exam 3 patho

Pancreatitis Pathophysiology p

>>Causes activation of pancreatic enzymes >>Enzymes auto digest and cause fibrosis -Leads to thrombi and necrosis of tissue >Fat necrosis occurs -Fats bind to calcium Results in hypocalcemia >Necrosis of blood vessels -Fibers in blood vessels are dissolved -Vasodilation starts due to vessel damage -Results in bleeding and hemorrhage

Cholecystitis & Cholelithiasis PATHO

>>Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder >>Cholelithiasis: gall stones -cause stasis of bile and infection takes over -stagnant bacteria sit and multiply

signs and symptoms of encephalitis

>Viral & vector-borne Headache Fever Confusion Changes in LOC >Vector borne Rash Flaccid paralysis Parkinson-like movements

The early manifestations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and MS are somewhat similar. Which clinical feature of ALS distinguishes it from MS?

Impairment of respiratory musclesIn ALS, there is progressive muscle atrophy until a flaccid quadriplegia develops. Eventually, there is involvement of the respiratory muscles, which leads to respiratory compromise.

A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is hospitalized with pneumonia. Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care?

Assisting the patient with active range of motion (ROM)

Pathophysiology of nephritic syndrome

Inflammation of kidney >viral infection -strep, measles, mumps, mononucleosis, >good posture syndrome >abdominal abscesses >the leak of red blood cells HAD STREP Hypertension/hematuria Azotemia Decreased GFR (low urine, hyperkalemia) Suddenly Tea-colored pee RBC CAST/ Recent infection (strep) Elevated BUN & Creatine Proteinuria: mild

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD

Inflammatory disorder characterized by nonreversible, , progressive, airflow obstruction emphysema & chronic bronchitis s/s Cough wheezing diminished breath sounds shortness of breath progressive dyspnea

Pancreatitis Pathophysiology

Inflammatory process in which the pancreatic enzymes autodigest the gland. Normally, pancreatic proenzymes become activated upon release within the duodenum. Pancreatitis results from early activation of pancreatic enzymes, producing autodigestion of the pancreas and surrounding tissues Acinar cells release enzymes resulting in proteolysis, lipolysis and hemorrhage Because the pancreas is located in the retroperitoneal space there is no surrounding capsule to confine the inflammation. Peripancreatic fat necrosis occurs Hemorrhage and dysfunction of the gland accompanies the fat necrosis.

How does plasmapheresis treat MS?

It removes the antibodies from the blood serum, that are attacking the neurons.

An 84-year-old client in an acute state of disorientation is brought to the hospital emergency department by his or her daughter. The daughter states that the client was "clear as a bell this morning." The nurse determines from this piece of information that which is an unlikely cause of the disorientation? 1. Hypoglycemia 2. Alzheimer's disease 3. Medication dosage error 4. Impaired circulation to the brain

2

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client with Guillain-Barré syndrome. The nurse determines that which finding would be of most concern? 1. Difficulty articulating words 2. Lung vital capacity of 10 mL/kg 3. Paralysis progressing from the toes to the waist 4. A blood pressure (BP) decrease from 110/78 to 102/70 mm Hg

2

The nurse is reviewing the record for a client seen in the health care clinic and notes that the health care provider has documented a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Which initial clinical manifestation of this disorder should the nurse expect to see documented in the record? 1. Muscle wasting 2. Mild clumsiness 3. Altered mentation 4. Diminished gag reflex

2

Parkland formula

4mL x Kg x % of body area burned = 24 hr fluid replacement 24hr F.R/ 2= 1ST 8hr F.R 8hr F.R/2 = 2ND&3RD 8hr F.R

Guillain-Barré Syndrome signs and symptoms patho

>>Autonomic dysfunction -Blood pressure fluctuations -Cardiac dysrhythmias -Paralytic ileus (impairs digestive movement) -SIADH (antidiuretic: retained water in body) -Urinary retention >>Hyporeflexia/ Areflexia >>Initial absence of fever >>Abnormal electrodiagnostic with slowed conduction velocity

What will prolong survival for someone with COPD?

-smoking cessation -long term oxygen therapy -annual influenza & pneumococcal vaccinations -some benefit from a lung transplant or lung volume reduction surgery -early detection of small-airway disease -early diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infection -awareness of family history of COPD and AAT deficiency

Pathophysiology Multiple Sclerosis

-triggered by a virus -antigen-antibody reaction leads to demyelination of axons -neurons in the brain/ spinal cord are attacked, but the nerve fiber is not affected leading to Gliosis (scarring) -result in plaque formation scattered throughout the CNS

asthma s/s

-wheezing -cough -dyspnea :SOB -Tachycardia >120 -tachypnea :rapid breathing -prolonged expiration -decreased breath sounds -chest tightness -exercise induced -hypoxemia: low O2 in blood -Decreased peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

A client with multiple sclerosis tells a home health care nurse that she is having increasing difficulty in transferring from the bed to a chair. What is the initial nursing action? 1. Observe the client demonstrating the transfer technique. 2. Start a restorative nursing program before an injury occurs. 3. Seize the opportunity to discuss potential nursing home placement. 4. Determine the number of falls that the client has had in recent weeks.

1

Cause of pressure ulcers

--Tissues become ischemic and die --Factors: pressure shear forces friction moister

patient positioning in the Post-ictal period

-Altered LOC after a seizure -lasts between 5-30 min or longer -transition from seizure to normal state -recovery period of brain

Bronchiectasis: Clinical Manifestations

-Chronic cough-Purulent sputum in copious amounts-Clubbing of the fingers

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathophysiology (ALS)

-Degenerate of upper/lower Motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord -Electrical and chemical messages originating in the brain do not reach the muscles to activate them -Reinnervation occurs in the early course of disease, but fails as disease progresses -Death within 2-6 years after diagnosis due to respiratory failure

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (GERD): Causes

-Dysfunctional LES allowing reflux of large amounts of gastric juices -Delayed gastric emptying -Hiatal hernia

Nursing Management for meningitis

-Frequent assessment of VS and LOC -Protect patient form injury (seizure activity/altered LOC) -Monitor daily weight, serum electrolytes, urine volume, specific gravity, and osmolality -Prevent complications (immobility) -Infection control precautions (N-95 mask)

S/S of GI bleed

-Hematocrit may be normal in the first 24 hours -hematemesis: coffee ground throw-up -melena: back cherry stool

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis signs and symptoms

-Involuntary muscle -contractions deep muscle reflex -muscular atrophy -weakness -twitching -problems with speech, chewing, swallowing, and breathing -paralysis -fatigue -respiratory difficulty -frequent urination

Nursing Management of a Generalized Seizure

-Protect head from banging on floor while convulsive movements occur -Loosen tight clothing -Try to turn into recovery position

s/s Right-side heart failure (Cor Pulmonale) in patient with COPD

-Pulmonary hypertension -edema -Dyspnea -fatigue -palpitation -lower extremity swelling -loud snoring -tachypnea/tachcardia -Wheezing -Chronic productive cough -hemoptysis -Right ventricular failure -increased venous pressure -Peripheral edema -Forward effects of reduced cardiac output -loud tricuspid/pulmonic regulation murmur pulsatile liver

Pathophysiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome

-Triggered by a respiratory or GI infection -Destruction of myelin sheath covering from immune system -symmetry: both side of body is involved -Recovery within 2-4 weeks after progression stops

emphysema

-WHEEZING -HYPERventilation -"pink puffers" -barrel chest: the use of accessory muscles for breathing -hyperinflation of the lungs: damage of the alveoli sacs and creation of air sacs -hypercapnia: high carbon dioxide levels

pathophysiology of Bronchiectasis

-abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi -Reduced ability to clear mucus -Decreased expiratory airflow -Classified as obstructive airway disease

medication used to treat meningitis

-antibiotics for bacterial meningitis -Dexamethasone: inflammation

types of skin cancer

-basal cell carcinoma -squamous cell carcinoma -malignant melanoma

tinea corporis

-caused by fungal infection -ringworm of the body -on scalp

Acute Pancreatitis Laboratory Values

-elevated: WBCs, bilirubin, glucose, prothrombin time -ELEVEATED: amylase, lipase, urine amylase -Decreased: calcium, magnesium, albumin(made in liver) ABG'S: Hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis

s/s of portal hypertension

-hemorrhoids (swollen veins in lower rectum) -ascites (swell stomach) -esophageal varices (enlarged veins) -enlarged spleen -spider angiomas -Formation of collateral vessels (forming variceal that may rupture(lead to altered LOC))

The nurse is preparing a plan of care for a client with a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). On assessment, the nurse notes that the client is severely dysphagic. Which intervention should be included in the care plan for this client? Select all that apply. 1. Provide oral hygiene after each meal. 2. Assess swallowing ability frequently. 3. Allow the client sufficient time to eat. 4. Maintain a suction machine at the bedside. 5. Provide a full liquid diet for ease in swallowing.

1,2,3,4

The nurse is planning to institute seizure precautions for a client who is being admitted from the emergency department. Which measures should the nurse include in planning for the client's safety? Select all that apply. 1. Padding the side rails of the bed 2. Placing an airway at the bedside 3. Placing the bed in the high position 4. Putting a padded tongue blade at the head of the bed 5. Placing oxygen and suction equipment at the bedside 6. Having intravenous equipment ready for insertion of an intravenous catheter

1,2,5,6

Which of the following would lead the nurse to suspect that a child with meningitis has developed disseminated intravascular coagulation? 1. Hemorrhagic skin rash 2. Edema 3. Cyanosis 4. Dyspnea on exertion

1.

seizure: Status epilepticus treatment

1. Secure IV line 2. Push 50 cc of 50% Dextrose IV and 100mg thiamine IV 3. Monitor vital signs 4. Examine patient 5. Protect airway, tongue, head, never leave patient alone 6. Intubate all patients if first line drugs fail

A client has a neurological deficit involving the limbic system. Which assessment finding is specific to this type of deficit? 1. Is disoriented to person, place, and time 2. Affect is flat, with periods of emotional lability 3. Cannot recall what was eaten for breakfast today 4. Demonstrates inability to add and subtract; does not know who is the president of the United States

2

A client is admitted with an exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. The nurse is assessing the client for possible precipitating risk factors. Which factor, if reported by the client, should the nurse identify as being unrelated to the exacerbation? 1. Annual influenza vaccination 2. Ingestion of increased fruits and vegetables 3. An established routine of walking 2 miles each evening 4. A recent period of extreme outside ambient temperatures

2

A client has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. The nurse concludes that the client has a pathological condition of which components of the nervous system? 1. Glia 2. Peripheral nerves 3. Neuronal dendrites 4. Monoamine oxidase

3

A client with Guillain-Barré syndrome has ascending paralysis and is intubated and receiving mechanical ventilation. Which strategy should the nurse incorporate in the plan of care to help the client cope with this illness? 1. Giving client full control over care decisions and restricting visitors 2. Providing positive feedback and encouraging active range of motion 3. Providing information, giving positive feedback, and encouraging relaxation 4. Providing intravenously administered sedatives, reducing distractions, and limiting visitors

3

A client with multiple sclerosis is experiencing muscle weakness, spasticity, and an ataxic gait. On the basis of this information, the nurse should include which client problem in the plan of care? 1. Inability to care for self 2. Interruption in skin integrity 3. Interruption in physical mobility 4. Inability to perform daily activities

3

The nurse has given instructions to a client with Parkinson's disease about maintaining mobility. Which action demonstrates that the client understands the directions? 1. Sits in soft, deep chairs to promote comfort. 2. Exercises in the evening to combat fatigue. 3. Rocks back and forth to start movement with bradykinesia. 4. Buys clothes with many buttons to maintain finger dexterity.

3

The client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Which past medical history finding makes the client most at risk for this disease? 1. Meningitis or encephalitis during the last 5 years 2. Seizures or trauma to the brain within the last year 3. Back injury or trauma to the spinal cord during the last 2 years 4. Respiratory or gastrointestinal infection during the previous month

4

The nurse is admitting a client with Guillain-Barré syndrome to the nursing unit. The client has ascending paralysis to the level of the waist. Knowing the complications of the disorder, the nurse should bring which most essential items into the client's room? 1. Nebulizer and pulse oximeter 2. Blood pressure cuff and flashlight 3. Flashlight and incentive spirometer 4. Electrocardiographic monitoring electrodes and intubation tray

4

The kidneys are responsible for performing all the following functions (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) A. Activating vitamin D B. Secreting Renin C. Secreting Erythropoietin D. Maintaining cortisol production

A,B,C

Select all the following that can trigger an asthma attack: A. Sulfites B. Smoke C. Caffeine D. GERD E. Cold, windy weather F. Beta agonist G. Cockroaches

A,B,D,E,G

Which of the following statements are INcorrect about discharge teaching that you would provide to a patient with COPD? Select-all-that-apply: A. "It is best to eat three large meals a day that are relatively low in calories." B. "Avoid going outside during extremely hot or cold days." C. "It is important to receive the Pneumovax vaccine annually." D. "Smoking cessation can help improve your symptoms."

A,C The patient needs to eat high calorie and protein rich meals that are small but frequent. The Pneumovax is definitely recommended for patients with COPD but is given every 5 years (not annually).

Complications of multiple sclerosis

ABCs (respiratory) Difficulty speaking, falls, difficulty swallowing, numbness, vision problems, hearing problems, pseudobulbar effect Complications of immobility like pressure ulcers (skin integrity) Constipation, spastic or flaccid bladder

End of life planning for the patient with a degenerative neurological disorder

Advanced directive (home health, education and coping, organ donation)

Select all the correct options that represent the pathophysiology of an asthma attack. A. The smooth muscle surrounding the alveoli constricts, limiting oxygenation. B. The mucosa lining experiences severe inflammation. C. The goblet cells within the mucosa lining produce excessive amounts of mucous. D. Too much carbon dioxide is exhaled due to hyperventilation and the patient experiences respiratory alkalosis.

B,C

A 36 year old male patient is diagnosed with acute kidney injury. The patient's 24 hour urinary output is 4.5 liters. Based on this stage of AKI, what complications and assessment findings may present in this patient? Select all that apply: A. Water intoxication B. Hypotension C. Low urine specific gravity D. Hypokalemia E. GFR >90 mL/min F. Normal BUN and Creatinine levelG. Profound confusion due to azotemia

B,C,D

An 11 year-old boy with skin lesions on his trunk characteristic of ringworm has been brought to the health care provider. Which aspect of the clinician's assessment relates most directly to the suspected diagnosis? a)Previous infection with other parasitic worms b)Potential contact with the fungus from pets or other children c)Allergic reactions to drugs and environmental substances The child's infant immunization history

B.

Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms

Cerebellar -Nystagmus Involuntary eye movements -Ataxia Lack of coordination -Dysarthria Lack of speech -Dysphagia Difficulty swallowing Motor -Weakness or paralysis of limbs, trunk, and head -Diplopia (double vision) -Scanning speech -Spasticity of muscles Sensory -Numbness and tingling -Blurred vision -tinnitus -Decreased hearing -Chronic neuropathic pain -Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) •Episodes of uncontrollable laughing or crying

Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome

Change in kidney nephron (glomeruli) from minimal change disease, HIV, NSAIDs, allergic reaction, nephropathy, cancer, malaria lost of extreme PROTEIN in urine NAPHROTIC Na decrease Albumin decrease (increases edema!!) Proteinuria (extreme, foamy dark urine) Hyperlipidemia Renal vein thrombosis (clot in vein) Orbital edema Thromboembolism (obstruct vessels from blood clotting) Infection (bc loss of immunoglobulin) Coagulability ( loss of antithrombin, increase blood clotting) GFR decreased

Causes of gastrointestinal ulcers

Helicobacter pylori NSAIDs alcohol/smoking family death of liver cells mucosal erosion

pathophysiology of burns

Plasma loss and vascular responses -Increased capillary permeability -Increased total peripheral resistance -Hemo-concentration -Increased blood viscosity -Major organ dysfunction -Sepsis Increased basal metabolic rate S/S -Tachypnea -Tachycardia -Low-grade fever

Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (Cor Pulmonale)

Presence of pulmonary disorder Arterial blood gases chest x-ray (cardiomegaly) Pulmonary function tests Heart exam for CHF S/S of patient

complication of pulmonary hypertension

Right-sided heart enlargement and heart failure (cor pulmonale) Vascular injury permanent vasoconstriction blood clots

Key complications of multiple sclerosis?

UTI Urinary Tract Infection Respiratory Tract Infection Depression Para- and Quadriplegia Pressure Ulcer Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Cor Pulmonale

When right side heart failure occurs as a result of pulmonary hypertension and edema

Which of the following is the nurse's role in the care of clients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? Select all that apply: a. Act as advocate for the client and family b. Provide supportive care c. Coordinate timely referrals d. Provide client and family education e. Provide nutritional advice and make meal plans f. Provide psychosocial support to the client and family

a,b,c,d,f NOT e

A patient with acute renal injury has a GFR (glomerular filtration rate) of 40 mL/min. Which signs and symptoms below may this patient present with? Select all that apply: A. Hypervolemia B. Hypokalemia C. Increased BUN level D. Decreased Creatinine level

a,c

The nurse teaches the discharge instructions to a client newly diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Which of the following adverse effects should the client contact his physician for? Select all that apply: a. Chest discomfort b. Lightheadedness c. Yellowing of the eyes d. Drowsiness e. Stomach pain f. Fever

a,c,d,e

The client has been diagnosed to have ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Which of the following manifestations characterize the disease? (Select all that apply) • a)Muscle weakness b)Intentional tremors c)Muscle atrophy d)Fatigue e)Shuffling gait f)Respiratory difficulty

a,c,d,f

Causes of pancreatitis

alcohol and gallstones -biliary disease -Abdominal surgery or diagnostics - middle aged men -Trauma -viral infections -Medications

medications that trigger Stevens-Johnson syndrome

anti-infective anti-convulsive anti-seizure

The nurse is caring for a client with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following statements is true regarding the care of this patient? a)Acute pancreatitis is always accompanied by a right pleural effusion. b)An elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are diagnostic signs. c)Acute pancreatitis frequently requires surgical drainage of a pseudocyst. d)Insulin administration is only required when the patient is on TPN (total parenteral nutrition).

b -elevated: WBCs, bilirubin, prothrombin time -ELEVEATED: amylase, lipase, urine amylase -Decreased: calcium, magnesium, albumin(made in liver)

A patient with CKD has a low erythropoietin (EPO) level. The patient is at risk for? a)Hypercalcemia b)Anemia c)Blood clots d)Hyperkalemia

b anemia because EPO helps create RBCs in the bone marrow, which is produced by kidneys. When kidneys are damage in CKD they produce less EPO

During the acute stage of meningitis, a 3-year-old child is restless and irritable. Which of the following would be most appropriate to institute? a)Limiting conversation with the child b)Keeping extraneous noise to a minimum c)Allowing the child to play in the bathtub d)Performing treatments quickly

b)Keeping extraneous noise to a minimum

As the nurse makes her assessment in the 58-year old client for degenerative disorders, which are the clinical manifestations consistent with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? Select all that apply: a. Polyphagia b. Fatigue c. Progressive muscle weakness d. Dysarthria e. Cramps f. Twitching

b,c,d,e,f not a

A 13 year-old girl has presented to a clinic with her mother explaining that she had an oval-shaped red patch on her chest a week ago, but that more of the lesions are now appearing on her back. On examination, the lesions on her back are in a "Christmas tree" pattern. What is the girl's most likely diagnosis? a)Lichen planus b)Pityriasis rosea c)Rosacea d)Melasma

b. Skin disorders characterized by scaling papules and plaques Scaly rash that sweeps outward like the branches of a pine tree.

Pathophysiology of Pre-renal AKI

before kidney caused by -decreased perfusion: low blood in the kidney (renal artery stenosis ) -decreased cardia -bleeding -dehydration (hypovolemia) -shock, burns, embolism, sepsis

A hospitalized client had a tonic-clonic seizure while walking in the hall. During the seizure the nurse priority should be: a)Hold the clients arms and leg firmly b)Place the client immediately to soft surface c)Protects the client's head from injury d)Attempt to insert a tongue depressor between the client's teeth

c

The nurse is evaluating the status of a client who had a craniotomy 3 days ago. Which assessment finding would indicate that the client is developing meningitis as a complication of surgery? 1. A negative Kernig sign 2. Absence of nuchal rigidity 3. A positive Brudzinski sign 4. A Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15

c

A patient is presenting with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The patient has a chronic productive cough with dyspnea on excretion. Arterial blood gases show a low oxygen level and high carbon dioxide level in the blood. On assessment, the patient has cyanosis in the lips and edema in the abdomen and legs. Based on your nursing knowledge and the patient's symptoms, you suspect the patient suffers from what type of COPD? a)Emphysema b)Pneumonia c)Chronic bronchitis d)Pneumothorax

c Chronic bronchitis s/s productive cough with dyspnea

What is the pathological process causing esophageal varices is: a) Ascites and edema. b) Systemic hypertension. c) Portal hypertension. d) Dilated veins and varices.

c. -Increased portal venous pressure leading to -Variceal(in throat) development -Engorgement of varices leading to rupture •Massive GI hemorrhage

Which patient below is NOT at risk for developing chronic kidney disease? a)A 58-year-old female with uncontrolled hypertension. b)A 69-year-old male with diabetes mellitus. c)A 45-year-old female with polycystic ovarian disease. d)A 78-year-old female with an intrarenal injury.

c. polycystic ovarian disease

The nurse is evaluating the respiratory outcomes for the client with Guillain-Barré syndrome. The nurse would evaluate that which of the following is the least optimal outcome for the client? a)Spontaneous breathing b)Oxygen saturation 98% c)Vital capacity within normal range d)Adventitious breath sounds

d

What is the primary clinical symptom of emphysema? a)Chest pain b)Productive cough c)Sputum d)Wheezing

d emphysema Decreased alveolar surface area causes impaired oxygen diffusion. Increased pulmonary artery pressure may cause right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)

The causes of cor Pulmonale include the following except: A. Pulmonary vascular diseases B. Impaired movement of the thoracic cage C. Parenchymal disease of the lung (emphysema, cystic fibrosis) D. Congenital heart diseases E. Dextrocardia (inverted position of the heart)

e

Pancreatitis Management

first pain relief, second cough and deep breathe

Normal Stimulus to breathe is ____________.In COPD there is a change in ________ for the drive to breathe leading to stimulus to breathe is_________

high CO2 stimulus low O2; drive to breathe is hypoxemia

Plaque Psoriasis

inflamed skin covered by red/silvery scales autoimmune

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus -west nile/ st. louis transmitted by mosquito

Asthma: Clinical Manifestations

inflammatory disease of the airways that causes hyper-responsiveness - mucosal edema - mucus production

Causes of increase ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy

liver isnt able to convert ammonia (comes from protein) to urea so it increases in the body leading to toxic in brain (confusion/coma/asterixis: involuntary hand movement) --risk factor protein infection hypovolemia hypokalemia GI bleeding

Most serous skin cancer

malignant melanoma -tumor of melanocytes

Cystic Fibrosis

most common fatal autosomal recessive disease among the Caucasian population -Genetic screening is able to detect carriers of this disease -mutation of a gene changes in chloride transport which leads to --thick, viscous secretions in the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, and reproductive tract.

Lichens planus

purplish flat-topped bump autoimmune

Pityriasis Rosea

scaly rash/patch Christmas-tree pattern virus mediated

Cullen's Sign

sign of pancreatitis bruise around umbilicus

Grey Turner's Sign

sign of pancreatitis bruise in hip area

chronic bronchitis s/s

sputum productive cough dyspnea blue bloater

Cor Pulmonale symptoms are predominantly _______________, with an increase in the ___________ pressure.

systemic, venous

signs and symptoms of meningitis

•Headache •Fever •Changes in LOC •Behavioral changes •Nuchal rigidity (stiff neck) •Positive Kernig's sign (leg lift) •Positive Brudzinski's sign ( neck lift) •Photophobia •Skin rash