Exam 3 PLSC

Compared with Republican presidents, Democratic presidents have appointed ______ to the federal bench.

-more women -more minorities

Which of the following are ways in which accountability is encouraged within bureaucracies?

-whistleblower protections -senior executive service -administrated law judges

Among the reasons that presidents are less powerful than many Americans assume is that they ______.

1. ultimately derive their power from the American public itself. 2. face uncontrollable circumstances that can hurt their ability to lead.

Reapportionment takes place every ___ years following a census.

10

The federal bureaucracy experienced its greatest expansion during the ______.

1930s under president Franklin Roosevelt

Typically, a presidential appointee stays on the job for:

2 years

How many votes does it take to remove the president from office?

2/3 of the Senate

Today, in the grip of partisan deadlock, congressional approval ratings are about ______ percent.

20

The president appoints approximately how many ambassadors?

200

Requirements for Representatives

25 years old, citizen of US for at least 7 years, resident in state which elected

Citizens United v. FEC

A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering (Citizens for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow)

judicial restraint

A judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that duty strictly to the legislatures

confrence committee

A temporary committee created to work out differences between the House and Senate versions of a specific piece of legislation.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the head of the Women's Rights Project with which organization?

ACLU

Forty-eight of the fifty states give ______ of their state's electoral votes to the candidate who wins the popular vote in that state.

All

For its estimates on government spending and revenues, Congress relies mainly on what organization?

Congressional Budget Office

What is the legislative branch equivalent of the executive branch's Office of Management and Budget?

Congressional Budget Officers

True or false: Members of Congress are often willing to vote in ways that put their reelection at risk. True false question.

False

Federal courts usually do not intervene into state court matters unless a ______ issue or law is involved.

Federal

Each state is granted electoral votes equal to its

Federal representatives and senators

Select all that apply In terms of the budget to hire office staff, ______. Multiple select question. 1 senators receive identical amounts of money 2 House members receive identical amounts of money 3 House members get different amounts, depending on where their district is located 4 senators receive varying amounts of money, depending on the population of their state

House members receive identical amounts of money senators receive varying amounts of money, depending on the population of their state

The difference between amendments that can be offered to a bill under consideration in the House and Senate is that in the ______.

House, amendments must directly relate to a bill's contents.

Which two of the following are aspects of the dual nature of Congress? Multiple select question. 1 Its members have a duty to serve people in their states or individual districts. 2 Most of its members are incumbents who rarely face a serious challenger in an election. 3 It competes with the president for the attention of the media. 4 It has the responsibility to make laws for the country as a whole.

Its members have a duty to serve people in their states or individual districts. It has the responsibility to make laws for the country as a whole.

Article 3

Judicial Branch, Supreme Court is only mentioned

Statutory laws are created by which branch of government

Legislative

Article 1

Legislative Branch

In order to win the presidency, the Constitution states that a candidate must receive a ______________ of the ______________ vote.

Majority, electoral college

Bill Clinton campaigned on the issue of "reinventing government" and, once elected, put that promise into action through the ______.

National Performance Review

Which of the following describes the role of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Congress's appropriation of funds for gun-violence research?

Recognizing that gun violence is a public-health issue, the NIH pressured Congress to appropriate the funds.

Which of the following is true of appeals to the Supreme Court?

The issue must involve a federal constitutional question or federal law

What happens during the writing of a Supreme Court opinion?

The justice assigned to write the opinion will continue to speak with the other justices while preparing the opinion.

Which of the following is not part of the Missouri Plan for selecting state-level judges?

The political parties nominate judicial candidates to run for office.

Which of the following statements about the presidential election process are true?

The president has the greatest claim of any U.S. official to national leadership by virtue of reaching office through a national election.

In the House of Representatives, debate is limited on the congressional floor by ______.

The rules of Committee

Interest groups that rely on a judicial strategy to advance their cause are careful in which of the following ways?

They choose courts with judges who are likely to be sympathetic. They choose cases that have a chance of success.

The theories of judicial restraint and judicial activism differ in what way?

They differ in how much their adherents believe judges should follow precedent and defer to elected officials.

What holds party lawmakers together?

They have far more in common with each other than they do with lawmakers of the other party.

Which of the following statements about presidential commissions is true?

They provide advice to the president on specific issues.

Which of the following statements about federal judges are true?

They serve until they die or retire voluntarily. They are appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the Senate. The only way to remove them is through impeachment.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

True or false: Full-time employees working in the U.S. federal bureaucracy number in the millions.

True

The next step for a federal case on appeal from a U.S. district court is that it travels to ______.

U.S. Court of Appeals

What is the largest independent agency?

U.S. Postal Service

The practice of gerrymandering when redrawing district boundaries is ______.

Usually legal

After Vietnam, Congress sought to limit the ability of presidents to commit the United States to war by passing the ______.

War Powers Act

Which of the following circumstances help to create a powerful president?

a major national problem a decisive election victory

A presidential nominee for Supreme Court justice must be confirmed by what type of vote?

a simple majority in the Senate

What policy perspective tends to dominate over time among most high-ranking bureaucrats who have spent years working in the government?

agency point of view

A reform to the nominating process for presidential elections in the 1970s required that ______.

all states choose delegates to the nominating conventions of both parties through popular voting

Which of the following strongly and positively affects a congressional candidate's ability win an election? Multiple choice question. being new to the political scene being a lawyer being an incumbent having business experience

being an incumbent

The degree to which bureaucrats must answer for the power that they exercise is called ______.

bureaucratic accountability

Since Congress authorizes bureaucratic agencies, the agencies ______.

can be sued in court if a party does not feel that the agency carried out the law proper.

Twelve of the thirteen federal appellate courts cover specific geographic regions, which are called ______.

circuits

According to political scientist Erwin Hargrove, a president's influence depends largely on ______.

circumstance

A constituency is comprised of ______.

citizens from the incumbent's state or district

joint committees

committees on which both senators and representatives serve

After 9/11 President Bush sought to streamline the intelligence bureaucracy and thus make it more efficient by

consolidating all of the intelligence services under a single director

Each of the 50 states structures and maintains its own ______.

court system

Which of the following federal court levels does not have original jurisdiction?

courts of appeals

What are activities that typically take place in a party caucus?

developing issues resolving policy differences

Regulatory agencies were originally created to regulate ______ activities.

economic

A whistleblower in the federal bureaucracy is a person who

exposes governmental problems such as waste, corruption, and fraud

The ability to command attention via the bully pulpit serves primarily to ______.

focus the public and media on issues the president cares about

In general, presidents have more power to act on their own in which policy area?

foreign policy

The reason that precedent is important for judges is that it ______.

gives predictability to the law so people know what is legal

______ typically benefit from gerrymandering because the majority party ensures that there are enough of the party's voters in the district to guarantee their election.

incumbents

What has been one result of the decreasing number of moderates in Congress?

legislative deadlock

The party that controls the rules and has the most powerful leadership position in the House is the _____ party.

majority party

In Insecure Majorities, Frances Lee noted that, in the currently closely matched parties, members of Congress are engaged in "______" rather than "governing."

messaging

Elections held two years after presidential elections are called ______ elections.

midterm

As political scientist James Sundquist noted, "Congress [is] organized to deal with _____ problems but not with _____ ones."

narrow and broad

Which two features of the presidency have enabled presidents to claim leadership on national policy?

national election and singular authority

Ensuring that laws are being administered by the executive branch in the way intended by Congress is an important function of Congress and is known as

oversight

If a "turf war" erupts as different committees vie for jurisdiction over a bill, who or what decides the committee assignment?

party leaders

The House and the Senate each elect ______ to direct their party's efforts in the chamber.

party leaders

When a majority of the Supreme Court justices agree on a decision but not the legal reasoning behind it, the Court issues a ______, which is the opinion having the most justices in support of it.

plurality opinion

Super PACs

political action committees established to make independent expenditures

Scholar William West has described the Office of Management and Budget's rule-making oversight as ______.

reactive

What kind of government agencies make and enforce public policy with regard to a specific type of economic activity?

regulatory

Bureaucrats make policy as they fill in the details necessary to implement legislation through the process of ______.

rule making

Choosing committee chairs based on which member has the longest continuous tenure on a standing committee is an example of the ____ system.

seniority

Presidents might not succeed in achieving certain goals if Congress does not provide the necessary funding for them. This illustrates the government's

separation of powers

Congress will use a sunset clause in legislation in order to ______.

set an expiration date for the authorized program unless it is reauthorized

A permanent committee in Congress is known as a _____ committee.

standing

What term describes a permanent committee in Congress that has a defined legislative jurisdiction?

standing committee

Which of the following are examples of independent agencies?

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. the Central Intelligence Agency.

During a Supreme Court hearing, who presents oral arguments?

the attorneys for each sides

What usually is the best indicator of how individual Supreme Court justices will vote in cases where the Court issues a divided decision?

the justices' political backgrounds

Which of the following monitor the federal bureaucracy's actions?

the president the court system congress

To what does political scientist Hugh Heclo's term the illusion of presidential government refer?

the public's belief that the president actually runs the entire government in the United States

Whether or not Congress takes the lead in the making of laws usually depends on ______.

the type of policy at issue

The doctrine of judicial restraint implies that it is the duty of judges to

to apply (the law)

A(n) _____ rule allows members to propose amendments that are relevant to any section of the bill.

to open

Compared with their percentage of the overall population of the United States, women and minorities are ______ in Congress.

underrepresented

The scenario in which the president belongs to the same political party that controls the House and Senate is called ______.

unified government

Candidates challenging an incumbent in a House election _____ fall short of their fundraising needs.

usually

Positive aspects of party polarization include the fact that ___

voters can more clearly see and understand party differences

What are characteristics of job specialization in a bureaucracy?

- a precise division of labor within the bureaucracy - the explicit definition of duties for each positions

The clientele groups for the Department of Education include ______.

- public school students and their parents - public school teachers - the national education association

Most units of the U.S. federal bureaucracy fall into which of the following forms?

- regulatory agency - independent agency - presidential commission - government corporation - cabinet department

Why are bureaucrats brought into the policy formulation process?

- they are often consulted because of their expertise in dealing with societal problems - they will have to decide how to fill in the program details of a bill that contains vague or ambiguous language

For a Constitutional Amendment to be ratified, the requirement is ________ of state legislatures ratify.

3/4

Requirements for Senate

30 years old, citizen for 9 years, resident of state

A limit of ______ exists for how long a Republican member can chair a particular committee.

6 years

In the 1980s, before partisan deadlock, congressional approval ratings were about ______ percent.

60

War Powers Act

Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort It requires the president to inform Congress within forty-eight hours of the reasons for military action.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Economic problems usually affect the public's confidence in ______.

American presidents

judicial activism

An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

incumbent

An officeholder who is seeking reelection.

Which of the following statements about an administrative agency's implementation of policy is correct?

Bureaucrats can only spend money appropriated by Congress

pocket veto

Cannot be overturned by congress

The Constitution establishes the Supreme Court. Which entity is empowered by the Constitution to establish the lower federal courts?

Congress

If the president chooses to veto a bill,

Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote in each chamber.

Members of Congress are more likely to act as ___________ when an issue is salient, and to act as ___________ when constituents have little or no opinion about an issue.

Delegates, trustees

To whom or what does the president typically delegate the task of identifying nominees to lower-court positions?

Deputy Attorney General

For which type of spending do Congress and the president deliberate over how much money to allocate?

Discretionary

Apportionment

Distribution of representatives among the states based on the population of each state

Article 2

Executive Branch

True or false: Farm-state senators and representatives are no more likely to support funding and programs for the Department of Agriculture than they are to support other agencies.

False

True or false: It is more common for House incumbents than Senate incumbents to face challengers in the form of prominent local politicians.

False

When a member of Congress is either newly elected or facing reelection, they are more likely to adopt which model of representation?

Instructed delegate

How does the court system hold federal bureaucratic agencies accountable?

It rules on lawsuits when litigants attempt to prove that agencies are not following the law.

Which of the following documents revealed that President Lyndon Johnson had presented a falsely optimistic picture of the Vietnam War?

Pentagon Papers

The blurring of the line between campaigning and governing has come to be known as the

Permanent campaign

Which of the following statements concerning the political orientation of Supreme Court justices is correct?

Republican appointees are more likely than Democratic appointees to side with law enforcement officials instead of with the criminally accused.

The emergence of _______, groups that can pour money into a political campaign with few limits, has given challengers a better opportunity to unseat congressional incumbents.

Super PACs

The emergence of _________ ________ , groups that can pour money into a political campaign with few limits, has given challengers a better opportunity to unseat congressional incumbents.

Super PACs

In the 1960s, women started pushing back against legal boundaries that they had faced for years, and introduced which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?

The equal rights amendment

Which of the following correctly describes how committees and subcommittees serve to decentralize power in Congress?

They allow more members to hold leadership positions.

What are some ways bureaucrats have expertise in their areas?

They have scientific, technical, or other types of training. They have spent years working with particular policies.

Which of the following is the part of the Executive Office of the President that consists of the president's closest direct personal advisers?

White House Office

The Constitution does not mention ________, nor does it specify that they cannot be discriminated against.

Women

Which of the followings statements reflects the agency point of view in federal bureaucracies?

Workers at one agency hold that the needs of their agency come before the needs of other agencies.

Which of the following are issued by the Supreme Court after hearing a case

a decision one or more opinions

Members of Congress may experience conflict between their lawmaking responsibility and their responsibility to represent their constituency when ______.

a policy that is good for the nation as a whole does not coincide with the needs of their constituency.

From beginning to end, how long does the budgetary process last?

a year and a half

Federal courts address which two types of laws?

administrative laws federal statutory law

In which of the following ways can the president exert control over the bureaucracy?

appointing allies to head agencies or departments. issuing executive orders to require bureaucrats to do certain things.

Why are future Supreme Court nominees unlikely to be rejected by the Senate?

because the use of the filibuster has been abolished for Supreme Court nominations

A(n) _____ is a proposed legislative act that if passed by both chambers of Congress and signed by the president becomes law.

bill

Supreme Court nominations in recent years have been _____ in the Senate.

bitterly contest

The type of state law that involves issues such as shoplifting, murder, and rape is known as ______ law.

criminal

If Congress is displeased with a bureaucracy's performance or behavior, what are some actions it can take?

cut its budget modify its authority

The Supreme Court, recognizing public opinion in the Brown v. Board of Education case, required local school systems to ______.

desegregate "with all deliberate speed" instead of immediately.

Members of Congress are attentive to the concerns of constituents because constituents ______.

determine whether or not they stay in office

The scenario in which the president belongs to one political party while the opposition party has majority control of at least one chamber of Congress is known as

divided government

When, during a term of office, should the president expect to experience the highest level of public approval?

early in a new president's administration

According to the doctrine of judicial restraint, judges should ______.

generally defer to the policy decisions made by elected officials

Presidents encounter trouble when their executive orders ______.

go beyond the limits of the law

Government agencies such as Amtrak that sell a product or service are called ______.

government corporations

Which of the following are most likely to persuade the Supreme Court justices to review a case?

if the us government is a party in the case if the legal issue it raises is being handled inconsistently by the lower courts

Presidents can influence the courts by ______.

influencing the cases that come before the courts. choosing to enforce court decisions

As compared to fifty years ago, federal employment today ______.

is roughly at the same level

What are conference committees?

joint committees created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation

Alexander Hamilton said that the power of the Supreme Court rested on the power of ______.

judgment—the reasonableness and fairness of its actions.

The practice in which members of Congress agree to vote for a bill in exchange for their colleague's vote on another bill is called .

logrolling

Which type of spending obligates the government to meet social program commitments as long as the program is in existence?

mandatory spending

In the House, both the full committee and a subcommittee may ______, or propose changes to, a bill.

mark up

What is a distributive policy?

one that confers a benefit on a particular group while spreading the cost across the taxpaying public

Supreme Court justices tend to vote according to their personal ______.

political attitudes

The White House Office consists of the Office of the Counsel to the President, the Communications Office, and the Office of the______.

press secretary

The process of determining how many House seats each state is allowed as a result of population change since the last census is known as ______.

reapportionment

Which of these duties is not the responsibility of the federal bureaucracy?

running the public schools

An agency that is trying to retain or increase its funding would be well advised to ______

seek support where it can be found, regardless of politics

Members of Congress cannot claim to be the leader of the United States because they ______.

share power with other members of Congress. are elected from different areas and not nationally.

When attempting to control bureaucracy through reorganization, presidents have generally found what to be most effective?

shifting activities out of agencies and into the Executive Office of the President

What are conference committees?

temporary joint committees that are formed to work out differences

Merit-based positions constitute ______ the jobs in the national bureaucracy.

the majority of

Members of the president's party in Congress have a stake in the president's success because ______.

their ability to win reelection can depend on it

Members of the Senior Executive Service are, in practice, usually assigned to agencies that match their expertise because ______.

their experience in specific policy areas is what makes them valuable

When the justices meet following oral arguments in a case, why are the proceedings secret?

to allow the justices to speak freely to give the justices the opportunity to change their mindset

Congress passed the Whistleblower Protection Act for which of the following reasons?

to provide whistleblowers with financial reward for reporting misdeeds to protect employees from retaliation if they report their supervisors' misdeeds

In terms of their careers, most members of Congress ______. Multiple choice question. want to stay in Congress and put themselves in position for reelection serve in Congress with an eye toward obtaining a governorship or a cabinet position plan to serve in Congress for only a limited amount of time in order to allow others a chance to serve use Congress as a stepping stone to a high-paying position in the private sector

want to stay in Congress and put themselves in position for reelection

Bureaucratic agencies can benefit from ______.

-focusing on policies a president wants to address - addressing the concerns of voters important to members of congress

The Department of ______ has the smallest number of employees, while the Department of ______ has the largest.

Education; Defense

The privilege members of Congress have of sending mail to their constituencies at the government's expense is known as the______ privilege.

Franking

Examples of exceeding presidential power

President Trump's initial order banning entry of foreign nationals from seven Muslim countries President Obama's order granting temporary deportation relief to 4 million undocumented in

Ruth Bader Ginsburg's goal was to have the Supreme Court consider equal rights based on sex (gender) the same as they considered

Race

How does public opinion affect Supreme Court decisions?

The Court is aware of public opinion so as not to create outright defiance of its decisions. The Supreme Court is less responsive to public opinion than elected government officials are.

According to Alexander Hamilton's argument in Federalist No. 78, the best way to ensure that the federal courts exercise their power reasonably and fairly is to ______.

appoint federal judges for life

Congress and the president decide how much money each bureaucratic agency will be authorized to spend in the ______ process.

budgetary

Identify the checks on judicial power that are available to Congress.

exercising its authority to confirm Supreme Court justices rewriting legislation it feels the judiciary has misinterpreted

Because elected officials—who must deal with many issues—are generalists, they rely on bureaucrats for ______.

expertise and policy advice

The administrative law system is designed to be ______ than the regular federal court system

faster less expensive less formal

Approximately what percentage of Donald Trump's judicial appointees were minority-group members?

fewer than 10 percent

When members of the Senate wish to halt or delay the passage of a bill, a _____ may take place.

filibuster

Judges might not be able to use legal precedents if their cases ______.

have significant differences from precedents. fall in between competing precedents.

One reason standing committees are powerful is that by law they have ______.

jurisdiction over bills in their designated policy area

A vote where most members of one political party vote one way while most members of the other party vote the other way is categorized as a ______ vote.

party unity

When foreign countries look to the United States for leadership, they direct their attention to the ______.

president

Presidents are likely to be successful and powerful if ______.

they face special circumstances that call for their leadership.

How are government corporations similar to private corporations?

- they charge for their services - they are governed by boards of directors

Disagreement with Congress on Reconstruction policies led to the impeachment of ______ and almost led to his removal from office.

Andrew Johnson

The House and Senate ______ Committees are responsible for reviewing each agency's budget, which includes interviewing top officials from each federal agency.

Appropriations

Which of the following accurately describes the demographic representativeness of the U.S. federal bureaucracy?

At the top levels, white males still dominate the federal bureaucracy. The bureaucracy as a whole comes close to being representative of the U.S. population. Women are better represented among the top ranks of administrators than they are in Congress or the judiciary.

True or false: Farm-state senators and representatives are no more likely to support funding and programs for the Department of Agriculture than they are to support other agencies

False

What is the danger of modern presidents' relentless pursuit of public support?

It can lead them to pursue policies with immediate advantages rather than long-term benefits.

What is the purpose of the writ of certiorari?

It is an order from a higher court for a lower court to submit a record of a case to the higher court.

Why is blatant partisanship not really a factor in lower-court decisions?

Most lower-court cases are clear-cut, with little leeway in judges' interpretation of the law. Judges value their independence as officers of a separate branch of the government.

What shift brought the president to a more central role in the legislative process?

National and international forces combined to place greater policy demands on the federal government.

Which of the following describes the power of Congress relative to the other branches of government? Multiple choice question. 1 Congress is generally unchecked by the other branches of government. 2 Congress has the sole power to enact or veto a law. 3 Rulings by the Supreme Court may be overruled by a three-fourths majority vote in both chambers of Congress. 4 No executive agency or lower court can exist without congressional authorization.

No executive agency or lower court can exist without congressional authorization.

______ refers to a practice whereby members of Congress respond to constituents' individual requests for information or help with a federal benefit or service

Service Strategy

The most powerful leader in the House of Representatives is the ______.

Speaker of the House

Which of the following statements accurately describes the challenge faced by the judiciary in interpreting the Constitution?

The Constitution is silent concerning the approach that judges should take in deciding cases where the law is not completely clear.

For what reason are national civil servants prohibited from going on strike?

They are essential to public operations and safety.

Which of the following statements correctly describe U.S. district courts?

They are the chief trial courts of the federal court system. They are the only federal courts where cases are decided by a jury

Amicus curiae briefs have what impact on the American legal system?

They help the court to understand how interested parties feel about the case in question.

According to the ____________ model of representation, members of Congress will use their own best judgment when deciding how to vote on issues, even if it contradicts the views of their constituents.

Trustee

Select all that apply Which of the following statements about midterm elections are generally true? Voter turnout is lower than for presidential elections. There is less media coverage of candidates and issues than in a presidential election. Senators are not elected in midterm elections because their terms coincide with the presidency. The president's party usually loses seats.

Voter turnout is lower than for presidential elections. There is less media coverage of candidates and issues than in a presidential election. The president's party usually loses seats.

When citizens believe that they have been harmed by a bureaucratic decision, they can contest the ruling in front of

an administrative law judge

In the Whig theory of leadership, the president serves mainly as ______.

an administrator of the will of Congress

Which committees in Congress are responsible for reviewing the president's budget and for recommending overall spending and revenue levels?

budget committees

An organization with specialization of job tasks, vertical chain of command, and standard operating procedures is called ______.

bureaucracy

Groups in society that benefit directly from a bureaucratic agency's programs and thus usually lobby Congress and the president on behalf of the agency are known as ______ groups.

clientele

The role of presidential appointees to a federal bureaucracy is to provide ______.

day-to-day oversight of the bureaucracy

If the majority of the members of the House of Representatives are Republican, then every committee and subcommittee in the House will ______.

have a majority of Republican members.

The beginning of a new presidential administration, which is often characterized by higher levels of public approval, is known as a ______.

honeymoon period

Since the 1790s, the power of the presidency has evolved owing to the ______.

increased involvement of the presidency in a range of policy areas

Overall, what effect has the exercise of judicial review had on the balance of power between levels of government and the branches of government in the United States?

it has increased the power of the federal government. it has increased the power of the courts by creating new powers.

When a new president has an important policy goal, the relevant agency is more likely to see

its budget increase substantially

The merit-based civil service system requires that workers be skilled in the jobs and willing to serve people of all political parties. These requirements are part of a concept known as ______.

neutral competence

Which function describes the process by which the legislature checks on the executive branch to make sure it is carrying out the laws in the way Congress intended?

oversight

Select all that apply Which of the following are common threats to incumbency? 1 strong challengers 2 disruptive issues 3 personal misconduct 4 campaign endorsement

strong challengers disruptive issues personal misconduct

Who is more likely to vote in a primary election? Multiple choice question. 1 strong partisans 2 party moderates

strong partisans

Incumbents have ______ over challengers

substantial advantages

What are some of the reasons the federal bureaucracy has grown so much since the United States was founded?

the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt Lyndon Johnson's Great Society initiatives increased demands on government due to economic growth

According to political scientist Richard Neustadt, a sign of presidential weakness is the ______.

veto

Which of the following are considered criteria that the average American uses to evaluate presidential leadership?

whether the president prioritizes many of the same issues that concern much of the public whether the president is a strong leader unafraid to exercise power and to communicate a vision for the nation

When four Supreme Court justices agree to request a record of the case from a lower court, the court issues a ______.

writ of certiorari