Exam 3- Chapter 10 Emotional Development

happy before sad

-2 year olds can identify happy situations in stories -children are not accurate in identifying sad situations until age 4

experiment of emotional intelligence

-450 boys from impoverished homes -in middle age, success at work and other areas had almost no relation to IQ but corresponded with: ability to manage frustration, control their emotions, get along with others

psychologists debate the importance of the key components that make up emotion:

-are emotions innate or partly learned? -what is the role of cognitions in emotions? -when and in what form do emotions emerge during infancy?

story about michelle forgetting her teddy bear at home but not wanting johnny to see, so she hides how she feels

-ask the children to show the picture for how michelle really feels (internal feelings) -and show the picture for how michelle will try to look on her face (external expressions) -50% of 3 to 4 year olds chose correctly -80% of 5 year olds chose correctly -between 4-6 years, children increasingly understand that people can be misled by others' facial expressions

anger and sadness

-by age 1, children can clearly express anger (increases until 2nd year) -after children can move on their own, most anger is directed at loss of control -sadness is less prominent in infants, unless children are left alone for long periods of time -after children develop language, negative emotional displays become less frequent

infant temperament

-chess & thomas longitudinal research

temperament and social adjustment longitudinal study conducted in New Zealand

-children who were negative, impulsive and unregulated had more problems as young adults with adjustment (ex: including unemployment and conflict with roommates)

around 1 year, infants begin to use ___

-cognitive strategies and learn to select context-appropriate strategies turn attention to non-distressing objects or people to distract themselves from sources of distress

temperament

-constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that demonstrate consistency across situations, as well as relative stability over time

chess & thomas longitudinal research

-divided babies into 3 categories (based on parents' reports) -easy babies = 40% -difficult babies = 10% -slow to warm up babies = 15%

discrete emotions theory

-emotions are innate and discrete from one another from very early in life -distinctive bodily and facial reactions -species-universal identification

the functionalist approach

-emotions; basic function is to promote action toward achieving a goal -emotions scalar and vary based on the environment

self-conscious emotions

-feelings such as guilt, shame, embarrassment and pride that relate to our sense of self and our knowledge of others' reactions to us

children's improving self-regulation is due to:

-increasing maturation of the frontal lobe -increases in adult's expectations of children -age-related improvement in the ability to control motor behavior

fear and distress

-little sign of fear before 6 months -after 6 months, children begin to "fear" strangers *** -intensifies until age 2, falls off (depends on child's temperament) -adaptive (no ability to escape) -separation anxiety

children's regulation abilities are shaped by their expectations of their environments

-most delay of gratification research focuses on child-internal factors or on adult expectations -this study manipulated the reliability of the experiment -experimenter keeps (reliable) or breaks (unreliable) her promise to bring the big set of cool art supplies -big effects on children's ability to delay gratification!

shift from caregiver regulation to self-regulation

-parents help infants regulate their emotional arousal in the first few months

parental socialization of children's emotional responding

-parents' expression of emotion with their children and other people -parents' reactions to their children's expression of emotion (empathy) -discussions parents have with their children about emotions and emotion regulation (emotion coaching)

emotion is characterized by ____

-physiological responses -subjective feelings -cognitions related to those feelings -and the desire to take action

marshmallow task revisited experiment

-reliable and unreliable group that children were assigned to -the researcher starts off by telling the child he can use the crayons on the table to draw, or he can wait for her to go get the big art set from a different room. -reliable group: researcher comes back with the big art set -unreliable group: researcher comes back and says she couldn't find the big art set -then they did the marshmallow experiment -children in the reliable group waited 4x longer, whereas children in the unreliable group ate the marshmallow while the researcher stepped out

positive emotions

-smiling is the first clear sign of happiness that infants express -REM sleep (early, reflexive) -reaction to external stimuli (3-8 weeks) -social smiles emerge around 6-7 weeks *** -laughter around 3-4 months *** -smiling directed primarily at familiar people rather than at people in general (7 months)

negative emotions

-the first negative emotion that is discernible in infants is generalized distress -around 2 months: we can sometimes differentiate anger or sadness from distress/pain in some contexts -around 2 years: easy to differentiate between infants' anger and other negative emotions (fear, anger, sadness)

the development of emotional regulation

-the process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating: -internal feeling states -emotion-related cognitions -emotion-related physiological processes -emotion-related behaviors in the service of accomplishing one's goals

Theories on the Nature and emergence of emotion

1. Discrete emotions theory 2. the functionalist approach

recent research by Rothbart and Bates, suggests that infant temperament is captured by 6 dimensions:

1. fearful distress 2. irritable distress 3. attention span and persistence 4. activity level 5. positive affect 6. rhythmicity

On average, at what age do children begin laughing at unexpected events?

10 months

The rate of children ages 15 to 18 who suffer clinical depression is approximately:

15%

children's understanding of real and false emotions improves from _____

3-5 years

In their original findings, what percent of infants did not fit into Thomas and Chess's classifications of temperament?

35%

children in reliable environments wait _____ longer to eat the marshmallow

4 times

By what age do infants show the first signs of emotional self-regulation?

6 months

Joanie has suddenly developed a fear of strangers. Joanie is most likely how old?

6 months

first sign of emotional self-regulation is by ___

6 months infants reduce their distress by averting their gaze

emergence of emotional regulation in childhood is ___

a long, slow process

Emotional intelligence refers to:

a set of abilities that are key to competent social functioning.

emotional intelligence

a set of abilities that contribute to competent social functioning: -be able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustration -control impulses and delay gratification -identify and understand one's own and other's feelings -regulate one's moods -regulate the expression of emotion in social interactions -empathize with others' emotions

What is the best definition of social competence?

a set of skills that help in achieving personal goals in social interactions

Juan is able to adjust his behavior in recognition of the needs and desires of others. Which temperament dimension is Juan most likely displaying?

adaptability

behavioral inhibition (fearful distress) in infancy is associated with problems like

anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal at older ages

Hannah, age 4, loves to color in her coloring book. She is also very involved with her fellow preschoolers when projects are given. According to Mary Rothbart, what type of temperament dimension is Hannah most likely displaying?

attention span and persistence

Children who are restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations are displaying:

behavioral inhibition

clicker q: part of the definition of temperament is that individual differences are:

biologically based

constitutionally based =

biologically based -genetically inherited characteristics -prenatal environment (nutrition, teratogens, maternal cortisol) -complications from prematurity

At approximately what age are children able to understand that people can have mixed feelings about events or issues?

by age 10

the emotions children express, their triggers, and children's understanding of their own and other's emotions ___

change from birth to adolescence

parents can impact ___

children's emotional development

about 3 years:

children's pride more tied to their level of performance ex: kid's pride in learning to ride a bike

clicker q: discrete emotions theory shares many features with which type of theory of cognitive development?

core knowledge

these early differences are labeled as ___

dimensions of temperament

by 4-7 months, infants can ___

distinguish happiness and surprise

Children generally become less emotionally intense and negative:

during the preschool and early school years

Libby, age 1, loves her bath, tries all new foods (even vegetables), and takes a nap every day at 1:00 P.M. What type of temperament does Libby have?

easy

During a child's second year of life, she begins to show a range of self-conscious emotions that include:

embarrassment, pride, guilt, shame

discussing emotions at age 2-3 predicts ___

emotion understanding at age 6

children vary in their ___

emotional dispositions (temperament)

The ability to motivate one's self, identify another's feelings, control impulses, show empathy, and delay gratification are all components of:

emotional intelligence

an important component in the development of emotional understanding is the realization that ___

emotions people express do not necessarily express their true feelings

by age 4-6, children's _______ in real-life situations in their school are somewhat similar to those of adults

explanations for why peers experience negative emotions

Cultural differences in emotional expression can be explained by:

genetic differences diversity in parenting practices and culturally specific assessments of the values of emotions

Empathy for others is associated with ______, but not ______.

guilt; shame

Which emotion are children first able to identify?

happiness

As children develop, they begin to understand the causes of various emotions. What is the typical progression of understanding emotions, from first to last?

happiness, anger, shame

clicker q: which of the following describes an example of social referencing?

henry looks up at his mother after he falls, and on seeing her content expression, gets up without crying

emotional intelligence is a better predictor than IQ of ___

how well people will do in life, especially in their social lives

ability to delay gratification is related to ___

individual differences and associated with later life outcomes

children quickly develop understanding of ______ in others in preschool and school years

kinds of situations that typically evoke different emotions

by age 3, children can ___ a fairly narrow range of emotional expression

label

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning depression among children and adolescents?

male and female adolescents suffer depression at equal rates (women are twice as likely????)

research supports both perspectives to some degree, and ___

no one theory has emerged as definitive

Conor smells the chocolate cake his mother has made, but he doesn't sneak a piece. When his friend Russ makes him mad, Conor calmly explains to Russ what is wrong. Conor is most likely a ______ child.

popular

chronological progression of identifying emotions of others

positive (happy) ---> negative (sad) ---> complex emotions (self-conscious emotions like guilt & shame)

Children's understanding of emotions is ______ correlated with age.

positively

in research by Walter Mischel ___

preschoolers' abilities to delay gratification were found to predict their social, emotional and academic competence many years later (SAT scores, drug use, self-esteem)

Beth does not want Sue to know she is disappointed with the birthday gift Sue gave her, so she masks her emotions. Beth is demonstrating what type of display rule?

pro-social

self-conscious emotions emerge during the ___

second year of life

Charlie fusses every time he goes to the baby-sitter. This usually occurs when he sees his mother leave. What is Charlie experiencing?

separation anxiety

social competence

skills that help children achieve personal goals and maintain positive relationships

at 8-12 months, children demonstrate ___

social referencing

about 15-24 months:

some children show embarrassment when made the center of attention

Genes account for a _____ portion of the variation in some aspects of temperament.

substantial

emotions play an important role in ___ and ___

survival and social communication

The argument that each emotion is innately packaged with a specific set of physiological reactions and that distinct emotions are evident from very early in life describes:

the discrete emotions theory

socialization

the processes by which individuals, through experience with others, develop the skills and ways of thinking and feeling, as well as standards and values, that allow them to adapt to their group and live with other people.

the first step in the development of emotional knowledge is ____

the recognition of different emotions in others

What conclusion can be drawn about the cultural practices of a society in which parents ignore or scold children who express anger?

the society believes displays of negative emotion are unproductive

Parents Ann and Frank are convinced that their 2-week-old baby Devin smiles at them to engage them in parent-child interactions. On average, at what age do children begin to exhibit social smiles?

the third month of life

Social referencing refers to:

the use of an adult's facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with a novel situation

over time, children become more likely to rely on ____

themselves rather than their parents when they must delay gratification role of language in emotional regulation

over time, children become increasingly able to identify their own and others' emotions, which help them regulate their emotions and behave pro-socially (ex: show empathy and help others)

this has long-term consequences for later life success

social referencing

use of parent's facial, gestural, or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations.

situations that induce self-conscious emotions ___

vary across cultures

children who are better able to do this (measured by tasks such as delay of gratification) tend to be more ___

well-adjusted and liked by their peers as adults

children's emotional intelligence (including emotional regulation) has ______

wide-reaching, long-term consequences for their later development

Which statement best describes the stability of temperament over time?

with some exceptions, temperament remains stable over time