Exam 3 Bio 230

What action would help decrease a patient's edema?

Elevate the patient's legs

What blood cell type is charged with delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide?

Erythrocyte

Which process pushes plasma and dissolved nutrients through the arterial end of the capillary wall?

Filtration

Besides immunity, what other function does the lymphatic system serve?

Fluid balance

When a heart valve does not completely close or open?

Heart murmur

Which factors cause blood pressure to rise?

Increased blood volume, resistance and cardiac output

What happens when a B cell is activated?

It divides rapidly and produces more B cells

What effect does reducing peripheral resistance have?

It increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure

What is true about Rh-negative blood?

It lacks the Rh antigen

What structure receives oxygenated blood from the body?

Left atrium

Based on your understanding of how heart works, which of the heart's chambers would you expect to have the thickest (strongest) walls?

Left ventricle

What structure pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

Left ventricle

What structure receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Left ventricle

What structure is the center space of a blood vessel?

Lumen

What structure is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral valve

What is diffusion from the standpoint of capillary exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Erma has type B+ blood and she is thinking about having a child with her husband Frank who has O- blood. She comes to you because she has heard that problems can arise from different blood types in pregnancy. What advice should you give her?

Not to worry because she is Rh+

What mechanisms assist venous return?

One-way valves, skeletal muscle contractions, pressure changes during breathing

What causes the cardiac valves to open and close?

Pressure changes in the cardiac chambers cause the valves to open and close.

What structure is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

Pulmonary valve

Which of the following blood vessels carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Pulmonary veins

What is a primary function of lymph nodes?

Remove pathogens from the lymph

What happens as blood is transported from the aorta to the capillaries?

Resistance increases

Which of the following contains all three factors that determine blood pressure?

Resistance, blood viscosity, cardiac output

What structure receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

Right atrium

What is the correct progression of blood through the heart and lungs?

Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle

What structure pumps blood to the lungs?

Right ventricle

Which of the following sequences shows the correct order of action potential conduction in the heart?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

What is the correct progression of the cardiac impulse?

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

Which system does the cardiac acceleratory center activate in response to emotional stress or increased physical activity?

Sympathetic nervous system

What is the normal life span of a red blood cell?

120 days

What will happen if a patients primary pacemaker fails?

Another area of the electrical system will initiate a heartbeat

Which of the following is the most common way that a person's microbiome becomes disrupted?

Antibiotic use

What is peripheral resistance?

Any property of the peripheral vascular system or blood that increases friction

What structure is located between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Aortic valve

What structure delivers blood to specific organs?

Arteries

Which blood vessel has the most significant role in controlling the amount of blood reaching the tissue?

Arteriole

Humoral immunity mainly uses which type of cell?

B cells

How is peripheral resistance related to blood pressure?

Blood pressure must rise until it overcomes peripheral resistance

What is the most likely outcome of mitral valve incompetence?

Blood will flow backward into the left atrium

What structure is the site for exchange of nutrients and oxygen?

Capillaries

How are capillaries organized?

Capillaries branch off of arterioles to form a bed, or network, of many capillaries

Which receptors detect changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood?

Chemoreceptors

Which of the following is one of the actions of complement?

Complement triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that result with the destruction of a bacterium

When do children begin to build their microbiomes?

During the birth process

The primary function of white blood cells is to

protect the body from infection

The membrane attack complex of the complement system destroys a bacterium by

punching holes in the plasma membrane of the bacterium causing the cell to lose control of what enters and exits the cell

The spleen functions to

remove bacteria and dead RBC from the blood

The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by

returning interstitial fluid to the blood

Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular

systole

The maximum pressure generated during ventricular contraction is called

systolic pressure

The cardiac impulse normally slows down at

the AV node to give the atria time to empty and the ventricles to have time to fill

When someone with a genetic predisposition to an allergy is first exposed to the allergen, the body responds by producing large amounts of

the antibody IgE

The clotting reaction is triggered when

the damaged blood vessel and surrounding tissue release clotting factors

How is it possible to have two separate circulatory systems (pulmonary and systemic?)

the heart is really two separate pumps, circulation to the lungs needs one pump, whereas circulation to the body needs a separate pump

Autoimmunity results when

the immune system reacts with normal body proteins

What does it mean to have type A blood?

the red blood cells contain the A protein/antigen

In the cardiac cycle

the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract

A person's ABO blood type identifies

the type of antigens on the red blood cell

T lymphocytes are "trained" to recognize foreign cells in the

thymus

What structure is a blood vessel containing one-way valves?

veins

Phagocytosis is a process

where bacteria are engulfed and digested

According to the Life Lesson in Chapter 15, the bulging of a blood vessel is called

an aneurysm

Simply stated, hypersensitivity or allergy is

an exaggerated immune response

A low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin content in the blood can reduce the oxygen carrying capacity in the blood. This condition is called

anemia

Platelets

are involved in blood clotting

The action potentials are slowed at the AV node to allow the

atria to complete their contraction before the ventricles contract

What causes the friction in blood vessels that affect blood pressure?

blood viscosity and blood vessel diameter

A person usually only has the chickenpox once in their lifetime, but they can usually have a cold or the flu over and over. Why?

The cold and flu viruses have many different antigens, so it is hard to develop memory to all of them

In an adult, where can red bone marrow be found?

The ends of long bones and in flat, irregular bones

What causes platelets to become sticky platelets?

The exposure of collagen fibers

What role do helper T cells play in cellular immunity?

They secrete chemicals that summon neutrophils and natural killer cells

A patient is undergoing treatment for breast cancer. After surgery, the pathology report shows the presence of cancer cells in some surrounding lymph nodes. What is the most probable explanation for this finding?

This finding includes that cancer cells may have spread to other parts of the body

What structure is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

What is the first stage of homeostasis?

Vascular spasm

Which of the following accurately describes the flow of blood in the body?

Veins - heart - arteries - capillaries - veins

What structure collects blood from capillaries?

Venules

Which of the following about viruses is most accurate?

Viruses are simply a bundle of genetic material surrounded by a protein shell

Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors?

Vitamin K

What causes a myocardial infarction?

a blood clot or fatty deposit in a coronary artery

An antigen is

a substance that is foreign to the body

Red blood cells function is to

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

A key difference between cellular and humoral immunity is that

cellular immunity destroys pathogens inside the cell, whereas humoral immunity destroys pathogens outside the cell

Based on what you know about the microbiome, which of the following statements is most accurate?

certain familial diseases that appear to be genetic may actually result from bacterial genes as opposed to human genes

The stimulus for the production of new red blood cells is

declining oxygen levels

Which statement correctly describes the effects of inflammation upon healing?

increased blood flow resulting from inflammation brings materials necessary for healing and, therefore, can be a beneficial part of the healing process

Cytotoxic T cells function is to

kill virus infected cells

A child is born with a disease that results in total loss of B cells. Which of the following would be a consequence of this immunodeficiency?

lack of antibody formation

Which of the following correctly identifies the order of the phases of the cardiac cycle?

passive ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovlumetric relaxation

Organisms that cause disease in humans are called:

pathogens