Exam 3 Cliques and Crowds

how is social impact calculated?

(perceived) #most liked + #least liked

how is social preference calculated?

(sociometric) #most liked - #least liked

What are 4 key developmental functions of crowds?

1. ability to find a place in social structure 2. developing ability to differentiate from some and associate with others. 3. encourage certain lifestyles while encouraging others (can be + or -) 4. facilitate identity development

What are 2 reasons that bullying occurs?

1. bullying creates bonds between the bullies 2. helps distinguish in and out groups, and distinguishes social norms.

What 6 domains of crowds did Stone & Brown find?

1. dress 2. sociability 3. academic attitude 4. hangout at school 5. weekend activities 6. extracurriculars

What are the 4 types of clique membership?

1. member: are a part of the clique and most interactions are with the clique. 2. liaisons: interact with the clique but not a member. 3. dyads: pairs of friends within the clique 4. isolates: have few links to other peers.

What are 2 questions researchers ask to measure popularity?

1. peer acceptance - who do you like the most and least? 2. popularity - who is the most and least popular?

what 3 developmental functions do cliques serve?

1. provide socialization for norms and values 2. provide context for social skills like intimacy and leadership 3. help adolescents navigate gender roles & other sex relationships.

What are the 5 strategies to maintain group status??

1. subjugation of the out-group: making others aware of their status 2. subjugation within the in-group: keeping people within the group aware of their status 3. compliance: clique members must comply with the group, or face consequences. 4. stigmatization: occurs when a clique member steps outside of defined role. 5. expulsion: clique removes member for bad behavior

What are the 4 roles played in bullying?

1. the assistant: joins but does NOT initiate. 2. the reinforcer: eggs on the bully, does not participate 3. the defender: someone who stands up for the victim 4. the bystander: does not join or act against it

What % of students have experienced bullying?

70% of middle and high schoolers.

How fluid are crowds?

In middle school, some kids get labeled as unpopular and don't know how to escape it. Mainly, found that crowds are fluid and have high permeability when students reach high school!

What are crowds?

Large, reputation based groups. People do not get to determine what crowd they are part of. STEREOTYPES.

When do crowds emerge? Why?

Middle school. Much larger than elementary school with new kids. Its a way of labeling people to know everyone.

Who was Donna Eder and what did she do?

Spent time in a middle-school cafeteria observing. found that people sat at the same tables everyday, and there was a group of people who seemed dominant in that social setting. CLIQUE HIEIRARCHIES

How do researchers measure popularity?

They use sociometric data - self report asks kids to rate one another likability.

What is desirability in crowds?

a crowds status in social structure makes it more or less desirable.

What role does ethnicity play in cliques?

by mid adolescents, cliques are separated by ethnicity. kids are more likely to have a friend from a different SES than different ethnicity.

What was David Kinneys conclusion?

crowds shift as adolescents develop. they decrease in significance as kids move into adulthood.

What types of aggression in girls make them more popular?

girls who use aggression instrumentally are more popular than those who use aggression reactively.

define a clique

group of 2-12 same-sex, same age individuals who share interests and activities. girls more likely to be a member than boys.

What did Hollingshead do & what did he find?

he explored relationships between social class and peer groups in 1940. found that cliques usually have members of the same class.

what is permeability in crowds?

how easy it is to gain membership into a crowd. High-status crowds are usually hard to get into.

define perceived popularity

how much status or prestige an individual has

what is a selection of provisional identities?

labels such as jocks, populars, wannabes.

What is the bystander effect?

people think because others are around watching too, they are not obligated to do anything.

Define sociometric popularity

the degree to which individuals are well-liked

Where are crowds unique to?

unique to adolescents in the USA, Britain, and Australia.