Exam 3 (chapters 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22)

Consider human populations living in equatorial South America, who arrived there via North America in a migration that took them from Africa, through Europe, across the Bering Land Bridge into North America, and south to their current location. How, if at all, would skin color have changed over the course of this long migration? A. Skin color would have been dark in populations migrating out of Africa, lightened as populations were established in northern regions, then darkened again as populations were established in South America. B. Skin color would have been dark in populations migrating out of Africa. It would not have changed as populations expanded to South America because natural selection would not have had time to select for different skin colors. C. Skin color would have been dark in populations migrating out of Africa, lightened as populations were established in northern regions, then remained light until populations had been established in South America for at least 10,000 years. D. Skin color would have been dark in populations migrating out of Africa, remained dark as populations expanded into North America, then become even darker as populations expanded into South America. E. Skin color would not have changed because the same selection pressures operate in South America than do in Africa.

A. Skin color would have been dark in populations migrating out of Africa, lightened as populations were established in northern regions, then darkened again as populations were established in South America.

Which of the following best explains why the rock chimneys of the Lost City host such a variety of unique microbial communities? A. The height of the chimneys creates a gradient of temperatures (hottest at the top and coolest at the bottom) along the chimney; these, in turn, become separate environments and host different communities. B. The height of the chimneys creates a gradient of pH (most acidic at the top and most basic at the bottom) along the chimney; these, in turn, become separate environments and host different communities. C. Although temperatures, pH, and other factors are the same all over each chimney, the chimneys are so big that different communities can occupy different sections of the chimney. D. The Lost City comprises a huge number of rock chimneys, each of which has its own unique environment; this means that each chimney hosts its own unique microbial community. E. None of the above.

A. The height of the chimneys creates a gradient of temperatures (hottest at the top and coolest at the bottom) along the chimney; these, in turn, become separate environments and host different communities.

Place the following evolutionary milestones in order from first to most recent. A. ability to walk upright -> tool use -> use of fire -> big brain B. ability to walk upright -> use of fire -> tool use -> big brain C. ability to walk upright -> big brain -> tool use -> use of fire D. big brain -> ability to walk upright -> tool use -> use of fire E. big brain -> tool use -> ability to walk upright -> use of fire

A. ability to walk upright -> tool use -> use of fire -> big brain

Hardened tree sap that often contains fossilized organisms is called A. amber. B. copazol. C. gum. D. latex. E. pitch.

A. amber.

Which prokaryotes were the first to oxygenate our planet? A. cyanobacteria B. aerobic bacteria C. archaeans D. halophiles E. thermophiles

A. cyanobacteria

Relative dating uses A. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings. B. 14C data of the surrounding. C. radiometric data. D. 14C data of the object being examined. E. ages of known fossils.

A. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings.

All of the following are TRUE of folate, EXCEPT A. it increases with increased exposure to the sun. B. it can be found in beans, citrus fruit, and dark-green, leafy vegetables. C. it helps sperm develop normally. D. decreased folate levels in the mother are linked to spina bifida in the baby. E. it is needed for DNA replication and cell division.

A. it increases with increased exposure to the sun.

A population limited by environmental factors would be an example of A. logistic growth. B. exponential growth. C. logarithmic growth. D. arithmetic growth. E. linear growth.

A. logistic growth.

Put the following animal adaptations in order from earliest to most recent adaptation. A. no symmetry -> radial symmetry -> bilateral symmetry -> backbone B. no symmetry -> bilateral symmetry -> radial symmetry -> backbone C. no symmetry -> radial symmetry -> backbone -> bilateral symmetry D. no symmetry -> backbone -> radial symmetry -> bilateral symmetry E. backbone -> no symmetry -> radial symmetry -> bilateral symmetry

A. no symmetry -> radial symmetry -> bilateral symmetry -> backbone

Bacteria living in the digestive tract of termites digest the cellulose of plant-cell walls, enabling the termite to feed on wood. The bacteria rely on the termite for food, and without these bacteria, the termites would starve. This relationship is an example of A. symbiosis. B. biosis. C. parasitism. D. anabolism. E. fraternization.

A. symbiosis.

A person's skin color depends on A. the amount of melanin in the skin; more melanin means darker color. B. the type of melanin in the skin; one form makes people fair and one form makes people dark. C. the location of melanocytes in the skin; the deeper the melanocytes, the fairer the skin. D. where a person lives; people at high elevation have darker skin. E. A, B, and C

A. the amount of melanin in the skin; more melanin means darker color.

All of the following are TRUE about the evolution of the horse, EXCEPT A. the earliest horselike ancestors appeared 2 million years ago. B. horses evolved from ancestors that had four toes. C. modern horses walk on the central toe. D. the fossil record of the horse is fairly well studied. E. some ancestral species evolved into two different species, one of which became an ancestor of the horse while the other became extinct.

A. the earliest horselike ancestors appeared 2 million years ago.

Some snakes have small remnants of legs that they now use for clasping during mating. These leg remnants are A. vestigial characteristics. B. primitive arms. C. faulty genitals. D. homologous legs. E. embryonic wings.

A. vestigial characteristics.

The best example of exponential population growth would be an increase of _____ per generation. A. 10 individuals B. 10% C. 10X (tenfold) D. a variable rate, from 1.5X to 10X E. Any of the above.

B. 10%

Which of the following statements about the three domains of life is TRUE? A. Archaea is most closely related to Bacteria. B. Archaea is most closely related to Eukarya. C. Bacteria is most closely related to Eukarya. D. Bacteria and Archaea are equally related to the Eukarya. E. Bacteria and Archaea have no evolutionary relationship to Eukarya.

B. Archaea is most closely related to Eukarya.

The tree of life has been rearranged into three domains based on what evidence? A. comparative anatomy B. DNA similarities C. homologous structures D. anatomical evidence E. fossil evidence

B. DNA similarities

Which of these is in the correct order based on the fossil record and our understanding of evolution? A. Birds, prokaryotes, reptiles, amphibians, fish, colonial protists, single-celled protists. B. Prokaryotes, single-celled protists, colonial protists, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds C. Single-celled protists, colonial protists, prokaryotes, reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds. D. Prokaryotes, single-celled protists, colonial protists, fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles. E. Prokaryotes, single-celled protists, colonial protists, amphibians, fish, birds, reptiles.

B. Prokaryotes, single-celled protists, colonial protists, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds

Which of the following correctly compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles and have a single, circular DNA molecule not contained in a nucleus. B. Prokaryotic cells are about the size of an individual mitochondrion. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes and circular DNA not contained in a nucleus, and they lack the internal structure of eukaryotes. C. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape, and both are typically found in multicellular organisms. Both have DNA and ribosomes. D. Prokaryotic cells are about the size of a eukaryotic mitochondrion. Because of their small size, their internal structures—ribosomes, nuclei, mitochondria, etc.—are much smaller than those found in eukaryotic cells. E. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape. Prokaryotes lack internal organelles, ribosomes, and DNA.

B. Prokaryotic cells are about the size of an individual mitochondrion. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes and circular DNA not contained in a nucleus, and they lack the internal structure of eukaryotes.

Why do trees fluctuate with wolf-moose, predator-prey population cycles? A. They are a predator food source. B. They are a prey food source. C. They are dependent on predators. D. They are dependent on decomposers. E. They grow best when the ends of branches are eaten.

B. They are a prey food source.

Which statement is NOT true of archaea? A. They are prokaryotes. B. They are the first colonizers of earth. C. They are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria. D. They do not have a nucleus. E. They are not all extremophiles.

B. They are the first colonizers of earth.

Why do ecologists count representative samples of a population and not the total population under study? A. to get a precise number B. because it is impractical to count all the members of the population C. because it is the way that ecologists study ecosystems D. to get an estimate before counting the whole population E. because a representative sample more accurately reflects the carrying capacity

B. because it is impractical to count all the members of the population

The term _______ describes the interacting populations (e.g., moose and ticks) within an ecosystem. A. competition B. community C. niche D. habitat E. predator-prey relationships

B. community

The growth rate of a population is calculated from the ___ for that population. A. carrying capacity B. difference between births and deaths C. birth rate D. death rate E. birth rate and the carrying capacity

B. difference between births and deaths

Velociraptor, of Jurassic Park fame, was one of many genera in the group of animals called dromeosaurs. The organisms in this group share characteristics of both dinosaurs that lived before they did and of birds, which evolved later. As such, they are A. excellent examples of vestigial species that have gone extinct because their wings were insufficiently well developed to fly. B. excellent examples of fossil intermediates that both support the predictions of descent with modification and help us understand the evolution of birds from their dinosaur ancestors. C. excellent examples of fossil intermediates that both support the predictions of descent with modification and help us understand the evolution of dinosaurs from their bird ancestors. D. excellent examples of how using DNA to study similarities and differences among organisms can help us infer evolutionary relationships among them. E. excellent examples of evolutionary puzzles that cannot be explained by our current understanding of descent with modification.

B. excellent examples of fossil intermediates that both support the predictions of descent with modification and help us understand the evolution of birds from their dinosaur ancestors.

The sunny, south-facing slopes of the Olympic Mountains are relatively dry. In the forests there, you would expect to find A. relatively few bryophytes, but numerous ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. B. fewer bryophytes and ferns than gymnosperms and angiosperms. C. fewer ferns than bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. D. fewer gymnosperms than bryophytes, ferns, and angiosperms. E. fewer angiosperms than bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms.

B. fewer bryophytes and ferns than gymnosperms and angiosperms.

This molecule protects folate from destruction by damaging ultraviolet light. A. retinol B. melanin C. calcium D. bilirubin E. chlorophyll

B. melanin

Which of the following lists plant terrestrial adaptations from earliest to most recent? A. vascular, seeds, flowers, and cones B. nonvascular, vascular, seeds, and flowers C. nonvascular, seeds, vascular, and flowers D. vascular, seeds, flowers, and nonvascular E. vascular, seeds, nonvascular, and flowers

B. nonvascular, vascular, seeds, and flowers

All of the following are TRUE of insects, EXCEPT A. they evolved 400 million years ago. B. they have an endoskeleton made of protein and chitin. C. there are more insect species than all other animal species combined. D. they have three pairs of jointed legs. E. many of the most successful insects have wings.

B. they have an endoskeleton made of protein and chitin.

Which two domains contain prokaryotic organisms? A. Archaea and Eukarya B. Monera and Eukarya C. Bacteria and Archaea D. Archaea and Monera. E. Bacteria and Monera

C. Bacteria and Archaea

Scientists use genetics to trace the evolution and migration of humans. How do scientists know which populations are older than others? A. Members of older populations have identical mitochondrial genomes. B. Members of older populations have more genes in their mitochondrial genomes. C. Members of older populations have more genetic variability. D. Members of older populations have fewer nuclear genes. E. Members of older populations have more nuclear genes.

C. Members of older populations have more genetic variability.

Which of the following BEST describes mitochondrial inheritance in humans? A. Mitochondria are inherited only from the mother. Once the mitochondrion from the sperm enters the egg, it is inactivated. Only maternal mitochondria divide as the fertilized egg divides. B. Mitochondria are inherited only from the mother. Sperm don't have mitochondria, only eggs do. C. Mitochondria are inherited only from the mother. Sperm mitochondria aren't contained in the head of the sperm, which is the only part that penetrates the egg. D. Mitochondria are inherited only from the father. Eggs don't have mitochondria, but sperm do. E. Mitochondria are inherited from both parents. Both eggs and sperm contain mitochondria, so every cell in a human body includes both paternal and maternal mitochondria.

C. Mitochondria are inherited only from the mother. Sperm mitochondria aren't contained in the head of the sperm, which is the only part that penetrates the egg.

Use the lettered phrases below to correctly compare and contrast relative and radiometric dating by selecting the answer choice that correctly identifies the characteristics of each. I. Can be used to arrange fossils in the correct sequence from oldest to youngest. II. Can provide an estimate of the absolute age of the fossils. III. Can be used on all fossils, regardless of the type of rock in which they are found. A. Only I applies to relative dating; only II and III apply to radiometric dating. B. Only I and III apply to relative dating; only II and III apply to radiometric dating. C. Only I and III apply to relative dating; only I and II apply to radiometric dating. D. Only I applies to relative dating; only II applies to radiometric dating. E. All three characteristics apply to both relative and radiometric dating.

C. Only I and III apply to relative dating; only I and II apply to radiometric dating.

What fact was used to determine that mitochondrial Eve is every human's ancestor? A. Only males pass on mitochondrial genes in the sperm. B. The sperm and egg's chromosomes undergo meiosis and independent assortment. C. Only females pass on mitochondrial genes in the egg cell. D. The sperm contains mitochondria in its flagella, which is passed on to the zygote. E. Egg cells have no mitochondria to be passed on to the developing zygote.

C. Only females pass on mitochondrial genes in the egg cell.

Which of the following statements correctly pairs specific bacteria or groups of bacteria with their adaptations to specific habitats or lifestyles? A. Symbiotic bacteria use their flagella to adhere to cells and tissues in intestinal tracts. B. Photosynthetic bacteria use fermentation; we take advantage of this process to produce yogurt. C. Some harmful bacteria use pili and capsules to adhere to surfaces in host organisms. D. Pathogenic bacteria use flagella for fermentation and photosynthesis. E. Fermenting bacteria are important symbiotes, using pili and capsules to adhere to surfaces in their host organisms.

C. Some harmful bacteria use pili and capsules to adhere to surfaces in host organisms.

Which statement is FALSE? A. All organisms contain DNA. B. The more shared DNA, the more closely related the species. C. The less shared DNA, the more evidence for a common ancestor. D. DNA can accumulate mutations over time E. Neutral mutations can accumulate over time.

C. The less shared DNA, the more evidence for a common ancestor.

Which is NOT a result of climate change affecting the predator prey relationships of Isle Royale? A. The moose population has decreased. B. The wolf population has decreased. C. The tick population has decreased. D. The moose population has been weakened by ticks. E. The moose population has been losing hair.

C. The tick population has decreased.

Early in development, vertebrate embryos develop a characteristic series of pouches in the "throat" region; these pouches are called pharyngeal arches. In the early 1800s, an embryologist named Karl Reichert determined that two of the three mammalian inner ear bones (the "hammer" and the "anvil") arose from one of the pharyngeal arches. The same part of the same arch gives rise to the bones that form the jaw joint in reptiles. Which of the following best describes this finding? A. This is an example of a fossil intermediate demonstrating how a series of complex traits evolved through time. B. This is an example of how genetic similarities and differences can be used to determine how organisms are evolutionarily related. C. This is an example of a developmental homology from which we can infer that reptiles and mammals are evolutionarily related. D. This is an example of how a vestigial structure—the reptilian jaw joint—can be used to demonstrate that reptiles and mammals are evolutionarily related. E. This is an example of how DNA mutations create fossil intermediates.

C. This is an example of a developmental homology from which we can infer that reptiles and mammals are evolutionarily related.

What have scientists learned about the origins of life on Earth by studying Lost City? A. Life requires sunlight. B. Life does not require organic compounds. C. You don't need life to make organic compounds. D. Life on Earth could have begun in a cold environment. E. Life on Earth began with organisms that required oxygen.

C. You don't need life to make organic compounds.

Which organism would most likely NOT be found at or near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent? A. methanogen B. methane-metabolizing archaea C. aerobic bacteria D. anaerobic bacteria E. All of the above.

C. aerobic bacteria

How are samples collected from Lost City? A. by an underwater coring apparatus B. by using a deep-sea drilling machine C. by using remotely controlled machines D. by using high-pressurized scuba gear E. by snorkeling graduate students

C. by using remotely controlled machines

Ocean fish demonstrate which distribution pattern? A. random B. uniform C. clumped D. irregular E. asymmetric

C. clumped

Put the following in order from simplest to most complex. A. individual -> ecosystem -> community -> population B. individual -> population -> ecosystem -> community C. individual -> population -> community -> ecosystem D. individual -> community -> population -> ecosystem E. individual -> community -> ecosystem -> population

C. individual -> population -> community -> ecosystem

In the absence of a predator species, herbivores like moose _____. A. will continue to have an exponential growth rate B. will almost always die off because of the presence of density-dependent diseases C. may exceed carrying capacity and have a fast die-off D. will evolve to no longer require predators to balance their population size E. may eventually become omnivores

C. may exceed carrying capacity and have a fast die-off

Which is the correct evolutionary order of plants, from earliest to most recent, exhibiting the acquisition of terrestrial adaptations? A. sword fern, moss, maple, and pine B. sword fern, moss, pine, and maple C. moss, sword fern, pine, and maple D. moss, sword fern, maple, and pine E. maple, pine, sword fern, and moss

C. moss, sword fern, pine, and maple

The geographic distribution of a population is influenced by all of the following, EXCEPT A. resources. B. behavior. C. number of young born. D. predator avoidance. E. environment.

C. number of young born.

Mineralization is the A. replacement of organs with tree sap. B. replacement of the skin with hard minerals. C. replacement of the bones and teeth with minerals. D. process of making all fossils. E. process of making gemstones.

C. replacement of the bones and teeth with minerals.

Homology in comparative anatomy refers to A. a similar shape and size. B. similarity in size and function. C. similarity of structure and a common ancestor. D. similarity and no common ancestor. E. similarity of structure but not function.

C. similarity of structure and a common ancestor.

When a population reaches its carrying capacity, its growth rate will A. increase exponentially. B. increase arithmetically. C. slow and remain near zero. D. decrease slowly. E. decrease rapidly.

C. slow and remain near zero.

Mitochondrial Eve is A. the only human woman whose children survived and reproduced to ultimately give rise to all humans alive on the planet today. B. the most recent ancestor from whom all humans today inherited their nuclear DNA. C. the most recent common ancestor from whom all humans today inherited their mitochondrial DNA. D. the earliest human female to arise on the planet. E. All of the above.

C. the most recent common ancestor from whom all humans today inherited their mitochondrial DNA.

All of the following are true of hydrothermal vents, EXCEPT A. they form when rocks from Earth's crust meet seawater. B. the gas and fluids that seep out of the vents can be very acidic or very basic. C. the temperatures never get higher than 60°C. D. many microbial species can inhabit hydrothermal vents. E. scientists are interested in organisms that live on hydrothermal vents because these organisms might give clues about how life first evolved.

C. the temperatures never get higher than 60°C.

Which trait do ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms share? A. seeds B. flowers C. vasculature D. fruit E. cones

C. vasculature

Which of the following correctly describes a type of fossil and the way in which it is formed? A. A spider imprint can be created when the spider is trapped in amber. B. A fish fossil can be created when the fish is rapidly buried in sediment, then dessicated. C. A dinosaur may leave a mineralized fossil if it is rapidly buried in sediment and slowly compressed over millions of years. D. A plant fossil may take the form of a leaf imprint, created when the leaf was rapidly buried in soft mud, which hardened around it. E. Rapid freezing or desiccation may leave a fossil imprint if the organism is rapidly buried in sediment.

D. A plant fossil may take the form of a leaf imprint, created when the leaf was rapidly buried in soft mud, which hardened around it.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved at the same time. B. Tiktaalik is a species that is intermediate between a fish and a reptile. C. Evolution has been only poorly supported by the fossil record. D. Animals with hard parts such as bones or shells are more likely to fossilize. E. Thanks to extensive excavations, the fossil record is now nearly complete.

D. Animals with hard parts such as bones or shells are more likely to fossilize.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Homologous forelimbs are a result of common ancestry. B. The forelimbs of tetrapods have the same common ancestor. C. The human wrist is a structure that evolved in fish 375 million years ago. D. Comparative anatomy is the study of bone structure in all organisms. E. Variations in forelimb bone shape and function are evolutionary adaptations.

D. Comparative anatomy is the study of bone structure in all organisms.

Which does NOT describe the body structure of Tiktaalik? A. It had a long, flat head. B. Gills were present. C. It had sturdy ribs to support the body on land. D. It had jointed fingers and toes. E. Its neck was mobile.

D. It had jointed fingers and toes.

Why is Tiktaalik considered a transitional fossil? A. It is now extinct. B. It was found between land and water. C. It is a mixture of an aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate. D. It is a hybrid of an aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate. E. It has two eyes and fins.

D. It is a hybrid of an aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate.

All life as we know it requires carbon and energy. Which of the following BEST describes how organisms in the Lost City can acquire these (understanding that not all species will use all sources)? A. Lost City organisms acquire carbon from methane and energy from hydrogen gas. B. Lost City organisms acquire carbon from methane and carbon dioxide; they acquire energy from hydrogen gas. C. Lost City organisms acquire carbon from methane and energy from both hydrogen gas and methane. D. Lost City organisms acquire carbon from both methane and carbon dioxide; they acquire energy from both hydrogen gas and methane. E. Lost City organisms acquire carbon from hydrogen gas, methane, and carbon dioxide; they use the same materials as energy sources.

D. Lost City organisms acquire carbon from both methane and carbon dioxide; they acquire energy from both hydrogen gas and methane.

A few birds, such as ostriches, have wings but cannot fly. Which of the following best explains this? A. Ostriches are not true birds. B. Ostriches evolved from an amphibian ancestor that had winglike arms and glided among trees. C. When reptiles evolved into birds, some birds developed wings for flight, but others developed wings incapable of flight. D. Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew. E. Ostriches evolved first, then all other flying birds evolved from ostriches.

D. Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew.

Which of the following BEST summarizes the correlation between skin pigmentation and geography? A. Skin is lightest toward the equator, where UV radiation is strongest. B. Skin is lightest toward the poles, where UV radiation is strongest. C. Skin is darkest toward the equator, where UV radiation is strongest. D. Skin is darkest toward the poles, where UV radiation is strongest. E. Skin is darkest toward the equator, where UV radiation is weakest.

D. Skin is darkest toward the poles, where UV radiation is strongest.

Both vitamin D and folate levels are affected by UV radiation from sunlight. Which of the following correctly explains the effects of sunlight on these vitamins? A. Both vitamin D and folate are degraded by UV radiation from sunlight. B. Sunlight is necessary for both vitamin D and folate formation. C. Sunlight degrades vitamin D but helps build folate. D. Sunlight degrades folate but helps build vitamin D. E. Moderate sunlight is necessary to build both vitamin D and folate, but excess sunlight degrades both.

D. Sunlight degrades folate but helps build vitamin D.

Fungi play a crucial ecological role in all terrestrial ecosystems, including those in Olympic National Park. What is that role? A. They are photosynthesizers, providing energy and nutrients to the other organisms in the ecosystem. B. They are important fermenters, used by humans to make foods and beverages. C. They are a primary food source for vertebrate consumers; without them, vertebrate diversity would be very low. D. They are decomposers, breaking down dead organisms and helping to recycle their nutrients. E. All of the above .

D. They are decomposers, breaking down dead organisms and helping to recycle their nutrients.

Which is NOT true of yeast? A. They are used in the food industry. B. They are used in biotechnology. C. They are eukaryotes. D. They are multicellular. E. They are used in the beverage industry.

D. They are multicellular.

Which is NOT true of protists? A. Some protists cause disease. B. They are diverse. C. They are usually single celled. D. They are usually found in terrestrial areas. E. They are difficult to classify.

D. They are usually found in terrestrial areas.

An organism that is eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and lacks cell walls is A. an animal. B. a protist. C. a fungus. D. an animal or a protist. E. a fungus or a protist.

D. an animal or a protist.

Place the following in order of evolutionary history from earliest to most recent. A. archaea, protists, and bacteria B. archaea, eukarya, and protists C. eukarya, archaea, and bacteria D. archaea, bacteria, and eukarya E. bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

D. archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

You find an animal with no backbone, a body in three segments, jointed appendages, and a hard exoskeleton. You determine that this animal is a(n) A. chordate. B. nematode. C. mollusk. D. arthropod. E. echinoderm.

D. arthropod.

It would be expected that a population geographically located where UVB exposure is maximal to have a skin tone that is A. very light. B. light. C. medium. D. dark. E. very dark.

D. dark.

The term _______ describes all interacting species, such as moose, ticks, and wolves, as well as their surrounding environment of trees, vegetation, and climate. A. habitat B. community C. biosphere D. ecosystem E. biome

D. ecosystem

Pine trees, redwoods, and conifers belong in which plant group? A. ferns B. bryophytes C. angiosperms D. gymnosperms E. All of the above.

D. gymnosperms

Bacteria that eat other bacteria are called ________, while photosynthetic bacteria are called ________. A. autotrophs; heterotrophs B. autotrophs; nitrogen fixers C. autotrophs; phototrophs D. heterotrophs; autotrophs E. heterotrophs; phototrophs

D. heterotrophs; autotrophs

Which are all members of the domain Eukarya? A. animals, plants, protists, and prokaryotes B. protists, animals, and prokaryotes C. eukaryotes and prokaryotes D. plants, animals, fungi, and protists E. plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

D. plants, animals, fungi, and protists

All of the gray wolves found in Yellowstone Park constitute a _____. A. community B. pack C. family D. population E. species

D. population

All of the following are TRUE of vitamin D, EXCEPT A. vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. B. vitamin D is important for healthy bone growth. C. sunlight is important for vitamin D production. D. pregnant women should reduce vitamin D in their diet to avoid birth defects. E. the need of the body for vitamin D is one factor in the evolution of skin color.

D. pregnant women should reduce vitamin D in their diet to avoid birth defects.

Most of the organisms found at Lost City are A. 1-cm-long animals. B. fish. C. eukaryotes. D. prokaryotes. E. archaea.

D. prokaryotes.

Which of these would NOT be useful in assessing a population's health? A. urine B. bone remains C. fecal remains D. radio transmitters E. blood spatter

D. radio transmitters

Which behavior would most likely result in a uniform distribution pattern? A. migration B. defensive strategies C. predator avoidance D. territorial and nesting behaviors in birds E. social network of bees

D. territorial and nesting behaviors in birds

Lost City microbial samples must be processed in an anaerobic glove bag because A. they are potentially harmful, and the anaerobic glove bag keeps scientists from being exposed to them. B. the glove bag keeps samples of individual species from contaminating one another, which would make the microbes impossible to culture. C. the anaerobic glove bag maintains a sterile environment that prevents any harmful microbes from growing. D. the microbes are anaerobic and might be damaged if exposed to oxygen; the anaerobic glove bag eliminates oxygen. E. All of the above.

D. the microbes are anaerobic and might be damaged if exposed to oxygen; the anaerobic glove bag eliminates oxygen.

At least some Archaeans are called "extremophiles" because A. as a group, they are extremely diverse. B. as a group, they occupy an extremely large number of environments. C. where they occur, they occur in extremely large numbers. D. they can live in environments where abiotic conditions are extreme--extremely hot, extremely salty, extremely toxic, for example. E. All of the above.

D. they can live in environments where abiotic conditions are extreme--extremely hot, extremely salty, extremely toxic, for example.

At which temperature would you incubate microbes collected at Lost City? A. 100°C, boiling point B. 2°C, seawater temperature C. 37°C, body temperature D. would vary, depending on collection point E. 150 to 170°C, vent-fluid temperature

D. would vary, depending on collection point

The map illustrates the positions of human populations as they existed 5,000 years ago (i.e., after they migrated out of Africa and were well established in their environments). In which populations would skin color have been darkest? 1= Africa 2= China 3= Australia 4= Russia 5= North America 6= South America A. 1, 2, and 3 B. 1, 2, and 5 C. 1, 3, and 4 D. 1, 5, and 6 E. 1, 3, and 6

E. 1, 3, and 6

Which of the following BEST describes the evolutionary basis for variation in human skin color? A. Skin color is lighter at high latitudes than it is toward the equator. UV radiation is weaker at high latitude, so we don't need to protect against the breakdown of folate. Lighter skin color permits enough UV to be absorbed to build vitamin D. B. Skin color is lighter at high latitudes than it is toward the equator. UV radiation is weaker at high latitude, so we need light skin to allow the buildup of folate. UV radiation is too weak to break down vitamin D. C. Skin color is darker near the equator. UV radiation is stronger there, so we need dark skin to protect us from folate breakdown. Enough UV radiation will still be absorbed to provide enough vitamin D. D. Skin color is darker near the equator. UV radiation is stronger there, so we need dark skin to protect against vitamin D breakdown. Enough UV radiation will still be absorbed to provide enough folate. E. A and C together make up the best explanation.

E. A and C together make up the best explanation.

Which of the following describes the migration of humans in order from oldest populations to youngest populations? A. Western Europe -> Africa -> Eastern Europe -> North America -> South America B. Northeast Europe -> Western Europe -> Africa -> South America -> North America C. Africa -> Western Europe -> South America -> North America -> Northeast Europe D. Africa -> Northeast Europe -> Western Europe -> North America -> South America E. Africa -> Western Europe -> Northeast Europe -> North America -> South America

E. Africa -> Western Europe -> Northeast Europe -> North America -> South America

Evolution and natural selection can be witnessed in the human population by examining A. skin-tone variation and sunlight exposure. B. the sickle-cell trait and malaria. C. lactase persistence and cattle farming. D. the CF allele and cholera resistance. E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

In a geographically isolated habitat, DNA analysis of a population can document A. DNA inbreeding. B. loss of genetic diversity. C. identification of individuals by DNA profiling. D. changes in allele frequency of a gene. E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

Lost City is located A. at a depth of 2,600 feet. B. on the mid-Atlantic ridge. C. 2,300 miles east of Florida. D. on top of a submerged mountain. E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

Which condition(s) is/are likely to be found in a habitat near or in the hydrothermal vents of Lost City? A. extreme heat B. extreme pressure C. basic ph D. anaerobic E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

Which habitat is found at Olympic National Park? A. temperate and old growth forests B. saltwater coastlines C. freshwater lakes and rivers D. subalpine meadows E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

The correlation between vitamin D, folate, sunlight exposure, and the resulting variations of skin tones is an example of A. a genetic strategy to increase fitness. B. natural selection. C. human evolution. D. descent with modification. E. All the above.

E. All the above.

Which of the following most accurately describes the population cycles of moose and wolves on Isle Royale? A. Moose and wolf populations stay at carrying capacity. B. Moose populations stay at carrying capacity, while wolf populations rise and fall. C. Moose populations rise and fall, while wolf populations stay at carrying capacity. D. Moose and wolf populations rise and fall at the same time. E. Moose and wolf populations rise and fall, but wolf populations peak a few years after the moose population peaks.

E. Moose and wolf populations rise and fall, but wolf populations peak a few years after the moose population peaks.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Tiktaalik? A. Tiktaalik represents the very first true amphibian. B. Tiktaalik was an animal that thrived in deep waters. C. Tiktaalik developed their specialized fins for the purpose of walking on land. D. Tiktaalik was able to raise its head above water but could not travel on land. E. Tiktaalik was a predator.

E. Tiktaalik was a predator.

The similarity between the forearm of a human and an alligator suggests that A. humans are reptiles (crocodilians). B. humans once laid eggs. C. alligators descended from mammals. D. mammals descended from reptiles. E. alligators and humans share a common ancestor.

E. alligators and humans share a common ancestor.

Sitting beside a stream in Olympic National Park, you see a dragonfly perching on a piece of grass next to the water. You can easily see its hard, jointed exoskeleton, its three pairs of jointed legs, and its three-part body. You know, therefore, that it is a(n) A. mollusk. B. annelid. C. arthropod. D. insect. E. arthropod and an insect.

E. arthropod and an insect.

Which describes plant groups in order of terrestrial adaptations from earliest to the most recent? A. ferns, bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms B. bryophytes, gymnosperms, ferns, and angiosperms C. angiosperms, bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms D. ferns, gymnosperms, bryophytes, and angiosperms E. bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

E. bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

The most recent common ancestor of modern day humans is the A. orangutan. B. monkey. C. gorilla. D. great ape. E. chimpanzee.

E. chimpanzee.

Hominids include A. living humans, orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, B. living and extinct great apes, orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. C. extinct great apes, humans, orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. D. living great apes, humans, orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. E. living and extinct great apes, humans, orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.

E. living and extinct great apes, humans, orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.

Carrying capacity is the _____. A. number of individuals in a given area B. total biomass of a given area C. total plant biomass of a given area D. total plant biomass minus the animal biomass in a given area E. maximum number of individuals of a population that an area can support

E. maximum number of individuals of a population that an area can support

Which of the following may NOT indicate forelimb homology? A. a similar structure of bones B. the order of bones C. the number of bones D. the relative position of the bones E. the function of the bones

E. the function of the bones

All of the following are characteristics of insects, EXCEPT A. they are invertebrates. B. they are arthropods. C. they have six legs. D. they have three body segments. E. they have an endoskeleton.

E. they have an endoskeleton.

Which population would most likely resemble a random distribution pattern? A. humans in North America B. penguins nesting in Antarctica C. wolves in Isle Royale D. termites in a rainforest E. understory plants in a tropical rainforest

E. understory plants in a tropical rainforest

The chordate group includes these animals. A. arthropods B. mollusks C. invertebrates D. cnidarians E. vertebrates

E. vertebrates