Exam 3 PSYC 2301
Teratogen
substance that causes birth defects (e.g, heroin and alcohol)
Social cognition
the process by which people come to understand others
Group polarization
the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction
What is social psychology?
the study of the causes and consequences of sociality
What is the bystander effect?
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
What is self-serving bias?
the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
Social loafing
the tendency for people to put less effort in a group because of reduces accountability for individual effort
Cognitive dissonance
theory that states that psychological discomfort occurs when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do
Task-oriented cooperation
working together on a shared goal
In reference to temperament, what would a "difficult" baby be like?
- crying - engages in irregular daily routines
What did Roger's believe to be true about people and their personality?
-We were all born with the same raw ingredients for a fulfilling life -We were all born with the need for a positive regards for others -The right conditions and environment is needed for humans to thrive and grow
Projective test
-a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
What is Freud's theory of the superego?
-harsh internal judge of our behavior -reflected in the the conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior
What role does proximity play in the explanation two people being attracted to one another?
-physical closeness -strong predictor of attraction
What are the Kubler-Ross stages of dying?
1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
1. Sensorimotor (0-2) 2. Preoperational (2-7) 3. Concrete (7-11) 4. Formal (11+)
What are Erikson's stages of Socioemotional development?
1. trust vs. mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. shame 3. Initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. identity confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. Generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair
Resilience
A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times
What does social facilitation do to us (when we are in the presence of others)?
An individuals performance improves
What does Jung's term "animus"?
Assertive masculine side (unconscious masculine side of a woman)
The process we use to understand the causes of others' behaviors is known as what?
Attribution
What did Roger's mean by unconditional positive regard?
Being accepted, valued, & treated positively regardless of someone's behavior
What is Freud's theory of denial?
Ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety- producing realities (e.g., denying cancer treatment)
In Erickson's theory, what is an adolescence establishing?
Identity
Adler's View of Motivation is known as?
Individual psychology
What are the roles of nature and nurture in regards to human development?
Nurture- Life themes; activities, social relationships, & life goals
What is the definition of an attitude?
Opinions & beliefs about people, objects, & ideas
What does Jung's term "anima" mean?
Passive feminine side (unconscious feminine side of a man)
What did Milgram's research study focus on?
Profound effects of obedience
Adler thought human behavior could be explained by people being primarily motivated by what?
Purposes & Goals
Puberty
Refers to rapid skeletal growth sexual maturation and happens mainly in adolescents
Rorschach inkblot test
Rorschach Inkblot test
What is Jung's theory of the collective unconscious?
The experiences of a common past have made a deep, permanent impression on the human mind
Thematic Apperception Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Stereotype
a cluster of characteristics associated with all members of a specific group of people
Personality
a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
Neglectful (parenting style)
a style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life
What is the social exchange theory?
based on the idea of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods
What is the difference between explicit and implicit racism?
explicit racism- a persons conscious and openly shared attitude implicit racism- refers to attitudes that exist ona deeper, hidden level.
Social contagion
imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas
Prejudice
is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group
What is the difference between nature and nurture?
nature- biological inheritance nurture-environmental experience/social experiences
What did Harlow's research establish?
nourishment vs. contact "Contact comfort is critical to attachment"
Observational learning
observing and imitating other's behavior (e.g, a kid seeing someone hitting someone and does the same)
Authoritarian (parenting style)
parents are controlling
Permissive (parenting style)
parents are involved with few limits
Authoritative (parenting style)
parents give independence with limits
What is groupthink?
refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony
Social identity
refers to the way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership
