Exam 3 PSY202

Example of OCD

Common among teens and young adults Example: hand-washing until your skin becomes raw

Example of panic disorder

For the 1 person in 75 affected with the disorder, anxiety suddenly escalates into a panic attack. Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, dizziness Charles Darwin suffered from panic disorder at age 28.

Panic Attack

For the 1 person in 75 affected with the disorder, anxiety suddenly escalates into a panic attack. Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, dizziness Charles Darwin suffered from panic disorder at age 28.

Depression's vicious cycle - what does this mean?

Negative, stressful events interpreted through a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create a hopeless, depressed state that hampers the way the person thinks and acts. This in turn, fuels negative, stressful experiences such as rejection. (This is the beginning of the cycle of depression again.)

The symptoms of phobias begin to appear at a median age of about:

10

Adrian Raine studied the brains of violent repeat offenders and found that their brains had _____ frontal lobe tissue than a normal brain. This may help explain why these people exhibit deficits in cognitive functions such as planning, organization, and inhibition.

11% less

The symptoms of schizophrenia begin to appear at a median age of about:

20

The symptoms of major depression begin to appear at a median age of about:

25

The symptoms of antisocial personality disorder begin to appear at a median age of about:

8

Schizophrenia rapidly develops

Acute. Usually show positive symptoms (presence of inappropriate behaviors). Recovery is better

Biopsychosocial

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by a(n) _____ approach.

Norepinephrine

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter _____ is most likely to be associated with a manic episode.

Example of of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

For two years, Tom, an electrician, has been bothered by dizziness, sweating palms, heart palpitations, and ringing in his ears. He is edgy and finds himself shaking, but he hides his symptoms from his family and co-workers. He allows himself a few social contacts and sometimes leaves work. He has no physical problem. Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by pathological worry. Two thirds of those affected are women. Associated with free-floating anxiety

Causes of schizophrenia

Genetic factors. Biochemical imbalances- dopamine. Brain abnormalities. Psychosocial influences. Stressful life experiences, Diathesis-stress model

Disturbed perceptions

Hallucinations-(sensory experiences without sensory simulation)

Sam, a 16-year-old boy, has been feeling hopeless, has difficulty concentrating, and experiences chronic sadness. How likely is he to share this information with his parents?

It is very unlikely.

Example of phobia

Marilyn fears thunderstorms so intensely that she feels anxious as soon as a storm is forecast. During a storm she hides from windows and buries her head to avoid seeing lightning. Specific phobias: animals, insects, heights, blood, close spaces, social phobia

Antidepressants typically work on which neurotransmitters?

Serotonin and norepinephrine

Fear Conditioning-

When bad events happen unpredictably and uncontrollably, anxiety often develops. The link between conditioned fear and general anxiety helps to explain why anxious people are hyper-attentive to possible threats, and how panic-prone people come to associate anxiety with certain cues. o Two specific learning processes can contribute to such anxiety: stimulus generalization and reinforcement.

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors.

Bipolar Disorder (what is mania - know in a case example)

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state).

Major Depressive Disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, along with at least four other symptoms.

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

A person suffering from seasonal affective disorder (SAD) will do best living in:

a sunny location with long days (near the equator).

• Compulsion

actions

What is the bio psychosocial approach?

all behavior, whether called normal or disordered, arises from the interaction of nature (genetic and physiological factors) and nurture (past and present experiences). o Recognizes that mind and body are inseparable, negative emotions contribute to physical illness and physical abnormalities contribute to negative emotions, we are mind embodied and socially embedded

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Generalized Anxiety Disorders

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state or autonomic nervous system arousal.

Phobias

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Continued significant dieting after weight loss of more than 15 percent of normal body weight is common in individuals with:

anorexia nervosa

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

antisocial personality disorder

Personality disorders can be classified into three clusters. One cluster expresses anxiety, such as that exhibited in _____. People with this personality disorder are so fearful of rejection that it predisposes them to withdraw from society.

avoidant personality disorder

12. Which of the following would be an example of a negative symptom? A) hallucinations B) expressionless tone of voice C) inappropriate laughter D) delusional thinking

b

Dysthymia - discussed in class; not in the book

bipolar Symptoms usually last for at least two years, and often for much longer than that. Dysthymia interferes with your ability to function and enjoy life. With dysthymia, you may lose interest in normal daily activities, feel hopeless, lack productivity, and have low self-esteem and an overall feeling of inadequacy. People with dysthymia are often thought of as being overly critical, constantly complaining and incapable of having fun.

Episodes of overeating (typically with high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with _____.

bulimia nervosa

Episodes of overeating (typically with high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with:

bulimia nervosa

Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is suffering from _____. A. selective attention B. catatonia. C. delusions. D. hallucinations.

c

Catatonic type

characterized by bizarre movements, posture and grimaces

When schizophrenia develops slowly

chronic process. Negative symptoms (absence of appropriate behavior). Recovery is doubtful.

Eeyore,a character in the Winnie the Pooh series by E. E. Milne, speaks slowly, has a pessimistic view, and often doesn't wish to participate in social activities. These behaviors suggest that the character suffers from what?

depression

Psychological Disorders

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings or behaviors.

Panic Disorder

disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations 1 panic attack does not equal disorder

Disorganized

disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

A sudden loss of memory is one symptom of a(n):

dissociative disorder.

Studies of people suffering from depression have found that the depressive episode typically:

ends, with or without treatment.

Susan's mother suffered from the flu during her pregnancy with Susan. Statistically, this increases Susan's risk of later developing schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) _____ factor meaning a heritable change that is not due to DNA.

epigenetics

The Social-cognitive perspective

explores the roles of thinking and acting depression is a whole body disorder, biological influences contribute to depression but dont fully explain it

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

How does depression develop?

genetic predispositions, child abuse, low self esteem, marital problems

One cluster of personality disorders exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors. For example, someone with _____ displays shallow, attention-getting emotions and goes to great lengths to gain praise.

histrionic personality disorder

Catatonic

immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of another's speech or movements

Marcus' twin brother and maternal grandmother both have previously been diagnosed with schizophrenia. This means that Marcus' risk for developing schizophrenia _____.

is much higher than average

This type of theorists see dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction.

learning

The fact that depression runs in families means that the disorder is:

likely due to both genes and environment.

Women are nearly twice as likely to suffer from thuis type of disorder when compared to men.

major depression

John has been having difficulties getting out of bed. He is not interested in going out with friends, and hardly ever answers the phone. John has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is most likely suffering from:

major depressive disorder.

Undifferentiated

many and varied symptoms

Cyclothymia - discussed in class; not in the book-

mini bipolar is a type of chronic mood disorder widely considered to be a milder or subthreshold form of bipolar disorder. Cyclothymia is characterized by numerous extreme mood disturbances, with periods of hypomanic symptoms alternating with periods of mild or moderate depression.

Biological ways

natural selection, genes, the brain

How do we define a behavior as disordered?-

o Being different (deviant) from most other people is part of what it takes to define a psychological disorder. o Conditions vary between context, culture, and time frame

Negative thoughts and negative mood interact-

o Self-defeating beliefs may arise from learned helplessness. o Why do life's unavoidable failures lead only some people to become depressed? Answer lies partly in their explanatory style- who or what they blame for their failures. o It is with depressed people who tend to explain bad events I terms that are stable, global. o A depressed mood triggers negative thoughts. If you temporarily put people in a bad or sad mood, their memories, judgments, and expectations suddenly become more pessimistic.

Observational Learning

o We learn fear through observational learning- by observing others' fears.

disorganized thinking

o delusions (false beliefs, often persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders),

Paranoid

preoccupation with delusions of hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity

Positive symptoms

presence of inappropriate behaviors-Hallucinations, disorganized thoughts or delusional talking.

Anxiety Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Mood Disorders - know symptoms and be able to differentiate among them-

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

flat affect

schizophrenic person may laugh at news of someone dying or show no emotion at all

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.

serotonin

One of the most significant symptoms that can be present in major depressive disorder (MDD) but is not present in persistent depressive disorder is what?

suicidal thoughts

Schizophrenia

symptoms and distinguish among types-a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors.

Negative symptoms

the absence of appropriate behaviors- expressionless faces, rigid bodies, withdrawal, apathy.

What is the Medical Model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Changes in the rate, production, and content of speech is a significant marker of the shift between depression and mania. How does speech change when someone is suffering from a manic episode?

the person talks non-stop

• What is an obsession?

thoughts

The purpose of sadness is to

to slow down and examine one's situation

The relationship between the season of the year in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ______ in this disorders.

viral infections

Residual

withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared

Paolo has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a _____.

word salad

Example of PTSD

• Example: complaints of battle-scarred veteran Jesse- recurring haunting memories and nightmares, shell-shock • The greater one's emotional distress during a trauma, the higher the risk for PTSD symptoms