EXAM 3 PSYC 4320

collateral sprouting

If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells?

are more sensitive to dim light

In comparison to cones, rods:

obstruction; rupture

Ischemia is to ____ as hemorrhage is to ____.

promotes the survival and growth of the axon

Nerve growth factor (NGF) ____

a greater rod to cone ratio

Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:

that ordinarily get input from the dorsal retina

Roger speedy cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the eye. Axons from what used to be the dorsal part of the retina (now located on the ventral side) grew back to the target areas ___

plasticity

The ability of the brain to change its anatomy over time, within limits, is known as ____.​

that a target cell has accepted an axon

What is signaled by nerve growth factor (NGF)?

opsins; photopigments

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

neurotophins

____ steer new axonal branches and synapses in the right direction

microglia

_____ cells proliferate after a stroke.

photopigments

______ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light

phantom limb

a continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called

synaptic reorganization

a cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. after amputation of that finger, it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. which action most likely accounts for this?

contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

according to retinex theory, we perceive color by ____

which neurons are active

according to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by _____

our perception of color depends on the relative activity of 3 types of cones

according to the trichromatic theory of color vision _____

relative activity of short, medium and long wavelengths

according to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____

3 kinds of cones

according to the young Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?

migrate

after cells have differentiated as neurons or glia, they:

uninjured axons to form new branches

after damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby _____

weaken

after learning strengthens one set of synapses, other synapses ____

dormant

after maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become:

dendrites

after the migrating neuron reaches its destination, ____ begins to form

opponent process theory

after you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. which theory attempts to explain this finding?

glutamate

alcohol surprises the reals of ____, the brain's main excitatory transmitter

brain responses that were twice as strong as non musicians

an MEG study of professional musicians listening to pure tones showed that professional musicians had ______

degenerate and die

an axon that does not receive enough neurotrophins from a target cell will ____

is a programmed mechanism of cell death

apoptosis

increase the branching of axons

at later stages of the neuron's development, neurotrophins _____

trichromatic; oponent process

at the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of bipolar cells, the _____ theory of color vision

ganglion cells

bipolar cells send their messages to _____, which are located close to the center of the eye

stem cells

brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia, are called:

using a chemical gradient

chemicals in the amphibian tectum guide the growth of axons from the retina to their correct location in the tectum by :

immunoglobulins; chemokines

chemicals known as ____ and ____ guide neuron migration

photopigments

chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____

the most common cause of brain damage in young adults

closed head injury is _____

rotational forces that push the brain against the inside of the skull

closed head injury results in damage partially because of _____

retinex

color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ___ theory of color vision

recognize the color of an object despite the changes in lighting

color constancy is the ability to _____

neural darwinism

concept that neurons refine their Many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as:

breaks up blood clots

damage due to stroke caused by ischemia can be minimized by administering a drug that _____

immature neurons experimentally transplanted from one part of the developing Cortex to another _____.

develop the properties characteristic of their new location

decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged

diaschisis refers to the _____

red; green

difficulty distinguishing between ___ and ___ is the most common form of color vision deficiency

tub surrounding a fluid filled cavity

early in development, the nervous system begins as a:

ventricular system

fluid filled cavity of the developing neural tube becomes the:

extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers

focal dystonia, sometimes called musician's cramp, is caused by ______

synaptogenesis

formation of new synapses is called:

denervation supersensitivity

heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as _____

unknown, therefore abstention is recommended

how much alcohol can a pregnant woman drink without worrying about the negative effects on her child?

more responsive

if most of the axons that transmit dopamine to some brain area die or become inactive, the remaining dopamine synapses become _____

the fovea

if you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which of your retina

sensitive to detail

in comparison to the rods, cones are more _____

preserve neurons; increase neural branching

in development, neurotrophins ____. during adulthood, they ______.

increase regrowth of damaged axons

in response to nervous system injury, neurotrophins

bipolar cells

in the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to _____.

to bipolar cells within the retina

in vertebrate retinas, the receptors send their messages ____

receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

in what order does visual information pass through the retina

all trans retinal

light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to _____

pupil

light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____

the left half

light from the right hand of the world strikes which part of the retina

a precise chemical environment

migration requires:

continues well into the adult years

myelination in the human brain ____

is a programmed mechanism of cell death

necrosis

is cell death caused by an injury or a toxic substance

necrosis ____

have the amputee learn to use an artificial limb

one way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to _____

rods

peripheral vision mainly depends upon _____

production of new cells

proliferation is the:

shortly before the stroke

research on laboratory animals indicates that cannabinoids are most effective if taken _____

the peripherally; the fovea

rods are to ____ as cones are to ____

2 types of long wavelength cones

the ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is likely due to having ____

be thicker

the areas of the cortex used by expert video game players are most likely to ___ than the same cortical areas of those who do not play video games

trichromatic

the fact that all colors on older TV's were created by combining only 3 different colors of light support the _____ theory of color vision

promote survival of axons

the function of neurotrophins is to _____

every stimulation of the optic nerve I perceived as light

the law of specific nerve energies states that _____

apoptosis

the mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome relates to

blind spot

the name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ________

ganglion cells

the optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell

have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina

the retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ______

amacrine cells

various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement of other visual feature

glia releasing chemicals that inhibit axon growth

what is one impediment to the regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system?

differentiation

what is the process called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon:

iodized salt

what modern day practice helps prevent an inadequate production of thyroid hormones

both axons and target cells

which are selective as axons form synapses with target cells

they follow chemical gradients from the target cell

which best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells

chemical attraction

which best describes the process by which developing axons find their general target areas

ischemia from an obstruction of an artery

which event is the most common cause of a stroke

engaging in physical activity

which factor appears to be particularly important for branching of neurons during brain development

cones only

which receptors are responsible for the perception of color

it has the greatest perception of detail

which statement characterizes the fovea?

it is easier to recognize single objects in the peripherally that are not surrounded by other objects

which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision

far more neurons are produced than will ultimately survive

which statement most accurately describes embryonic development of the nervous system in humans?

retinex theory

which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple

opponent process theory

which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?

giving stimulant drugs combined with physical therapy

which treatment would be most likely to help a patient starting it several days after a stroke

more receptors in the peripherally than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell

why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

it has tightly packed receptors

why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information

if an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies

why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections

axons that fail to find a target cell die

why is it that every axon in an adult mammal has a target cells with which it makes synaptic contact?