Exam 3 Quizzes

Habituation is A. a type of declarative memory. B. a type of nondeclarative memory. C. A type of nonassociative, nondeclarative memory. D. a type of nonassociative memory. E. a type of associative memory.

C

How did Hebb define the cell assembly? A. All the cortical cells that are activated by the process of memory reconsolidation B. All the cortical cells that are activated by any one of the senses C. Neurons simultaneously activated by an external stimulus that are reciprocally interconnected

C

Lesions of the periaqueductal gray would affect A. sweating in response to something that induces fear. B. an increase in heart rate when presented with something that induces fear. C. running away from something scary. D. feeling pain.

C

Memory required for animals to behave successfully in the delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) task is which of the following? A. Long-term memory B. Cognitive memory C. Recognition memory D. Procedural memory

C

The EEG is primarily used to help diagnose certain neurological conditions, especially which of the following? A. Abnormal heart rhythms B. Brain tumors C. The seizures of epilepsy D. Schizophrenia

C

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called A. circadian. B. circannual. C. ultradian. D. infradian.

C

Warm- and cold-sensitive neurons are located in what part of the brain? A. Ventromedial hypothalamus B. Motor cortex C. Anterior hypothalamus D. OVLT

C

What brain structure is known to act as a powerful pacemaker for the cerebral cortex? A. Midbrain B. Cerebellum C. Thalamus D. Brain stem

C

When someone is addicted to something (e.g., alcohol, cocaine) they are most likely A. liking the substance they are addicted to. B. neither wanting nor liking the substance they are addicted to. C. wanting the substance they are addicted to.

C

When your stomach is full, mechanosensory neurons in the stomach wall sense the distension and transmit the sensation to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla via which nerve? A. Trigeminal B. Hypoglossal C. Vagus D. Glossopharyngeal

C

Where are the lower motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system located? A. Brain stem B. Ventral horn C. Autonomic ganglia D. Ventricular zone

C

Which is a consequence of leptin deficiency? A. Decreased MCH in the lateral hypothalamic area B. Increased metabolism C. Increased NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus D. Decreased NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus

C

Which of the following describes the humoral response? A. Adjusting the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs of the ANS B. Regulating feedback to the central nervous system C. Stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones D. Inciting an appropriate somatic motor behavioral response

C

The Morris Water Maze (select all that apply): A. can be used as a test of spatial memory. B. can reveal hippocampal dysfunction. C. was devised by Richard Morris. D. is commonly used to assess procedural memory.

A, B, C

The hippocampus is critical for (select all that apply): A. recognition of people and objects. B. spatial memory. C. integration of sensory information. D. consolidation of facts and events.

A, B, C, D

The symptoms of PTSD include A. flashbacks of the traumatic experience. B. intrusive memories. C. increased anxiety. D. iritiability.

A, B, C, D

Which of the following are true about serotonin? Select all that apply. A. Serotonin rises when you anticipate food. B. Abnormalities in serotonin may contribute to eating disorders. C. Serotonin levels fall during a meal D. Drugs that increase serotonin in the brain suppress appetite.

A, B, D

What is the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the stress response? A. Activates hypothalamic stimulation of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system B. Activation of the hippocampus. C. Activates periaqueductal gray matter to produce avoidance behavior D. Activates the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain to increase vigilance

A, C, D

A hamster kept in constant dim light will eventually A. find a zeitgeber to orient its activity. B. become entrained to an exact 24-hour cycle. C. become free-running. D. show a phase shift of activity.

C

An animal with dopmine depleted will A. neither like nor want food. B. both want and like food. C. like food, but not want it. D. want food, but not like it.

C

Which of the following describes the ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome? A. Hypothalamic lesions that cause anorexia B. Condition characterized by a decrease in adiposity C. Hypothalamic lesions that cause overeating and obesity D. Reproductive incompetence with leptin deficiency

C

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter used by postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. Glycine B. GABA C. Norepinephrine D. Acetylcholine

C

Which theory provides a more complete explanation for H.M.'s temporally graded amnesia? A. Standard consolidation B. Synaptic consolidation C. Multiple trace model of consolidation D. Systems consolidation

C

What kind of amnesia was Mary Sue suffering from? A. Anterograde amnesia only B. Retrograde amnesia only C. Transient global amnesia D. Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia

C, D

A new hamster mutant, zip, has a daily rhythm (in the absence of light cues) with a period of 8 hours. If you transplanted the fetal SCN from a zip animal into the brain of an adult hamster with the tau mutation (and its own SCN lesioned), you would expect the period of this adult's rhythm to be A. just over 24 hours. B. 30 hours. C. just under 24 hours. D. 8 hours.

D

Anorexia can result from damage to which of the following parts of the brain? A. Vascular organ of lamina terminalis B. Dorsal thalamus C. Ventromedial hypothalamus D. Lateral hypothalamus

D

Bilateral temporal lobectomy such as that sustained by H.M. is characterized by which of the following? A. Permanent procedural memory deficits and transient anterograde amnesia B. Permanent retrograde amnesia as well as procedural memory deficits C. Permanent anterograde amnesia as well as procedural memory deficits D. Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory

D

Dimensional emotion theories propose what about emotions? A. Each emotion results from a pattern of brain activation involving particular areas per emotion. B. Sensory signals have direct emotional impact on the brain regardless of how they are perceived. C. Each emotion has a one-to-one correspondence with a particular area of brain activation. D. Emotions can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements combined in different ways.

D

In learned fear, the central nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke autonomic responses. A. periaqueductal gray B. cerebral cortex C. somatosensory cortex D. hypothalamus

D

In the proposed neural circuit for learned fear, the state of the ANS is altered by what neural connection? A. Sensory information is sent to the basolateral region of the amygdala. B. Cells in the basolateral region of the amygdala project to the central nucleus of the amygdala. C. Cells in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala project to the cerebral cortex. D. Efferents from the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the hypothalamus.

D

Information from the visual and auditory sensory systems feeds into which part of the amygdala? A. Central nucleus B. Stria terminalis C. Corticomedial nuclei D. Basolateral nuclei

D

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a A. temporizer. B. period adjuster. C. phase shift. D. zeitgeber.

D

The time that elapses between two successive occurrences of a circadian event, such as the commencement of the day's activities, is called the A. phase. B. zeitgeber. C. entrainment. D. period.

D

Vasopressin: A. increases water retention. B. decreases water retention. C. inhibits urine production. D. Both A and C

D

What do heroin, nicotine, and cocaine have in common? A. They all act on the brain circuitry that motivates behavior. B. They all cause release of acetylcholine. C. They all affect the dopaminergic pathway. D. A and C

D

What is the most common symptom of amygdala lesions in humans? A. Klüver-Bucy syndrome B. Emotional disturbances such as spontaneous crying C. Placid demeanor D. Inability to recognize the facial expression of fear

D

What is the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in anxiety disorders? A. Activates the hippocampus during the stress responses B. Inhibits the stress response C. Activates the amygdala during the stress response D. Activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the stress response

D

What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response? A. Stimulates the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus B. Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone into the bloodstream C. Releases corticotropin-releasing hormone into the portal circulation D. Suppresses the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

D

Which are two major classes of anxiolytic drugs? A. MAO inhibitors and lithium B. Lithium and tricyclic compounds C. Tricyclic compounds and MAO inhibitors D. Benzodiazepines and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors

D

Which kind of learning involves a change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus? A. Classical conditioning B. Associative learning C. Instrumental conditioning D. Nonassociative learning

D

Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus respond to an increase in blood leptin levels? A. NPY/AgRP neurons B. TSH/ACTH neurons C. Adipocytes D. alphaMSH/CART neurons

D

Which of the following are the targets of the ANS? A. Periventricular zone of the hypothalamus B. The pituitary gland C. Skeletal muscle fibers D. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

D

Which of the following represents the humoral response to a drop in leptin levels? A. Activate the sympathetic division of the ANS. B. Increased secretion of TSH and ACTH from the pituitary gland C. Activate the parasympathetic division of the ANS. D. Decreased secretion of TSH and ACTH from the pituitary gland

D

Which two neurohormones are released into the bloodstream by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells? A. Renin and ADH B. Angiotensin I and angiotensin II C. Cortisol and adrenalin D. Oxytocin and vasopressin

D

A patient with brain trauma cannot remember events prior to the trauma. Which type of amnesia does this symptom indicate? A. Retrograde amnesia B. Transient global amnesia C. Dissociated amnesia D. Anterograde amnesia

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland when what neurochemical is released by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus? A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) B. GABA C. Norepinephrine (NE) D. Serotonin

A

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits what response in humans? A. Increased anxiety and fear B. Decreased fear and aggression C. Decreased vigilance or attention D. Increased recognition of fearful, happy, and neutral facial expressions

A

Elizabeth Loftus found that A. she could implant false memories about being lost in a shopping mall. B. none of these. C. repressed memories are never true. D. eye witness testimony is infallible.

A

In Pavlov's experiments, the auditory stimulus was the ___ and the food was the ___. A. CS; US B. US; CR C. CS; CR

A

Karl Lashley studied the effects of various-sized cortical lesions on maze performance in rats. He concluded that the memory deficits were correlated with the size of the lesion but not the location and hypothesized that all cortical areas contribute equally to learning and memory. What is the current interpretation of these experiments? A. All cortical areas do not contribute equally to memory, but memories are widely distributed. B. All cortical areas contribute equally to memory in rats but not in other species. C. Lashley's conclusions remain unchallenged. D. Nothing about Lashley's studies has stood the test of time.

A

Reconsolidation is inconsistent with A. the standard consolidation model. B. the cognitive map theory. C. reactivation. D. the multiple trace consolidation theory.

A

The adrenal cortex releases ___ which ___. A. cortisol; suppresses the immune system B. CRH; suppresses the immune system C. ACTH; stimulates cortisol release D. cortisol; boosts the immune system

A

The posterior pituitary releases ___ and the anterior pituitary releases ___. A. vasopressin, oxytocin; hypophysiotropic hormones B. hypophysiotropic hormones; hypophysiotropic hormones C. hypophysiotropic hormones; vasopressin, oxytocin D. vasopressin; cortisol

A

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called A. circadian. B. circannual. C. infradian. D. ultradian.

A

What is the behavior of mice lacking 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors? A. Unusually anxious B. Decreased aggression C. Preference for open spaces D. More exploratory behavior

A

Which of the following structures is known as the 'true master gland of the endocrine system'? A. Hypothalamus B. Thyroid glands C. Anterior pituitary D. Adrenal glands

A

Which of the following structures is necessary for procedural memory? A. Striatum B. Inferotemporal cortex C. Pararhinal cortex D. Hippocampus

A

Which type of memory can be accessed for conscious recollection? A. Declarative memory B. Procedural memory C. Classical conditioning D. Nondeclarative memory

A

Wolfram Schultz showed that dopamine neurons can learn to: A. signal errors in reward prediction. B. fire less when a reward is more than expected. C. fire more when a reward is better than expected. D. Both A and B.

A

Animals like rats can be good models to study addiction because: A. they will suffer pain in order to gain access drugs of abuse, just as humans will. B. All of these things make animals like rats good models for studying addiction. C. they can 'recover' from drug addiction, just like humans do. D. they will self-administer the same drugs that humans abuse.

B

By what means does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary gland? A. Hypophysiotropic hormones B. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells C. Hypo-thalamo-pituitary portal circulation D. Parvocellular neurosecretory cells

B

Efficient performance in the standard radial arm maze (never going down the same arm twice) appears to depend on which type of memory? A. All choices are correct. B. Working memory C. Procedural memory D. Long-term memory

B

Injecting corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into experimental animals can produce which of the following behavioral effects? A. Decreased fear response B. Increased behavioral expression of anxiety C. Psychotic behaviors D. Hyperactivity

B

Insulin levels are maximal during which of the following phases of the body's reaction to feeding behavior? A. Gastric B. Substrate C. Cephalic D. Digestion

B

The basolateral nuclei of the amygdala receives A. visual and olfactory afferents. B. auditory, tactile, gustatory, and visual afferents. C. olfactory afferents.

B

Thirst triggered by hypovolemia is called: A. osmometric thirst B. volumetric thirst C. osmotic thirst

B

What are hippocampal place cells? A. Neurons that are located in a specific location in the hippocampus B. Neurons that fire when the animal is in a specific location C. Neurons that fire when the subject remembers being in a specific place D. Neurons that fire when the animal successfully completes the Morris water maze

B

What led to the belief that anterior thalamus plays an important role in emotion? A. The observation that the anterior thalamus governs the behavioral expression of emotion B. The observation that lesions in the anterior thalamus led to spontaneous laughing and crying C. The observation that tumors in the anterior thalamus led to fear, irritability, and depression D. The observation that the anterior thalamus is affected by the virus responsible for rabies

B

Which of the following describes REM sleep behavior disorder? A. Another name for narcolepsy B. Dreamers have no REM atonia and therefore act out their dreams C. Individuals who do not generate REM brain waves characteristic of REM sleep D. Delta wave terrors

B

Which of the following describes ghrelin? A. A peptide released by the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus when the stomach is empty B. A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach that is released into the bloodstream when the stomach is empty C. A peptide highly concentrated in the intestines that is released into the bloodstream when the intestines are empty D. A peptide released by the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus when the stomach is full

B

Which of the following has not been found to demonstrate a circadian rhythm? A. Hair growth B. They all demonstrate a circadian rhythm. C. Hormone secretion D. Body temperature

B

Which of the following is the process of breaking down complex macromolecules? A. Anabolism B. Catabolism C. Adiposity D. Prandial state

B

Why is propranolol used to treat stage fright? A. Reduces the firing of raphe neurons B. Slows heart rate and reduces blood pressure C. Dilates the pupils D. Provides a sense of self-confidence

B

Why is the enteric nervous system known as the "little brain?" A. It has sulci and gyri that look like the cerebral cortex. B. It is capable of operating independently. C. It has little influence on body functions. D. It stimulates activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

B

Anxiety disorders have been related to which of the following? A. Diminished activity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. B. Elevated activity of the prefrontal cortex C. Hyperactivity of the amygdala D. Diminished activity of the hippocampus

B, C, D