Exam 3 (Realism, Photography, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Symbolism, Modernism and Postmodernism in Europe and America, 1900 to 1980, and Contemporary Art Worldwide)
avant-garde
-"front guard" -ahead of one's time -before the trend -used well in Modern Art -post-impressionism convert was like the first a avant-garde -used to refer artists that rejected the classical, academic, and traditional, and zealously explored the premises and formal qualities of painting, sculpture, and other media -Realists, Impressionists, and Post-Impressionists
Saying about impressionism by Monet
-"when you go out to paint, try to forget what objects you have before you" -"paint it just as it looks to you, exact color and shape, until it gives your own naïve impression of the scene before you"
Realism
-1830s-90s ca -increase emphasis on science -growth in Enlightenment beliefs -only the contemporary world, what people can see, was "real" -attention on the people and events of their own time -disapproved of historical and fictional subjects -Neoclassical (new classics, Roman and Greek) vs long elongated body -parity between contemporary subject matter and traditional themes of "high art"
Impressionism
-1870-1900 ca -unfinished, sketchy look -nothing deep from first glance -abbreviation, speed, and spontaneity -planar (open-air) -real landscapes -3rd class movement -around the same time/ after Marxism happened -impressionist's subjective and personal response
Post-Impressionism
-1880s-1910s ca -impressionists accepted at this time as serious artists -reaction against impressionism -felt paintings had gone too far and lost certain skills shown in Realism
Symbolism
-1890s-1910s -misleading through title/ name -only interested in the mind and interior world (dreams and nightmares) -inner psychological worlds -focus on making something not visible visible -representation of nature became completely subjective -color, line, and shape, divorced from conformity to the optical image, became symbols of personal emotions in response to the world -task was not to see things but to see through them to a significance and reality far deeper than what superficial appearance revealed
Cubism (Analytic)
-1905-1911 ca -more dynamic than other cubism -cubists rejected color as expressive -drained canvases of color -brown tones -cerebral exercise of working fragments together but not conforming to typical art workings to make composition -parading the rules -figure and space bleeding together media look and modern culture -different means of communication
Modern American
-1907-30 ca -art in United States -previous modern art was mostly in Europe
Futurism
-1912-13 ca -all about the future -"we declare that all forms of imitation be destroyed" -they hated the Renaissance art -saw museums, libraries, and similar buildings of accumulated cultures as mausoleums -living in the technological age -strong hate -never going to embrace future if stuck looking at the past -the past being swept away & destroyed -particular interest in the speed and dynamism of modernism technology -artworks focused on motion in time and space
Cubism (Synthetic)
-1912-1919 ca -marry painting with other types of media -text
Dada*
-1916-20 ca -detour into world of vainness -reaction to WWI -devastation for people's lives -humanity left wrecked -human impact shown in art -mutilated figures -no nice paintings -out to destroy art -irrational -nonsense -wanted to destroy art cuz there was no point anymore -goths in art -nonsense poems -gave up from nationality & artistic skills -they went too far
Surrealism
-1922-33 ca -movement connected to Dada -specifically interested in dream images -probing world of the unconscious -followers of Freud -lots of sexual thematics -superior reality ("sur" reality) -much of the impact of Surrealist works begins with the viewer's sudden awareness of the incongruity and absurdity of what the artist pictured
Depression-era America
-1930-45 ca -art style focused on how the depression hit the country -stock market crashed (1930s) -government trying to help economy reboot
Abstract Expressionism
-1950s-60s ca -artist weren't sure where to go next -didn't go into Dada mode -channeled it into abstract art -all representational -about expressiveness of artists -of emotions
Pop Art
-1955-65 ca -postwar was a real transformation in American culture -car ownerships -television -rise of shopping malls -playboy magazines
Feminist Art
-1970s-80s ca -Female artists mostly -rights of their bodies -women affectively start career as an artist on their own works/ lives -art by & about women for the gist of it -looking at gender constructed by media -how women & men are supposed to look -tried to show they were constructed ideas
Social Art: Gender Sexuality & Rare*
-1980s-present -*Postmodernism* -high art & pop art are the same -people questioned identities -*Deconstruction* -cultural labels are looked into & broken down -need a plurality of opinions
Contemporary Art Worldwide
-1980s-present -broad social shift (1960s of Europe & America) -a lot of groups -a lot more active -black rights -feminism -gay rights -abortion rights
Man Pointing No 5*
-Alberto Giocometti -1947 -made out of bronze -eviscerated body -on the brink of existence -things on the side of existence -some would collapse because of failure in support and balance -ruff warped texture -charred bodies -epitome of existentialist humanity: alienated, solitary, and lost in the world's immensity
The Steerage*
-Alfred Stieglitz -1907 (print 1915) -promoter of modern art in America -photographer -had a famous gallery -known to an elite group of people -large vessel that brought immigrants -reality that people are living in that boat -mixture of found patterns of forms and human activity -not interested in class structure -interested in form, line -diagonal of plank -rhythm of chains -the stairs
Marilyn Diptych*
-Andy Warhol(a) -1962 -Marilyn Monroe -pop culture icon -headshot pic -did this after she died -why a diptych? -popular in religious art displayed in churches -commenting on Marilyn Monroe as a deity -color's keyed up -bleach blonde hair -eyeshadow -red life -looks like a mask (fake & artificial) -too much on everything -exaggerated -like Coke, shown around the world -slight variations on each painting -left to right -film fades (beauty fading away) -super saturated -contribute to Marilyn
Green Coca-Cola Bottles*
-Andy Warhol(a) -1962 -artist background: -didn't feel like he belonged in America because he was an immigrant from Europe -had a desparate outlook on life -loved that everyone drank coke (feeling of belonging) -equalizer -connection to culture -grocery displayed shelve -individuality in bottles yet all the same
Vir Heroics Sublimis*
-Barnett Newman -1950-51 -large scale -chromatic abstraction -"heroic sublime ma" (translation more or less) -trying to induce image of heroin landscape -large windows that open up areas -opening the experience of color to people
Villa at the Seaside
-Berthe Morisot -1874 -female artist -child facing away from viewer -motherhood
La Place du Theatre Français*
-Camille Pissarro -1898 -captures the snapshot (elevated point of view) -role of photography -photography quality -not clear cut off -street life achieved through deliberate casualness in the arrangement of figures -interested in movement
My Egypt*
-Charles Demuth (also a gay artist) -1927 -PA artist -painting of layers -grain silo -unique architectural objects -American architecture -Egypt at this time: -discoveries of Egyptian art being made around this time -his version of American icons -died of diabetes at a young age (late 30s) -same way Tombs of pharaohs this place was his sign of death (didn't die there) -how it's not cubism -same perspective -can tell what the subject matter is -still some influence from Cubism -"beams" of transparent planes and the diagonal force lines threaten to destabilize the image and recall Cubist fragmentation of space -reduced to geometric forms
Untitled Film Still #35
-Cindy Sherman -1979 -series of photographs like these -dressed up like characters from black & white film -bold woman, housewife -photographer & subject -she was taking pictures of herself -not a story to get out of it -plays on how movies greatly influence gender role ideas/ opinions -which is the real person -addresses the way women have been presented in Western art for the enjoyment of the "male gaze"
Impression: Sunrise*
-Claude Monet -1872 -one of the first painting impressionists -critic's critique was that it was impressions and not complete -embraced the label for this art/ movement -sketch-like and not complete -no defining line of the horizon -clear brushstrokes -can see what he painted -minimalistic - no moral message in the landscape -everyday thing -palet, small -example of artist having a good understanding how light and color operate
Rouen Cathedral, The Portal (in Sun)*
-Claude Monet -1894 -*pointillism:* application of colors to the canvas in tiny dots (points) -one of a three dozen series -painted in different views and timing of day -not just the cathedral, which he showed only in part, but the sunlight on the building's main portal -focus on light -*plein-air painting*
Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley*
-Dorothea Lange -1935 -WPA (Works Progress Administration) and FSA (Farms Security Administration) -Lange went and photographed the hard ends of depression in certain locations -migrant working on a pea farm -living in a tent city -face of depression-era -inner resolve -intensity in face -not acting desperate and weak but really is in a lost in how she'll supply her children -children's faces turned away from the photographer -embarrassed for being poor? -mother's face of discernment -she has three children to feed -Madonna and Christ relation -no husband to help out (gender norms usual in 30s) -no breadwinner -family abandoned -on the brink of starvation
The Rehearsal*
-Edgar Degas -1874 -interested in ballet dancing -interested in reproducing fleeting moments -almost never painted -awkward poses -blurry images -figures arranged in a seemingly random manner -possibly inspired by japonisme style
Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe)*
-Edouard Manet -1863 -women (unidealized figure) interacting with them naked -has similar qualities to Renaissance art (Pastoral Symphony) -not muses; they're actually there -people were displeased with this painting -felt like this painting was perpetrating an outrage to play the man -odd use of perspective -deliberately exaggerates scale -no one could figure out what kind of painting it was (nude, landscape, etc) -why she does not work well as a female nude: -harsh black outline around her -self-conscious/ aware of audience
A Bar at the Folies-Bergere*
-Edouard Manet -1882 -barmaid as focus instead of crowd -reflected at weird angle -visual contradictions -calls attention to the pictorial structure of this painting -does she look similar? (she should) -reference to flower by model from Olympia -fantasy? -vignette of people in the crowd -sign of performance -clarity of barmaid -blurry background creates an understanding of what's happening
Olympia*
-Edouard Manet -oil on canvas -1863 -very similar to Venus Urbino -reworking of historical art piece -confrontational stare -opposite of appealing (to most people) -not willing to show her body for nothing -why? cuz she's a a high paid prostitute (Olympia was a common "professional" name for prostitutes back then) -not just presenting herself -for some odd reason a confrontational/ non-submissive woman was not okay for people -more scandalous than Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe -the black maid was also not okay -contrast between the figures conjured racial division -black cat at end of bed with arched back -"cat house" -maid presenting her flowers from someone -"exotic" flowers -flowers = genitalia -advertisement -presence of her sexuality -no tiptoeing around the subject that she's straight up a prostitute
The Scream*
-Edvard Munch -1893 -many of his artworks themed around jealousy, loneliness, fear, desire, and despair -this painting is about loneliness and despair -high emotional charge in pieces was a major source of inspiration for the German Expressionists in the early 20th century -about when the artist left his friends at that bridge and how he felt a scream captured inside of him and decided to paint that scream -primal scream -pessimism era around when symbolism forms, so sad/ depressing themes commonly appeared (but not all of them) -used color, line, and figural distortion to evoke a strong emotional response from the viewer
Nighthawks*
-Edward Hopper -1942 -image: typical American diner scene -streets empty -eerie, unreality presence -no door -trapped -no exit -customers unhappy (noir like characters; Hopper was a film fanatic) -all passing the time -alienation and isolation -specimen (false light) -nothing on streets (ghost town atmosphere) -Realist vision but simplified the shapes, moving towards abstraction in order to keep with more recent trends in his painting
Painting
-Francis Bacon -1946 -figure whose mouth is linked to any of the Fascist leaders -bloody teeth -gory -covered with an umbrella -carcass in the back -raw flesh -crucifix like form (not exactly Christ reference but...) -brutalize theme -man is stationed in some sort of seating -reflection of war's butchery
Fate of the Animals*
-Franz Marc -1913 -spiritual artist -loathed humanity -lined himself with animals (found them more pure) -blue horses in some painting -this one has a blue deer in it -each color is said to have meaning -blue-male (severe and spiritual) -yellow-female (gentle, happy, and sensual) -red-matter (brutal and heavy) -colors of severity and brutality dominate -light and bright colors (cheerful) are absent -"all being is flaming suffering" (written on back of canvas) -painted on the eve of WWI -premonition of this war -animal already going into crisis mode -trapped -looks as if something pierced its neck -artist died in WWI -final painting -life tied to his own painting
The Two Fridas*
-Frida Kahlo -1939 -talk about her split identity -daughter of a Mexican mother and a German father -left (European clothes) and right (Mexican clothes) -clasped hands and a common artery suggest two sides of her personality -personal paintings touch sensual and psychological memories in her audience -born with polio -after severe accident she went into drawing/ painting -shows her suffering like a saint -never was able to give birth to children -miscarriages
The Portuguese*
-Georges Braque -1911 -good example of cubism -planes overlapping -not fully rendered in different sketches -artist was friends with Picasso -portrait of a Portuguese immigrant -steam boat in the back -most unconventional portrait -guitar and guitar strings there -paintings weren't lies -life is full of movement and speed -cubists tried to capture the speed, movement, and sense of time (4th dimension) -multiple fragments in painting -capture the nature of modern picturing/ painting -artist concentrated on dissecting form and placing it in dynamic interaction with space
Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe, and Glass
-Georges Braque -1913 -*collage* (papier collé) -newspaper was commonly used -newspaper was more fragile back then -dry and faded -Faux buo -fake wallpaper -wooden frames -layers of paper on this piece
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte*
-Georges Seurat -1884-86 -wanted to bring geometry and solidity into artworks -tendency to bring order in impression -about how middle class enjoy themselves -composition of figures -meticulously calculated values -back to structure, form, and solid figures -used *color theory* -very interested in geometry and forms -painting focused on color analysis -color combination in dots (pointillism) -completely comprehensible only from a distance -references in forms -side profile = Egyptians -proportions = Polyclietus
New York Night
-Georgia O'Keeffe -1929 -painting that highlights the emergencies of skyscrapers -lived in one with Stieglitz (married) -beacons surrounded by electricity -window makes it look like a church -skyscrapers were the knew symbol of commerce in NY -representation reduces the buildings to large, simple, dark planes punctuated by small windows that add rhythm and energy to the image
Jack-in-the-Pulpit No 4*
-Georgia O'Keeffe -1930 -flowers normally talked about still life or sexuality -abstractic -forms of petals -inner world of a flower -glow in vitality insinuating life -artist reduced the incredible details of the flower to a symphony of basic colors, shapes, textures, and vital rhythms -many people say it's a vagina too -possible representation of her own femininity -artist says she wasn't painting her sexuality -other people, including her husband, projecting their ideas -she is technically focusing on the genitalia of the plant -most influence by photography
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
-Giacomo Balla -1912 -person taking a dog on a walk -multiple forms to create motion -still canvas creating movement through "frames"
Existentialism
-God is dead -searching purpose
American Gothic*
-Grant Wood -1930 -focused on American subjects -creepiness to it -the house, pitchfork, church in background -he's staring at you -woman's looking towards man but not exactly -dude was the artist's dentist -went to Europe and came back and wondered why people weren't drawing farmers and corn landscapes -art in Iowa and Missouri - wanted art in the everyday experience of life -captures about midwest -plane face (stereotypical figures) -relationship between father and daughter -as if a suitor came -man in front of daughter -one hair strand loose (sign of rebellion)
The Kiss
-Gustav Klimt -1907-08 -artist worked in Vienna -influenced by Byzantine Mosaics (for looks) -passion of the kiss -body dematerialized mostly -melding of two bodies as one as they kiss -expressive -view of how love invokes people
Paris: A Rainy Day
-Gustave Caillebotte -1877 -not sketchy -different kind of impressionist brushstroke -one foot in impression and another in realism -"impression" of urban life
The Stone Breakers*
-Gustave Courbet -1849 -everyday life of rural menial labor -dreary and dismal nature of task -depicted their thankless toil with directness and accuracy -presented in Salon -caused workers rebel -exploited workers doing more work than they should've -revolutionize how democracy should change -rugged clothes, up close, watching them (building new roads by breaking old walls) -focus on workers since they weren't blurred and pushed in foreground -emphasize more
Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany
-Hannah Höck -1919-20 -cut out pictures & words -made a big collage -i.e. mass produced machine parts -montage of photos (mass media) -letters cut from various publications are of different typefaces and font sizes, contributing to the sense of dislocation throughout -"anti dada" near politicians -images of artists she admired -her face in far right corner -in context to women getting the right to vote -celebrating/ making fun of culture
SOS- Starification Object Series
-Hannah Wilke -1974-82 -pieces of gum her -SOS: distress call (but not technically a distress call in this case -artist often spoken & her beauty -starification (scarification: a type of scarring Africans have used as a sign of beauty) -what is beautiful -no definition of beauty really -gum (relation to women's experiences) -being used, "chewed up," and then being thrown away -chewing-gum sculpted into vulvas, which allude to female pleasure, but also to pain, because they resemble scars
Woman with the Hat
-Henri Matisse -1905 -artist believed color could play a primary role in conveying meaning -depiction of wife in painting -featured patches and splotches of seemingly arbitrary colors -critiques checked image -what was discerning about the image? -eye contact -splotchiness of color -broad space of imagined -sloppy looking paint -shading on face is weird -hard to distinguish what's a plant -no real form to it -playing with colors
Red Room*
-Henri Matisse -1908-09 -describes what he was thinking while making this -combines red into some of the objects in the painting -delicate balancing act -can create even space even though figure and certain other surroundings are one -notes of a painter -colors contrast richly and intensely -much more experimental -colorist - lines can create form even if color has fused some of the objects together -focus on expression in arrangement of the colors -tried to put down colors which rendered his sensation -harmony in artwork analogous to that of a musical composition (ideas similar to Whistler)
Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist)*
-Jackson Pollock -1950 -a lot of European artists fled to America -used to make historical narratives -getting something out from yourself (in an abstract way) -interaction with paint on canvas -focus on color and paint -critic *(Clement Greenberg)*: painters should use paint to paint and let writers use the words -has texture (in paint) (layered and dense) -lots of debris in paintings -inter galactic connection- like looking at stars/ galaxies -meant to be absorbed -gestural, abstract art
No 49 from The Migration of the Negro
-Jacob Lawrence -1940-41 -#49 out of 60 -experience of blacks migrating to the North -blacks didn't receive all the freedom -segregation still exists -not interested in going into space/ depth -bright color geometry -rhythm -use media in his pieces (very influenced) -a lot of the scenes about mobility
Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket)*
-James Abbott McNeill Whistler (avant-garde artist) -1875 -title meant to describe what's going on -painting of night (nocturne; also means dreamy) -"firecrackers" not falling rockets -by a river -exhibited in a painting -compared harmonies in art as harmonies made in music (entire "keyboard" of elements picked and chosen differently for each harmony) -*John Ruskin* (art critic) saw this painting and was offended -thought this painting looked as if he'd thrown paint on a canvas -Whistler sues Ruskin for libel (cuz no one wants it after the critic says otherwise) -Whistler didn't like how Ruskin chose the nocturne as the focus -no person, place, or event to make it the focus -light, form, and color used to absorb audience -artist saw paintings as independent 2D artworks and not windows opening onto the 3D world
Flags*
-Jasper Johns -1958 -one foot in abstract world (like a good amount of pop arts) -artist was a gay man -homosexuals not allowed to be in congress -supposedly gays were communists working against the US -flat abstract painting -artist wanted to draw attention to common objects people view frequently but rarely scrutinize -48 stars? -heritage of Abstract Expressionism is still apparent
Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance
-Jean Arp -1916-17 -collage -dumb torn paper squares -dropped the squares over canvas and glued them down wherever they landed -reinforced the anarchy inherent in Dada
The Gleaners
-Jean-Francois Millet -1857 -painter of country life -three impoverished women performing the backbreaking task of gleaning -generalized silhouettes -figures and their task at hand dominate the canvas -symbol of these classes -lowest level of peasant society
Painting*
-Joan Miro -oil on canvas -1922 -idea of *automatism* -free association -paint whatever comes to his mind -looking at a catalog of machine parts -automatic process -quasi representational
The Dinner Party*
-Judy Chicago -1979 -huge work of art -permanently in museum in Brooklyn -artist was one of the most important female artists -triangle shaped table -plates set on all sides -plates had stylized vaginas on them -unearthing names of female artists less known -39 plates (13 on each side) -rest of female artists were written on table -vaginas celebrated -normally were shaped upon -runners (embroidered) -individualized -celebrates the achievements and contributions women have made throughout history -work was collaborative -building a community
Merz 19
-Kurt Schnitters -1920 -series of collages -*photomontages* (a montage constructed out of photographic images) -random sheets of paper -"Merz" short for commerce in Germany -commodities, goods, & money -"Merz" also sounds close to "Merd" (shit in French) -visual poetry in the cast-off junk of modern society that were pasted and nailed together into designs -collages resonate with meaning of the fragmented found objects they contain
Jackson Pollock painting in his Springs*
-Long Island studio -Hans Namuth -1950 -process of him making his piece -movement in making the piece is an important part of his art -painting: record of his movement -performance in making the piece -unplanned state to connect with undirected energy -effort put in piece is not seen in museums -no top or bottom, no left or right -all over surface -bucket of paint -household paints -not making contact between brush and canvas -pours/ drips paint -records of a set of actions
Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2,*
-Marcel Duchamp -1912 -I actually like this piece -better than Fountain in all honesty -incorporates styles seen in Cubism and Futurism -in context to famous exhibition *(Armory Show)* in NY -included Impressionism to Modern American art -art was much more traditional to most Americans so his art was shocking to them -it took the blame for Armory Show not being good -sense of figure in motion -body not recognizable -medling cubism & futurism -people thought it was archaic -they described it as xenophobic -said to be a reference point for everything that was bad in this world (but not Fountain?) -in Chicago, students made a copy of it and burned it to show their anger
Fountain*
-Marcel Duchamp (aka DOUCHE-amp) -1917 -god dammit, stupid modern art -a urinal that he signed -sent it to an exhibition that said anything could be sent -marking territory? -"original" was broken, only photo and second version exist -pretty sure he did it to "piss" people off -takes something functional out of context & defamiliarize it by moving it in another position -my professor's calling it elegant (how?!?!?!?) -Dada artists were trying to destroy art, not make art question what beauty is -she is making connections with Michelangelo -not his signature -Mutt (play on words with Mott plumbing company) -Mutt n' Jeff comic strip
No. 14*
-Mark Rothko -1960 -large scale -chromatic abstraction -tied into ideas of timelessness -he saw them as transcendent, sublime, and spiritual -transportive (is it really? ',:( ) -different emotional reference -expressive color (somehow my art prof had the audacity to compare this Van Goph's art style)
Portrait of a German Officer
-Marsden Hartley -oil on canvas -1914 -an artist who was American but traveled in Europe -influenced by Cubism (synthetic) and Germain Expressionism -flattened, planar presentation of the elements -fell in love with a German Officer (died in WWI) -represents him through his regalia -K v Finale of officer -is it a portrait or not? -way of making portrait allows him to send this as a gay man -only those who knew him would realize the officer was his lover
The Bath*
-Mary Cassatt -1892 -painted from home -domestic realm -realm of children -also influenced by Japanese prints but not as much as Edgar's paintings -different colors and patterning -always engaged -characters never look at audience -more about relationship between mother and child -combination of objectivity and genuine sentiment
Two Children Are Threatened by a NightingGale*
-Max Ernest -1924 -imagined himself being reborn out of a bird shell after WWI -declared his allegiance to fantasies and dreams -two girls -open gate to fantasy -dreams murky like -went back to representational images -artist used traditional perspective to represent the setting, but the three sketchily rendered figures belong to the dream world
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon*
-Pablo Picasso -1907 -he was a Spanish artist -worked in France -relates to his Spanish history -prostitutes from his home town(?) -on the doorstep of cubism -geometric shapes instead of proportioned -angular -not a lot of round figures -very odd looking faces -colonialism/ *primitivism* around this time -African objects taken -puts African masks on faces to stop sexually showing these poses -big masks -on the cusp of cubism -made up geometric forms but not entirely -opened the door to a radically new method of representing forms in space
Still Life with Chair-Caning*
-Pablo Picasso -1912 -"JOU"(ER) - to play -fragmented like cubism -still life that challenges the viewer's understanding of reality -artist says he's gonna play a game (but not play by the rules) -cigarette holder sticking out -proving that he can make 3-dimensional looking objects -brush strokes also showing that he understands the building blocks of art-making but would rather keep the joy of discovery, the pleasure of the unexpected seen in cubism as Picasso describes it -chair-canning used likely by oil paint -circled rope around piece (not precious looking material like most borders -putting an everyday object around -collage -drawing everyday materials possibly -brings other materials together
Ancient Mexico, from the History of Mexico
-Palacio National, Mexico City -fresco -Diego Rivera -1929-35 -leading Mexican muralist -Aztec civilization -telling the story of ancient Mexico
Twittering Machine*
-Paul Klee -1922 -biomorphic surrealism -tapping into the *collective unconscious* (Carl Jung's theory) -all of us being connected to our ancestors -into cave arts, old paintings -recognizable as birds -interested in children's drawings -considered children's art style not rule bound (yes but that doesn't make it better) -idea of a machine with birds singing when crank is turned -fanciful vision of a mysterious world presented in a simplified, almost childlike manner
Le Moulin de la Galette
-Pierre-Auguste Renoir -1876 -captures the sun dedicated -scene of leisure -artfully blurred into the figures to produce the effect of the floating and fleeting light the impressionists cultivated -*plein-air painting*
The Treachery of Images
-Rene Magritte -1928-29 -Shows representational world with clarity -"This is not a pipe" -it's a representation of one -biomorphic surrealism -not naturalistic -organic, lifelike forms -challenges the viewer's reliance on the conscious and rational in the reading of visual art
Just What Is It That Makes Today's Home So Different, So Appealing?*
-Richard Hamilton -1956 -ad like title -collage on paper -fantasy interior in Hamilton's collage reflects the values of modern consumer culture -Modern mass media fascinated Pop artists as an aspect of popular culture -photograph from a "girlie magazine" to stimulate speculation about society's values -references to: -tootsie pop around penis area (good for sucking obviously ;) ) -ads -moon on ceiling (man on moon) -4 decal -comic books -movie marquis -TV -some photo of a president -adam & eve in a new consumer's paradise -mass cultural -what's popular? what's sexy? what's political?
Canyon*
-Robert Rauschenberg -1959 -referred to his work as a combine -*combine:* work that combined painting & 3-dimensional objects -real stuffed American eagle -pillow hanging from it -collage elements -picture of artist as a baby on it -drippy paint -artist interested in Dada art -"NeoDada"
Hopeless*
-Roy Lichtenstein -1963 -everybody read comics -like a comic: -thought bubble -*Benday dots* (did this by hand with a paintbrush) -lining in character -not like a comic: -no other scenes -not just one scene -no story or building character -zoomed in face -possible copyright issues? -artist mimicked style & subject from comics but used it differently -never copied an image from an actual comic
The Persistence of Memory
-Salvador Dali -1931 -looked at a naturalistic approach (naturalist surrealism) -empty voided out landscape -washed up creature -nose eyebrow -metamorphosis -idea of objects melding and changing shape and form -ants coming out of clocks -"images of concrete irrationality" -a haunting allegory of empty space where time has ended
Pioneer Days and Early Settlers
-State Capitol, Jefferson City -Thomas Hart Benton -1936 -state history -local history -commissioned to paint this for state council in Missouri -pioneer -how the place came to be -controversial focus on history -image includes both positive and negative aspects of state history
Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863*
-Timothy O'Sullivan -1863 -wheat fields turned into battlefields -death analogy -"harvest" -this photograph and "Veteran in a New Field" show cycle of growth -whole experience (the war and death that comes with it) will grow again and regenerate -more sobering and depressing than that in "Veteran in a New Field" -land just not full of dead bodies -crossroads of what'll happen
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space*
-Umberto Boccioni -1913 -idea -man walking -tries to disrupt figures -trying to capture the movement of wind around the figure -showing how figure moves through space -highlights the formal and spatial effects of motion rather than their source, the striding human figure -captured the sensation of motion in a statuary
Improvisation 28 (second version)
-Vassily Kandinsky -oil on canvas -1912 -was one of the first painters to explore complete abstraction in his canvases -artist had interest in fairy tales and folklores -theories of Einstein and Rutherford were some of the things that convinced Kandinsky that material objects had no real substance -liked the idea of making the subject matter not easily recognizable -imagined painting could be spiritual -dude was part of the occult -cult thought paintings could lead people into lifting them into another spiritual level -infinite variety of options in creating experiences through color -got rid of subject matter a lot like other artists -new realm of painting
The Night Café*
-Vincent Van Gogh -1888 -super stylistic -explored the capabilities of colors and distorted forms to express his emotions as he confronted nature -emotional reactions to these colors and people drinking away their lives -exploration of colors -blood red wall -pee green table -vertigo flooring -made colors of his feelings not what may have actually been there
Japonisme*
-Western artists gravitated toward the art style -interest in Japanese fashion and merchandise -Japanese-themed novels and travel books -open/ vacant part inside Japanese print -bright, flat colors -plain unmodulated colors -tilted ground plane (rate perspective)
Woman I*
-Willem De Kooning -1950-52 -*gestural abstraction* -interest in female nude but mixed in abstract and gestural form -artist was physical with his painting -rough surface -would paint, scrape off, and paint again -colorist -violence around subject matter -misogynous paintings -abuse in women's forms -artists says it's not about women but women across the ages -connected to idols in old art (even caveman art) -canvas is a record of an event -not a picture -figure maybe added to aspect gives a better interaction between artist & story possibly emerging
Veteran in a New Field*
-Winslow Homer -1865 -year Civil War ended -army jacket and canteen on the ground -new "field" of work (bu-dun-tsh) -scythe -know what else has a scythe? (grim reaper) -no one used a scythe for cutting wheat back then -symbolizing death of soldiers -soldiers returning to a field of death? -smooth transition to peace after Civil War -more symbolism than realism -overgrown wheat -time relation -ignored
Local color
-an object's color in white lights -Impressionists concluded that this color becomes modified by the quality of light shining on it
Fauvism
-around 1910 ca -one of the "isms" -more expressive in color -similar to post-impressionism -fauves: wild beasts -artists went even further in liberating color from its descriptive function and exploring the effects different colors have on emotions -came and went (painters didn't really organize, looseness in connections and styles)
German Expressionism: Der Blau Reiter
-around 1912 ca -"The Blue Rider" -formed by Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc -whimsically selected this name because of their mutual interest in the color blue and horses -produced paintings that captured their feelings in visual form while also eliciting intense visceral responses from viewers
Postwar Expressionism in Europe
-around 1946 ca -devastating during the two World Wars -physical devastation to both lands (atomic bombs) -Holocaust -loss in faith in a rational world -angst in world -didn't go down the Dada path
collage
-composition of bits of objects. such as newspaper or cloth, glued to a surface
Epic of American Civilization: Hispano-America
-fresco in Baker Memorial Library, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire -Jose Clemente Orozco -peasant fighter -hero -surrounded by corrupted leaders that were controlled by greed
Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto
-industrial revolution causing urbanization which lead to marxism -rise of the urban working class was fundamental to the ideas of Karl Marx -Marx believed that scientific, rational law governed nature and all human history -Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto -called for the working class to over-throw the capital system -those who controlled the means of production conflicted with those whose labor they exploited for their own enrichment -advocated the creation of a socialist state -Marxism held great appeal for the oppressed as well as for many intellectuals
Haussmannization
-renovation of the city of Paris from narrow streets to wide boulevards -modernized the city -new emphasis on modern identity and modern art -introduced Japanese art that had flat expanses of color and floral patterns -introduced photography and aerial perspectives. -Haussman transformed impressionism -brought the ideas of impressionism to life
color theory
-the art and science of color interaction and effects -i.e. law of simultaneous contrast of colors: juxtaposed colors (both technical the same color range, i.e. green) affect the eye's reception of each, making the two colors as dissimilar as possible, both in hue and value
primitivism
-the incorporation of stylistic elements from these "non-Western" cultures -imply the superiority of Western civilization and Western art
Chromatic abstraction*
-using color in abstract ways -consisting of hazy shapes of pure color normally
plein-air painting
-using natural light to paint -painting outside in nature