Frotteuristic Disorder

Paraphilic disorder in which the person gains sexual gratification by rubbing against unwilling victims in crowds from which they cannot escape.

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

Parasomnia that involves leaving the bed during nonrapid eye movement sleep.

Time-Management Training

Patients are taught to prioritize their activities and pay less attention to nonessential demands.

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)

Pattern of eating involving distress-inducing binges not followed by purging behaviors; being considered as a new DSM diagnostic category.

Sleep Efficiency (SE)

Percentage of time actually spent sleeping of the total time spent in bed.

Self-Efficacy

Perception of having the ability to cope with stress or challenges.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

Periodic intervals of sleep during which the eyes move rapidly from side to side, and dreams occur, but the body is inactive.

Psychophysiological Disorders

Physical disorders with psychological overlays.

Health Psychology

Physiological response of the individual to a stressor.

Stress

Physiological response of the individual to a stressor.

Spielberger and Frank (1992)

Pointed out that psychologicl variables are crucial in leading to virtually all factors tht lead to injury.

Shelley Taylor (2009)

Points out that most individuals who are functioning well deny the implications of a potentially serious condition, at least initially..

Features of Sleep-Related Hypoventilation include the following:

Polysomnography demonstrates episodes of decreased respiration associated with elevated CO2 levels. The disorder is not better explained by another current sleep disorder.

Aadarsh lacks the ability to control ejaculation. The majority of the time he ejaculates within seconds of penetration. He suffers from

Premature ejaculation

Anderson and Colleagues (2008)

Randomized 227 patients who had been surgically treated for breast cancer to psychological intervention plus assessment or to an assessment-only condition. The intervention included strategies to reduce stress, improve mood, alter important health behaviors (increasing exercise, etc.) and maintain adherence to cancer treatment and care. The treatment was successful in reducing stress and increasing positive mood and healthy behavior. More important, after a median of 11 years follow up, patients receiving the psychological intervention reduced their risk of dying by breast cancer by 56% and their risk of breast cancer recurrence by 45%. Similarly the positive effects of reducing depressive symptoms on survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer have been demonstrated.

Agras, Walsh, Fairburn, Wilson, and Kraemer (2000)

Randomly assigned 220 patients meeting diagnostic criteria for bulimia to 19 sessions of either CBT or interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) focused on improving interpersonal functioning. They found that for those who completed treatment, CBT was superior to IPT at the end of treatment. The percentage who remitted (no longer met diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder but sill had some problems) was 67% in the CBT group versus 40 % in the IPT group. After one year, however, these differences were no longer significant, as patients in the IPT group tended to "catch up" to patients in the CBT group.

Excitement

Rapid heartbeat Sudden burst of energy Jumpy stomach

Electrooculogram

Recording of eye movements and eye position provided by the difference in electrical potential between two electrodes placed on the skin on either side of the eye. The EOG consists of two potentials: the standing potential (resting potential, dark phase, dark current) which is evoked by moving the eyes in the dark and originates from the retinal pigment epithelium and the light potential (light rise) which is evoked by moving the eyes in a lighted environment and originates from the photoreceptors. Clinically, the ratio between the light and dark potentials (sometimes also called the Arden index or Arden ratio) is assessed. If that ratio is less than 1.8 it indicates a malfunction of the structures from which the potential originates. The EOG is also used to monitor eye movements.

Features of Bulimia Nervosa include the following:

Recurrent episodes of binge-eating, characterized by an abnormally large intake of food within any two-hour period, combined with a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise. On average, the binge-eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur at least once a week for three months. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

Features of Binge-Eating Disorder include the following:

Recurrent episodes of binge-eating. The binge-eating episodes are associated with three (r more) of the following: (1) eating much more rapidly than normal, (2) eating until feeling uncomfortably full, (3) eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry, (4) eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating, and (5) feeling disgusted with oneself depressed, or very guilty afterward. Marked distress regarding binge-eating is present. The binge-eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for three months. the binge-eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behavior.

Features of Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders include the following:

Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode, accompanied by either (1) sleepwalking or (2) sleep terrors. No or little dream imagery is recalled. Amnesia for the episodes is present. The episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., drug abuse), and cannot be explained by coexisting mental and medical disorders.

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Recurrent inability in some women to attain or maintain adequate lubrication and sexual excitement swelling responses until completion of sexual activity.

Features of Narcolepsy include the following:

Recurrent periods of irrepressible need to sleep, lapsing into sleep, or napping occuring within the same day, at least three times per week over the past three months. The presence of one of the following: (1) episodes of cataplexy occurring at least a few times a month that are either (a) brief (seconds to minutes) episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone with maintained consciousness, precipitated by laughter or joking or (b) spontaneous grimaces or jaw-opening episodes with tongue thrusting or a global hypotonia, without any obvious emotional triggers. Hypocretin deficiency not observed in the context of acute brain injury, inflammation, or infection. Nocturnal sleep polysomnography showing REM sleep latency less than or equal to 15 minutes or a multiple sleep latency test showing a mean sleep latency less than or equal to 8 minutes and two or more sleep onset REM periods.

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Recurring delay or absence of orgasm in some women following a normal sexual excitement phase, relative to their prior experience and current stimulation.

Premature Ejaculation

Recurring ejaculation before the person wishes it, with minimal sexual stimulation.

Erectile Disorder

Recurring inability in some men to attain or maintain adequate penile erection until completion of sexual activity.

Vaginismus

Recurring involuntary muscle spasms in the outer third of the vagina that interfere with sexual intercourse.

Lifelong

Refers to a chronic condition that is present during a person's entire sexual life.

Acquired

Refers to a disorder that begins after sexual activity has been relatively normal.

Hooking up

Refers to a range of physically intimate behaviors outside of a committed relationship.

Sleep Hygiene

Refers to a set of habits that support quality sleep. These include lifestyle and dietary habits that align with the body's natural rhythms. For some people, having good sleep hygiene might involve maintaining a regular sleep schedule and not drinking alcohol before going to bed. These and other habits can help improve sleep and overall well-being. In the long term, having poor sleep hygiene can lead to sleep disorders, such as insomnia.

Philia

Refers to a strong attraction or liking.

Binges

Relatively brief episode of uncontrolled, excessive consumption, usually of food or alcohol.

Features of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Behavior Disorder include the following:

Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and/or complex motor behaviors. Behaviors arise during REM sleep and therefore usually occur greater than 90 minutes after sleep onset, are more frequent during the later portions of the sleep period, and uncommonly occur during daytime naps. Upon awakening from these episodes, the individual is completely awake, alert, and not disoriented. Either of the following: (1) REM sleep without atonia on polysomnographic recording or (2) a history suggestive of REM sleep behavior disorder and an established synucleinopathy diagnosis (e.g., Parkinson's disease). The behaviors cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., drug abuse) and cannot be explained by other mental and medical disorders.

Features of Nightmare Disorder include the following:

Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode. On awakening from the dysphoric dreams, the person rapidly becomes oriented and alert. The sleep disturbance causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The nightmare symptoms are not attributable to the effects of a substance (e.g., drug abuse) and cannot be explained by coexisting mental and medical disorders.

Mosher, Chandra, and Jones (2005)

Reported data from 12,571 men and women in the United States ages 15 to 44, as part of the National survey of Family Growth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Hudson and Colleagues (2007)

Reported that 6.8% of individuals with bulimia and 27% of individuals with anorexia were also current substance abusers, with even higher lifetime rates of substane abuse. In summary, bulimia seems strongly related to anxiety disorder and somewhat less so to mood and substance use disorders.

Hsu and Zimmer (1988)

Reported that most of these individuals had had an eating disorder for decades with little change in their behavior. In a few cases, however, onset did not occur until later years, and it is not yet clear what factors were involved.

Fairburn, Stice, and Colleagues (2003)

Reported that the strongest predictor of persistent bulimia were a history of childhood obesity and a continuing overemphasis on the importance of being thin.

Stress Physiology

Represents a wide range of physical responses that occur as a direct effect of a stressor causing an upset in the homeostasis of the body. Upon immediate disruption of either psychological or physical equilibrium the body responds by stimulating the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.

Alarm

Response to immediate danger or threat.

Features of Anorexia Nervosa include the following:

Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.

Central Sleep Apnea

Results when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that control breathing. The condition often occurs in people who have certain medical problems. For example, it can develop in someone who has a problem with an area of the brain called the brainstem, which controls breathing.

Rosen, Wing, Schneider, and Gendrano (2005)

Reviewed evidence from around the world and found that 60% of men 60 and over suffered from erectile dysfunction.

Garner and Fairburn (1988)

Reviewed rates of referral to a major eating disorder center in Canada. Between 1975 to 1986, the referral rates for anorexia rose slowly, but the rates for bulimia rose dramatically-from virtually none to more than 140 per year.

Grabe, Ward, and Hyde (2008)

Reviewing 77 studies, demonstrated a strong relationship between exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body and body image concerns in women.

Melatonin

Scientists believe that this hormone may contribute to the setting of our biological clocks that tell us when to sleep.

Memory B Cells

Secondary immune-system components that have an affinity for a particular antigen. Like other B cells, memory B cells originate from lymphocytes that develop and are activated in the bone marrow.

Features of Hypersomnolence Disorder include the following:

Self-reported excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period lasting at least seven hours, with at least one of the following symptoms: (1) recurrent periods of sleep or lapses into sleep within the same day, (2) a prolonged main sleep episode of more than nine hours per day that is non-restorative, (3) difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening. The hypersomnolence occurs at least three times per week, for at least three months. The hypersomnolence is accompanied by significant distress or impairment in cognitive, social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The hypersomnolence is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep disorder, is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance, and cannot be adequately explained by coexisting mental and medical disorders.

Masturbate

Self-stimulate to orgasm.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Sequence of reactions to sustained stress described by Hans Selye. These stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, which may lead to death.

What treatments could be given to Charlie?

Sex reassignment surgery; psychosocial treatment to adjust to expressed or desired gender.

Heterosexual Behavior

Sexual activity with members of the opposite gender.

Homosexual Behavior

Sexual activity with members of the same gender.

Bisexuality

Sexual attraction to people of both sexes.

Sexual Dysfunction

Sexual disorder in which the client finds it difficult to function adequately while having sex.

Paraphilic Disorders

Sexual disorders and deviations in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals.

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

Sexual dysfunction in which a woman experiences pain or difficulty with penetration during intercourse; may include vaginismus.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Sexual gratification attained by exposing genitals to unsuspecting strangers.

Mae enjoys being slapped with leather whips during foreplay. Without such stimulation, she is unable to achieve orgasm during sex.

Sexual masochism disorder

Microsleeps

Short, seconds-long periods of sleep that occur in people who have been deprived of sleep.

Rama is extremely overweight. His wife suspects he may be suffering from ___________ because he snores every night and often wakes up exhausted as though he never slept.

Sleep Apnea

Jaime sometimes awakens and cannot move or speak. This is a particularly frightening experience known as

Sleep Paralysis

Sho-jen's parents hear her piercing screams on many nights and rush to comfort her, but she does not respond. During these episodes, her heart rate is elevated, and her pajamas are soaked in sweat. When she gets up the next day, she has no memory of the experience.

Sleep Terrors

Narcolepsy

Sleep disorder involving sudden and irresistible sleep attacks.

Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders

Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, caused by a breathing problem such as interrupted (sleep apnea) or labored (hypoventilation) breathing.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

Sleep disturbances resulting in sleepiness or insomnia, caused by the body's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current pattern of day and night.

Hypersomnolence Disorders

Sleep dysfunction involving an excessive amount of sleep that disrupts normal routines.

Actigraph

Small electronic device that is worn on the wrist like a watch and records body movements. This device can be used to record sleep-wake cycles.

Hsu (1990) and Steiger and Colleagues (2013)

Speculate that personality traits such as emotional instability and poor impulse control might be inherited. In other words, a person might inherit a tendency to be emotionally responsive to stress and might eat impulsively to relieve stress.

The _______________________________________ is one of the best-known efforts to reduce community disease risk factors.

Stanford Three Community Study

Harvey and Colleagues (2008)

Studied 34 individuals with CFS and found very high levels of exercise prior to the development of CFS and increased long bursts of exercise even after the onset of CFS, perhaps as an attempt to compensate for feelings of fatigue.

Winzelberg and Colleagues (2000)

Studied a group of university women who did not have eating disorders at the same time of the study but were concerned about their body image and the possibility of being overweight. The investigators developed the "Student Bodies" program, a structured, interactive health education program designed to improve body image satisfaction nd delivered through the internet. Program participants, compared to controls, reported a significant improvement in body image and a decrease in drive for thinness.

Christakis & Fowler (2007)

Studied the social networks (close friends and neighbors) of more than 12,000 people for more than 30 years. They found that a person's chance of becoming obese increased from 37% to 57% if a spouse, sibling, or even a close friend was obese, but it did not if a neighbor or co-worker with whom the person did not socialize was obese. Thus, it seems that obesity spreads through social networks. Although the etiology of obesity is extraordinarily complex, as with most disorders, an interaction of biological and psychological factors with a notably strong environmental and cultural contribution provides the most complete account.

Psychoncology

Study of psychological factors involved in the course and treatment of cancer.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Study of psychological influences on the neurological responding involved in the body's immune response.

Endogenous (Natural) Opioids

Substance occurring naturally throughout the body that functions like a neurotransmitter to shut down pain sensation even in the presence of marked tissue damage. These opioids may contribute to psychological problems such as eating disorders. Also known as an endorphin or enkephalin.

Striegel-Moore and Colleagues (1993)

Suggest these social self-deficits are likely to increase as a consequence of the eating disorder, further isolating the woman from the larger social world.

These T cells stop the production of antibodies by B cells when they are no longer needed.

Suppressor T Cells

Bariatric Surgery

Surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach to create a small stomach pouch or bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery.

Sex Reassignment Surgery

Surgical procedures to alter a person's physical anatomy to conform to that person's psychological gender identity.

Richters and colleagues (2014)

Surveyed Australian adults, they also found this discrepancy (72% of men versus only 42% of women reported masturbating in the past year).

Scott and Colleagues (2016)

Surveyed more than 47,000 individuals across 17 countries to examine the temporal relationship between 16 different mental disorders and 10 chronic physical conditions. The results showed that mental disorders of all kinds were associated with an increased risk for developing chronic physical conditions. This suggests that the same types of stress-related psychological factors that contribute to psychological disorders may contribute to the later development of physical disorders and that stress, anxiety, and depression are closely related.

Suppressor T Cells

T cells that express the CD8 transmembrane glycoprotein (CD8+ T cells). They close down the immune response after invading organisms are destroyed. Suppressor T cells are sensitive to high concentrations of circulating lymphokine hormones, and release their own lymphokines after an immune response has achieved its goal. This signals all other immune-system participants to cease their attack. Some memory B-cells remain after this signal to ward off a repeat attack by the invading organism. Also known as T-8 cells.

Strokes/Cerebral Vascular Accidents (CVAs)

Temporary blockage of blood vessels supplying the brain, or a rupture of vessels in the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent loss of brain functioning.

Sustained Stress

The body goes through several stages in response to this. 1. Alarm response 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion

Field and Colleagues (2014)

The data from their study shows that some binge-eating symptoms are relatively common in males.

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

The death of heart tissue when a specific artery become clogged with plaque.

The Gate Control Theory of Pain

The gate control theory (GCT) of pain was introduced in 1965 by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall. It was the first theory to introduce the concept that pain experience is not simply the result of a linear process that begins with the stimulation of pain pathways in the peripheral nervous system and ends with the experience of pain in the central nervous system. Rather, neural impulses that potentially signal pain from the peripheral nervous system are subject to a number of modulations in the spinal cord by a "gatelike" mechanism in the dorsal horn before the experience of pain is transmitted to the central nervous system (Melzack & Wall, 1965). It also proposes that the gate mechanism is modulated by emotions, cognitive state, and past experiences. While this theory is based on physiology, it explains both sensory and psychological aspects of pain perception.

Gynecomastia

The growth of breasts.

Binge-Eating-Purging Type of Anorexia Nervosa

The individual engages in binge eating or purging behaviors.

Myocardium

The muscular substance of the heart located at the middle, in between the epicardium and the endocardium

Ischemia

The name for deficiency of blood to a body part caused by the narrowing of the arteries by too much plaque.

Alexander (1939)

The notion that hostility or repressed hostility predicts hypertension (and other cardiovascular problems) can be traced back to this person, who suggested that an inability to express anger could result in hypertension and other cardiovascular problems. What may be more important is no whether anger is suppressed but rather how often anger and hostility are experienced during stressful situations and expressed to others.

Operant Control of Pain Behavior

The operant treatment of pain is based on Fordyce's operant conditioning model of pain and involves behavioral exercises to reduce pain behaviors and to increase healthy behaviors in many areas of life, including medication reduction.

Phantom Limb Pain

The perception of sensations, often including pain, in an arm or leg long after the limb has been amputated. Phantom limb syndrome is relatively common in amputees, especially in the early months and years after limb loss.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The pressure of the blood in the arteries when the heart is filling. It is the lower of two blood pressure measurements; for example, if the blood pressure is 120/80, then 80 is the diastolic pressure.

Systolic Blood Pressure

The pressure of the blood in the arteries when the heart pumps. It is the higher of two blood pressure measurements; for example, if the blood pressure is 120/80, then 120 is the systolic pressure.

Peplau (2003)

4 themes on gender differences in humans: 1. men show more sexual desire and arousal than women 2. women emphasize committed relationships as a context for sex more than men. 3. men's sexual self-concept, unlike women's is characterized partly by power, independence, and aggression. 4. Women's sexual beliefs are more "plastic" in that they are more easily shaped by cultural, social, and situational factors.

Pain Behaviors

Can be verbal (e.g. verbal descriptions of the intensity, location, and quality of pain; vocalizations of distress; moaning, or complaining) or nonverbal (e.g. withdrawing from activities, taking pain medication, or pain related body postures or facial expressions).

Cancer

Category of often-fatal medical conditions involving abnormal cell growth and malignancy.

Disorder of Arousal

Category of sleep disorder during NREM sleep that includes sleepwalking and sleep terrors.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome

Characterized by repetitive episodes of airflow reduction (hypopnea) or cessation (apnea) due to upper airway collapse during sleep.

Epigenetic Effects

Chemical modifications of the genome without changing the actual DN sequence.

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain resulting from partial obstruction of the arteries.

No confirmed evidence exists to show that there is a physical cause for the disease of ________ that often causes individuals to give up their careers and suffer considerably.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

Brett has started a new job that requires him to change shifts monthly. He sometimes has day shifts and at other times has night shifts. Since then he has had considerable trouble sleeping.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

Hans Selye (1936 and 1950)

1936: The first scientific publication on 'general adaption syndrome', or as we know today 'biologic stress' has been published in Nature in 1936 by the 29-year old Hans Selye. His results in that short publication that contained no references or illustrations, were based on experiments in rats that were exposed to severe insults/ stressors, but his idea about a 'nonspecific bodily response' originated from his observations of sick patients whom he had seen as a medical student and young clinician. Autopsy of stressed rats revealed three major, grossly visible changes: hyperemia and enlargement of the adrenals, atrophy of the thymus and lymph nodes as well as hemorrhagic gastric erosions/ulcers (the "stress triad"). Based on this and additional observations, he concluded that the key master organ in stress reactions is the adrenal cortex (although he also accepted the limited and short lasting effect of catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla) which stimulated by an increased secretion of ACTH, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. He thus identified the first molecular mediators of the stress reaction, i.e., steroids released from the adrenal cortex that we call today glucocorticoids, based on his classification and naming of steroids. At the end of a very productive life in experimental medicine, Selye recognized that under both unpleasant and demanding stressors as well as positive, rewarding stimuli adrenal cortex releases the same glucocorticoids and only certain brain structures may distinguish the stimuli under distress and eustress - terms he introduced in 1974, that also contained his last definition of stress: the nonspecific response of the body on any demand on it. After brief description of the history of stress research, the rest of this review is focused on one element of stress triad, i.e., gastroduodenal ulceration, especially its pathogenesis, prevention and treatment. Following a short description of acute gastroprotection, discovered by one of Selye's students, we discuss new molecular mediators of gastroduodenal ulceration like dopamine and new drugs that either only heal (very potently, on molar basis) or prevent and heal ulcers like sucralfate derivatives and the relatively new peptide BPC-157. We conclude that despite the extensive and multidisciplinary research on stress during the last 80 years, a lot of basic and clinical research is needed to better understand the manifestations, central and peripheral molecular regulators of stress response, especially the modes of prevention/management of distress or its transformation into eustress and the treatment of stress-related diseases. 1950: Found the three stages of sustained stress.

Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman (1959, 1974)

1959: Three groups of men, selected solely according to the behavior pattern which they habitually manifested in their work, were compared with respect to their serum cholesterol levels, clotting times, presence of clinical coronary disease, and presence of arcus senilis. A group (A) of 83 men were chosen as manifesting an intense, sustained drive for achievement and as being continually involved in competition and deadlines, both at work and in their avocations. In this group the serum cholesterol level, the frequency of arcus senilis, and the incidence of coronary artery disease were much higher than in a group (B) of 83 men who manifested the opposite sort of behavior pattern and a group (C) of 46 unemployed blind men selected as manifesting a chronic state of insecurity and anxiety. Clinical coronary artery disease was seven times more frequent in group A than in group B or group C. Analysis of factors other than the overt behavior pattern described indicated that this pattern per se was largely responsible for the striking differences found. 1974: The Type A behavior pattern (TABP), a complex of personality traits characterized by insecurity of status, hyperaggressiveness, sense of time urgency, free-floating hostility, and a tendency toward self-destruction, has been linked to coronary heart disease in both prospective and clinical studies. Attempts to modify the TABP are complicated by conceptual understandings of the behavioral complex. However, intervention studies, such as the San Francisco Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project, have shown that modification is possible. Both psychological and religious factors need to be taken into consideration when exploring the modification of the TABP.

David Spiegel and his Colleagues (1989 and 2013)

1989: The effect of psychosocial intervention on time of survival of 86 patients with metastatic breast cancer was studied prospectively. The 1 year intervention consisted of weekly supportive group therapy with self-hypnosis for pain. Both the treatment (n = 50) and control groups (n = 36) had routine oncological care. At 10 year follow-up, only 3 of the patients were alive, and death records were obtained for the other 83. Survival from time of randomisation and onset of intervention was a mean 36.6 (SD 37.6) months in the intervention group compared with 18.9 (10.8) months in the control group, a significant difference. Survival plots indicated that divergence in survival began at 20 months after entry, or 8 months after intervention ended. 2013: Eight of 15 published trials indicate that psychotherapy enhances cancer survival time. No studies show an adverse effect of psychotherapy on cancer survival. Potential psychophysiological mechanisms linking stress to shorter survival include dysregulation of diurnal cortisol, increased pro‐inflammatory cytokines, reduced natural killer cell activity, shorter telomeres and lower telomerase activity, glucocorticoid‐mediated suppression of p53 and BrCA1 gene expression, and sympathetic nervous system activation of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Jason and Colleagues (1999)

Background: Most previous estimates of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have derived largely from treated populations, and have been biased by differential access to health care treatment linked with sex, ethnic identification, and socioeconomic status. Objective: To assess the point prevalence of CFS in an ethnically diverse random community sample. Design and participants: A sample of 28,673 adults in Chicago, Ill, was screened by telephone, and those with CFS-like symptoms were medically evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND ANALYSES: Self-report questionnaires, psychiatric evaluations, and complete medical examinations with laboratory testing were used to diagnose patients with CFS. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were used to delineate the overall rate of CFS in this population, and its relative prevalence was subcategorized by sex, ethnic identification, age, and socioeconomic status. Results: There was a 65.1% completion rate for the telephone interviews during the first phase of the study. Findings indicated that CFS occurs in about 0.42% (95% confidence interval, 0.29%-0.56%) of this random community-based sample. The highest levels of CFS were consistently found among women, minority groups, and persons with lower levels of education and occupational status. Conclusions: Chronic fatigue syndrome is a common chronic health condition, especially for women, occurring across ethnic groups. Earlier findings suggesting that CFS is a syndrome primarily affecting white, middle-class patients were not supported by our findings.

Cattone and Colleagues (2009)

Began feeding rats junk food, which the rats came to love, instead of a boring diet of pellets. They then withdrew the junk food but not the pellets. Based on observations of brain function compared with rats that never had junk food, it was clear that these rats became extremely stressed and anxious. Furthermore, the "junk food" rats began eating more of the pellets than the control group; which then seemed to relieve stress. Thus, repeated cycles of "dieting" seems to produce stress-related withdrawal symptoms in the brain, much like other addictive substances, resulting in more eating than would have occurred without dieting.

Manny has been having episodes lately when he eats prodigious amounts of food. He's been putting on a lot of weight because of it.

Binge-Eating Disorder

Harry's blood pressure soars when he feels stressed. His doctor showed him how to become aware of his body process to control them better by using ______.

Biofeedback

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle; a major cause of death in Western culture, with social and psychological factors involved.

Immune System

Body's means of identifying and eliminating any foreign materials (for example, bacteria, parasites, and even transplanted organs) that enter.

Which sexual preference or preferences are normal, and how are they developed?

Both heterosexuality and homosexuality are normal. Genetics appear to ply some role in the development of sexual preferences.

Timothy wakes up frequently every night because he feels he is about to hyperventilate. He can't seem to get enough air, and many times his wife will wake him to tell him to quit snoring. He is suffering from a(n)

Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder

I noticed Elena eating a whole pie, a cake, and two bags of potato chips the other day when she didn't know I was there. She ran to the bathroom when she was finished and it sounded like she was vomiting. This disorder can lead to an electrolyte imbalance, resulting in serious medical problems.

Bulimia Nervosa

Joo-Yeon eats large quantities of food in a short time. She then takes laxatives and exercises for long periods to prevent weight gain. She has been doing this almost daily for several months and feels she will become worthless and ugly if she gains even an ounce.

Bulimia Nervosa

Scheduled Awakenings

Can be used to manage night awakenings. In this option, the parent tracks the pattern of the awakenings for several nights. If the pattern is predictable, the parent gently rouses the child 30-45 minutes before they usually wake up.

Cohen, Doyle, Turner, Alper, and Skoner (2003)

It has been hypothesized that people who typically report experiencing negative emotions are at greater risk for disease and those who typically report positive emotions are at less risk. We tested these hypotheses for host resistance to the common cold. Methods: Three hundred thirty‐four healthy volunteers aged 18 to 54 years were assessed for their tendency to experience positive emotions such as happy, pleased, and relaxed; and for negative emotions such as anxious, hostile, and depressed. Subsequently, they were given nasal drops containing one of two rhinoviruses and monitored in quarantine for the development of a common cold (illness in the presence of verified infection). Results: For both viruses, increased positive emotional style (PES) was associated (in a dose‐response manner) with lower risk of developing a cold. This relationship was maintained after controlling for prechallenge virus‐specific antibody, virus‐type, age, sex, education, race, body mass, and season (adjusted relative risk comparing lowest‐to‐highest tertile = 2.9). Negative emotional style (NES) was not associated with colds and the association of positive style and colds was independent of negative style. Although PES was associated with lower levels of endocrine hormones and better health practices, these differences could not account for different risks for illness. In separate analyses, NES was associated with reporting more unfounded (independent of objective markers of disease) symptoms, and PES with reporting fewer. Conclusions: The tendency to experience positive emotions was associated with greater resistance to objectively verifiable colds. PES was also associated with reporting fewer unfounded symptoms and NES with reporting more.

Erotophobia

It's a condition that can cause intense fear or panic when sexual intimacy is attempted.

This subgroup targets viral infections within the cells by directly destroying the antigens.

Killer T Cells

In- means

Lacking or without

Assertiveness Training

Learn to stand up for themselves in an appropriate way.

Orgasmic Reconditioning

Learning procedure to help clients strengthen appropriate patterns of sexual arousal by pairing appropriate stimuli with the pleasurable sensations of masturbation.

Cohen and Colleagues (1995)

Linked the intensity of stress and negative affect at the time of exposure to the later severity of the cold, as measured by mucus production.

How is stress related to AIDS, cancer, and cardiovascular disease?

Long-standing patterns of behavior or lifestyle may put people at risk for developing certain physical disorders. For example, unhealthy sexual practices can lead to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and unhealthy behavioral patterns, such as poor eating habits, lack of exercise, or type A behavior pattern, may contribute t cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States, fully 50% of deaths can be traced to lifestyle behaviors.

Fetishistic Disorder

Long-term, recurring, intense sexually arousing urges, fantasies, or behavior that involve the use of nonliving, unusual objects and that cause distress or impairment in life functioning.

A type of leukocyte that surrounds identifiable antigens and destroys them.

Macrophages

Hypertension

Major risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease that is intimately related to psychological factors. Also known as high blood pressure.

Mosher and colleagues (2005)

Majority of men had engaged exclusively in heterosexual behavior, with only 6.5% of adult men having ever engaged in any homosexual behavior.

Henderson and Brownell (2004)

Make a point that the obesity epidemic is clearly related to the spread of modernization. That is, the promotion of an inactive, sedentary lifestyle an the consumption of a high-fat, energy-dense diet is the largest single contributor to the obesity epidemic.

After Bob's football team won the championship, his interest in sexual activity diminished. All his thoughts and fantasies centered on football and winning again next season and his wife was threatening to leave him. Bob is probably displaying:

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Unger and Colleagues (2001)

Previous research has indicated that the influence of peers on adolescent smoking may differ across ethnic groups. Although many studies have focused on African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites, few studies have included Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and multi-ethnic adolescents as distinct groups. Using data from a statewide sample of 5870 eighth-grade adolescents in California, this study examined ethnic differences in the association between peer influence variables and smoking behavior and susceptibility. Informational peer influence (best friends' smoking behavior) and normative peer influence (prevalence estimates of peer smoking) were investigated. We hypothesized that informational peer influences would be stronger among Whites (whose families originate primarily from the individualistic cultures of the USA and Western Europe) than among Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, and African Americans (whose families originate primarily from collectivist cultures). Conversely, we hypothesized that normative peer influences would be stronger among ethnic minority adolescents from collectivist cultural backgrounds than among Whites. Consistent with previous studies, friends' smoking and prevalence estimates of peer smoking were risk factors for past 30-day smoking and susceptibility to smoking across ethnic groups. The influence of friends' smoking behavior was stronger among Whites than among several other groups: Pacific Islanders, African Americans, and Hispanic/Latinos. The influence of prevalence estimates of peer smoking was stronger among Whites than among multiethnic adolescents. Results indicate that cultural factors may play a role in peer influences on smoking initiation. Smoking prevention interventions for adolescents should address the differences in peer influences across ethnic groups.

Dyssomnias

Problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality sleep.

Matthews and Colleagues

Provide a model of the contribution of psychosocial factors to CHD. Lower socioeconomic status and relatively few resources or low prestige is in the first box. Stressful life events are in the second. Coping skills and social support contribute to a reserve capacity that may buffer the effects of stress, as represented in the third box. Both negative emotions and negative cognitive styles then constitute a major risk factor. Positive emotions nd an optimistic style, on the other hand, reduce the risk of CHD and may turn out to be just as important as negative emotions in their effects on CHD. Both negative and positive emotions are in the fourth box. This model summarizes what we know about the influence of psychosocial factors on CHD.

What are the potential causes of acute and chronic pain, and how do the types of pain differ?

Psychological and social factors also contribute to chronic pain. The brain inhibits pain through naturally occurring endogenous opioids, which may also be implicated in a variety of psychological disorders. Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disorder that is attributed at lest partly to stress but may also have an as yet undiscovered viral or immune system dysfunction component.

How are immune system function, stress, and physical disorders related?

Psychological and social factors may contribute directly to illness and disease through the psychological effects of stress on the immune system and other physical functioning. If the immune system is compromised, it may no longer be able to attack and eliminate antigens from the body effectively or it may even begin to attack the body's normal tissue instead, a process known as autoimmune disease. Growing awareness of the many connections between the nervous system and the immune system has resulted in a field of study called psychoneuroimmunology. Diseases that may be partly related to the effects of stress on the immune system include AIDS, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

What is the difference between behavioral medicine and health psychology?

Psychological and social factors play a major ole in developing and maintaining a number of physical disorders. Two fields of study have emerged as a result of a growing interest in psychological factors contributing to illness. Behavioral medicine involves the application of behavioral science techniques to prevent, diagnose and treat medical problems. Health psychology is a subfield that focuses on psychological factors involved in the promotion of health and well-being.

Gender Dysphoria

Psychological dissatisfaction with biological gender, a disturbance in the sense of identity as a male or female. The primary goal is not sexual arousal but rather to live the life of the opposite gender.

Gulliksson and Colleagues (2011)

Psychosocial factors are independently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, but the effects of psychosocial factor intervention on CVD are uncertain. We performed a randomized controlled clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to measure its effects on CVD recurrence. The study included 362 women and men 75 years or younger who were discharged from the hospital after a coronary heart disease event within the past 12 months. Patients were randomized to receive traditional care (reference group, 170 patients) or traditional care plus a CBT program (intervention group, 192 patients), focused on stress management, with 20 two-hour sessions during 1 year. Median attendance at each CBT session was 85%. Outcome variables were all-cause mortality, hospital admission for recurrent CVD, and recurrent acute myocardial infarction. During a mean 94 months of follow-up, the intervention group had a 41% lower rate of fatal and nonfatal first recurrent CVD events (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.59 [0.42-0.83]; P = .002), 45% fewer recurrent acute myocardial infarctions (0.55 [0.36-0.85]; P = .007), and a nonsignificant 28% lower all-cause mortality (0.72 [0.40-1.30]; P = .28) than the reference group after adjustment for other outcome-affecting variables. In the CBT group there was a strong dose-response effect between intervention group attendance and outcome. During the first 2 years of follow-up, there were no significant group differences in traditional risk factors. A CBT intervention program decreases the risk of recurrent CVD and recurrent acute myocardial infarction. This may have implications for secondary preventive programs in patients with coronary heart disease.