exam 3 methods

Another word for discriminant validity is validity. a. convergent b. asymmetrical c. divergent d. multiple

c. divergent

When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? a. The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher b. The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected c. The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain d. The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected

c. The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as . a. an IACUC b. an AIRB c. an AWA d. an IRB

a. an IACUC

How many subcategories of quantitative variables exist? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

b. Three

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have principles and standards. a. 3; 10 b. 3; 8 c. 3; 5 d. 5; 10

d. 5; 10

Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? a. They feel pressure to publish findings. b. They are convinced of the correctness of their own hypotheses. c. Research success has implications for promotion within their department. d. A journal might require it.

d. A journal might require it.

Which of the following is NOT possible? a. A measure is neither reliable nor valid. b. A measure is both valid and reliable. c. A measure is reliable but not valid. d. A measure is valid but not reliable.

d. A measure is valid but not reliable.

If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has: a. interrater reliability. b. subjectivity. c. face validity. d. credibility.

c. face validity.

Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn't include any deceptive elements? a. Because APA guidelines require debriefing in all studies regardless of deception b. To ensure that his participants had a good research experience c. To prevent participants from having negative experiences during the study d. To decrease the likelihood of data falsification

b. To ensure that his participants had a good research experience

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? a. They are impossible to discover. b. They impede scientific progress. c. They are federal crimes. d. Data are easy to acquire.

b. They impede scientific progress.

Ethical decision making should be: a. as easy as a yes-no decision. b. based only on what is good for society. c. a thoughtful balance. d. determined by experts, like lawyers.

c. a thoughtful balance.

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of justice c. The principle of integrity d. The principle of respect for persons

d. The principle of respect for persons

Asking an expert or experts to evaluate a measure is used to establish validity. a. content b. criterion c. divergent d. face

d. face

A helpful tool for visualizing test-retest reliability and interrater reliability is a: a. bar graph. b. Cronbach's alpha. c. correlation coefficient. d. scatterplot.

d. scatterplot.

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? a. Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. b. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. c. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. d. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.

b. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.

What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level? a. Measurement validity b. Construct validity c. Conceptual definition d. Operational definition

c. Conceptual definition

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? a. Syphilis b. HIV c. Tuberculosis d. Smallpox

a. Syphilis

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? a. The number of cups of coffee consumed in a day b. The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study c. The frequency of buying energy drinks d. Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

d. Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics? a. It violates an APA standard. b. It violates a Belmont principle. c. It is akin to lying. d. It makes psychology researchers look bad.

a. It violates an APA standard.

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots? a. All types of reliability b. Internal reliability and test-retest reliability c. Internal reliability and interrater reliability d. Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

d. Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

Your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone. What does this mean? a. Researchers must conduct research with other researchers. b. Researchers must discuss their ethical choices with their participants. c. Researchers must consult with lawyers before they conduct a study. d. Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

d. Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? a. Both involve subjective judgments. b. Both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement. c. Both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity. d. Both are very difficult to establish.

a. Both involve subjective judgments.

In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask? a. Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid? b. Do I know that this measure is valid? c. Does this measure have the right kind of validity? d. Has an expert said that this measure is valid?

a. Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid?

Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? a. It prevents researchers from being sued. b. It allows researchers to make research an educational experience. c. It gives participants insight into the nature of psychological science. d. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

a. It prevents researchers from being sued.

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report? a. It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. b. It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies. c. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. d. It was replaced by the APA guidelines.

a. It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. Principle of beneficence b. Principle of integrity c. Principle of respect for persons d. Principle of justice

a. Principle of beneficence

Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? a. Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream b. Blood pressure measurements c. Number of panic attacks a patient reports d. A brain scan made using an fMRI

c. Number of panic attacks a patient reports

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? a. Participants were harmed. b. Participants were not treated respectfully. c. Participants were not given monetary payments for their time. d. Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

c. Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: a. ensure validity. b. cancel out measurement error. c. make sure participants are not lying. d. allow participants to skip questions.

b. cancel out measurement error.

Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? a. A ratio scale of measurement b. A qualitative variable c. An other-report measure d. A categorical variable

a. A ratio scale of measurement

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? a. A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness. b. A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present. c. A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes. d. A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually.

a. A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? a. A prisoner advocate b. A criminal justice professor c. The prison warden d. A prisoner

a. A prisoner advocate

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? a. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not. b. An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements. c. An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. d. A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast).

a. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something,"

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. Dr. Rodriquez is examining the scatterplot of the data she collected on the first day of the semester and the last day of the semester. On the scatterplot, she sees that the dots are very close to forming a diagonal line. This indicates which of the following? a. A strong relationship b. A nonrelationship c. A valid finding d. A negative finding

a. A strong relationship

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? a. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. b. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. c. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. d. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kushner can actually study.

a. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? a. An ordinal scale of measurement b. A self-report measurement c. A categorical measurement d. An interval scale of measurement

a. An ordinal scale of measurement

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers? a. Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans. b. Animal research requires less research funding than human research. c. Animal research is less likely to result in physical harm to the subject compared to human research. d. Animal research has not had the same types of scandals that human research has had (e.g., the Tuskegee Study).

a. Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.

Your friend Alanna says that when examining validity, you always want to see positive correlations. Why is she wrong? a. Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity. b. The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter. c. Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity. d. Correlations are not used to examine validity.

a. Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity.

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? a. Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. b. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. c. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants. d. Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

a. Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? a. Content validity b. Predictive validity c. Criterion validity d. Discriminant validity

a. Content validity

A correlation-based statistic called is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a. Cronbach's alpha b. kappa c. a scatterplot d. Pearson's r

a. Cronbach's alpha

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? a. Data fabrication b. Data falsification c. Plagiarism d. Intellectual property destruction

a. Data fabrication

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study only participants from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women? a. If the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women) b. If the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women) c. If the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation) d. It is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied.

a. If the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Observational measurement c. Physiological measurement d. Archival measurement

a. Self-report measurement

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? a. That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity b. That his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have c. That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction d. That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self-esteem

a. That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of justice b. The principle of respect for persons c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of integrity

a. The principle of justice

Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? a. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions. b. The researchers have the same operational definitions. c. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions. d. The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions nor the same operational definitions.

a. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions.

A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information? a. The strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements b. The path and significance of the relationship between two measurements c. The validity and reliability of two measurements d. The outliers present in the two measurements

a. The strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? a. The time spent solving a math problem b. The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle) c. Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem d. The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver

a. The time spent solving a math problem

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = −0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? a. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. b. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. c. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. d. The negative correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is bad for Dr. Rodriquez.

a. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale.

Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman's response? a. There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now. b. He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study. c. Public opinion about that type of research has changed. d. New findings have made such research less beneficial.

a. There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? a. Validity b. Reliability c. Conceptualization d. Operationalization

a. Validity

An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT: a. an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed. b. an anonymous study looking at gang behavior in recent parolees. c. a confidential study examining eating patterns in newborns. d. a confidential survey examining sexual behavior in mentally handicapped individuals.

a. an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed.

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable? a. A correlation coefficient close to 1 b. A negative correlation coefficient c. A strong correlation coefficient d. It depends on the type of reliability being evaluated

b. A negative correlation coefficient

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a. A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate b. A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study c. A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study d. A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

b. A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

In order to use the known groups paradigm to establish criterion validity, which of the following is necessary? a. At least three groups must be used. b. After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure. c. Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated. d. The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology.

b. After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

In looking at a scatterplot of interrater reliability, why would a researcher want to see all the dots close to the line of agreement? a. Because it indicates a positive relationship b. Because it indicates that the researcher's two research assistants/raters are making similar measurements c. Because it indicates that the researcher's measurement is valid d. Because it indicates that the researcher's measurement will also have high test-retest reliability

b. Because it indicates that the researcher's two research assistants/raters are making similar measurements

Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together? a. Both terms mean the same thing. b. Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest. c. Both require the use of scatterplots. d. Both have to be determined by a panel of experts.

b. Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. Which of the following options below could he also do to get evidence for criterion validity? a. Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings b. Correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year c. Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid d. Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients

b. Correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? a. Deception through omission b. Deception through commission c. Deception through permission d. Deception through exception

b. Deception through commission

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at, and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? a. Content validity b. Face validity c. Discriminant validity d. Concurrent validity

b. Face validity

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? a. r = 1.0 b. r = −1.0 c. r = 0.83 d. r = −0.18

d. r = −0.18

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? a. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. b. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people. c. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. d. He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling.

b. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people.

What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? a. If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. b. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. c. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. d. Reliability and validity are the same concept.

b. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability

b. Internal reliability

Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)? a. It is unfair to other researchers who cannot afford to pay participants. b. It unduly influences people into participating. c. It is unfair to people who choose not to participate in the study. d. It is not unethical to do this.

b. It unduly influences people into participating.

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Observational measurement c. Physiological measurement d. Archival measurement

b. Observational measurement

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a. There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. b. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. c. Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined. d. Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing.

b. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions? a. Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people who are not in my study? b. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? c. Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? d. Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?

b. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a: a. test-retest paradigm. b. known-groups paradigm. c. prediction paradigm. d. group evaluation paradigm.

b. known-groups paradigm

Ethical decision making done by researchers can change in response to all of the following EXCEPT: a. bad experiences of other researchers. b. the possibility of additional grant funding. c. changing social norms. d. scientific discoveries.

b. the possibility of additional grant funding.

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's . a. operational definition b. validity c. reliability d. convenience

b. validity

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez decides to test the internal reliability of her measure. Which of the following results would make her happy? a. = 0.10 b. = −0.03 c. = 0.95 d. = −0.98

c. = 0.95

Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent? a. An observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings b. An anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries c. A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior d. An anonymous survey asking whether students want a coffeehouse opened in the library

c. A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document? a. A statement of benefits b. A statement of risks c. A description of the study's hypotheses d. A list of procedures

c. A description of the study's hypotheses

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a. A measure of heart rate b. A measure of the number of times a person eats alone during a month c. A measure of spirituality d. A measure of income

c. A measure of spirituality

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD? a. Neither group of participants can provide informed consent. b. Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants. c. Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants. d. Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants.

c. Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? a. Face validity b. Content validity c. Criterion validity d. Discriminant validity

c. Criterion validity

In which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)? a. IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research. b. Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research. c. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study. d. IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow.

c. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT: a. IRBs can be found in settings other than colleges and universities. b. IRBs are mandated by federal law. c. IRBs must have a psychologist as a member. d. IRBs must have at least five members.

c. IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? a. Women b. Members of minority religious groups c. People with developmental disabilities d. Refugees

c. People with developmental disabilities

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? a. Refinement b. Reduction c. Replacement d. Recycling

c. Replacement

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? a. Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. b. Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. c. Students can find deception to be stressful. d. Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

c. Students can find deception to be stressful.

The principle of justice calls for a balance between and . a. costs to the participant; benefits to the participant b. needing to deceive participants; needing to obtain informed consent c. the interests of the researcher; the interests of the institutional review board (IRB) d. the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

d. the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study? a. People with a history of insomnia b. Employees from a local daycare center c. Students from a community college d. Patients from Dr. Kushner's clinical psychology practice

c. Students from a community college

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following? a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability

c. Test-retest reliability

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of respect for persons b. The principle of justice c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of integrity

c. The principle of beneficence

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception? a. Whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception b. Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe c. Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception d. Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

c. Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the of Dr. Sheffield's measure. a. content validity b. predictive validity c. convergent validity d. discriminant validity

c. convergent validity

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kushner is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

d. 8

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? a. A concrete construct b. A behavior that is directly observable c. Physical measurements (e.g., length) d. An abstract concept

d. An abstract concept

According to its conceptual definition, a variable should be related to a particular behavior. If a researcher is able to demonstrate that his measure of the variable is related to the behavior, then he has established which of the following? a. Discriminant validity b. Content validity c. Convergent validity d. Criterion validity

d. Criterion validity

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kushner's study? a. He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study. b. He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception. c. He needs to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous. d. He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.

d. He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? a. Dr. Kushner only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session. b. Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional. c. During the debriefing, Dr. Kushner only needs to tell the participants that there was deception. d. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

d. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a. Inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher b. Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study c. Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study d. Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

d. Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? a. The principle of consent and honesty b. The principle of reliability and validity c. The principle of honor and accountability/commitment d. The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

d. The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of integrity b. The principle of respect for persons c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of justice

d. The principle of justice

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of justice c. The principle of integrity d. The principle of respect for persons

d. The principle of respect for persons

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? a. To obtain evidence for face validity b. To obtain evidence for content validity c. To obtain evidence for convergent validity d. To obtain evidence for criterion validity

d. To obtain evidence for criterion validity

Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, "Tests like the GRE don't really measure how well people actually do in graduate school." Dominic is questioning the of the test. a. discriminant validity b. content validity c. convergent validity d. criterion validity

d. criterion validity