exam 3 rm

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factorial design

-Designs with more than one independent variable (or factor) -2 x 2 factorial design - Hastwo independent variables - Each independent variable has two levels

Dr. Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood. Identify the technique employed by him. A. Meta-analysis B. Analysis of variance C. Literature review D. Causal analysis

. Meta-analysis

What is most likely to be true of a study conducted on a group of males to analyze the effects of room temperature on task performance? A. The study has high external validity. B. Temperature does not affect men's task performance. C. The findings of the study cannot be generalized to females . D. Task performance is a confounding variable in the study.

. The findings of the study cannot be generalized to females

Which of the following is the least accurate statement about the use of statistical tests? A. One of the goals is to allow one to make a decision about whether the obtained results are reliable. B. The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size. C. The significance level selected indicates how confident one wants to be when making a decision . D. One is most likely to obtain significant results when the effect size is large.

. The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size.

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to: A. use simple random sampling rather than purposive sampling. B. conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest. C. ask participants whether the pretests were a problem. D. use a double-blind technique.

. conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest

Statistically, significant results mean that the results are: A. very important. B. meaningless. C. likely to be due to chance differences between the groups. D. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

The appropriate statistical test for nominal level data of two groups is the: A. t test. B. Pearson correlation. C. chi-square test. D. analysis of variance.

. t test.

Which significance level would minimize the probability of a Type I error?

.01

Which significance level would minimize the probability of a Type I error? A. .25 B. .10 C. .05 D. .01

A researcher manipulates a defendant's appearance (attractive, average, or unattractive) and gender (male or female) to study how these variables affect judgments of criminal behavior. How many interactions are possible in this design? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible? A. 1 B. 2 C. 6 D. 9

A 4 3 factorial design would have _____ conditions. A. 3 B. 4 C. 7 D. 12

A researcher examined judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident by manipulating the type of injuries received (none, mild, or severe) and the time of the accident (7 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., or 3 a.m.). How many main effects are possible in this study? A. 2 B. 4 C. 7 D. 12

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible? A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of design. A. 2 2 independent groups B. 2 2 repeated measures C. 2 2 mixed factorial D. IV PV

2 2 mixed factorial

A 4 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions. A. 4 B. 5 C. 9 D. 20

In a 4 3 factorial design, for a completely repeated measures design, how many participants are needed in order to have 20 participants per condition? A. 70 B. 40 C. 10 D. 20

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high). A. 2 2 B. 2 3 C. 2 2 3 D. 3 3 E. 2 2 2

223

In a 2 3 factorial design, there are _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s) possible. A. 2; 2 B. 2; 1 C. 1; 1 D. 1; 2

2:1

A study involves a 3 4 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied? A. 24 B. 9 C. 4 D. 3

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents. A. 3 2 B. 3 2 3 C. 3 2 2 D. 2 2 2

3 2 2

A researcher examines the physical attractiveness of a driver involved in an automobile accident (unattractive, average, or attractive) and the severity of damage caused ($500, $1500, or $2500) on judgments of responsibility assigned to the driver. Which of the following represents the factorial design? A. 2 2 B. 2 3 C. 3 3 D. 1 3

3 3

Which of the following is a reason why a researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of an independent variable? A. A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. B. When there are only two levels of an independent variable, the relationship between the independent and dependent variables cannot be described with a straight line. C. An experiment with only two levels of one independent variable always tends to show that there is a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables. D. An experimental design with only two levels of the independent variable can only detect curvilinear relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Identify the risk associated with pretests.

A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest.

Identify the risk associated with pretests. A. A pretest does not necessarily enable a researcher to assess mortality effects. B. A pretest does not accurately depict whether the people who withdrew were any different from those who completed the study. C. A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest. D. A pretest fails to provide accurate scores, although intuitively pretesting seems like a good idea.

A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest.

Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do when conducting a literature review?

A researcher is least likely to calculate an effect size for all the studies reviewed.

Reida has developed a program that is designed to increase the reading comprehension scores of sixth graders. She randomly selects three students to participate in her program. When she compares the mean score of the students who completed her program to that of three students who did not participate in the program, she finds no significant difference between the mean scores. What is most likely the reason for the nonsignificant finding?

A small sample size

A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research? A. A third group with a moderate level of fear B. A less reliable measure of attitude change C. A stronger manipulation of fear D. A single level of the independent variable

A third group with a moderate level of fear

hich of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs? A. Number of levels of first IV Number of levels of second IV B. Number of IVs Total number of levels C. Number of main effects Number of interactions D. Number of conditions of first IV Number of conditions of second IV

A. Number of levels of first IV Number of levels of second IV

A quasi-experimental design attempts to: A. approximate the control features of true experiments. B. create natural conditions in the laboratory. C. control all extraneous variables after subjects have been randomly assigned. D. measure changes in the manipulated variable.

A. approximate the control features of true experiments.

Internet research by Strassberg and Holty (2003) compared responses to women's Internet personal ads. The researchers presented participants with an ad focusing on different characteristics such as 1) slim and attractive, 2) sensual and passionate, 3) painting and hiking, or 4) financially independent and ambitious. This is an example of a _____ design. A. factorial B. matrix C. multiple D. non-experimental

A. factorial

One method used to demonstrate the reversibility of the effect of the independent variable is a(n): A. quasi-experimental design. B. interrupted time series design. C. control series design. D. ABA design.

ABA design.

Which of the following is a reversal design? A. Pretest-posttest design B. Interrupted time series design C. ABAB design D. Quasi-experimental design

ABAB design

Amelia realized that her 7-year-old daughter, Violet, was especially motivated by money. Amelia began a reinforcement program whereby Violet earned 5 cents every time she brushed her teeth. A month later, Amelia instituted a payment schedule of 10 cents every time Violet went to bed on time without complaining. Once these behaviors were firmly established, Violet began earning money for every book she read. What kind of single-subject design did Amelia employ? A. Across subject multiple-baseline design B. Across behaviors multiple-baseline design C. Across situations multiple-baseline design D. Across subject ABA design

Across behaviors multiple-baseline design

Sophia finds that her son Alex enjoys lemon candy. Sophia encourages Alex when he displays courteous behavior at home. She then starts reinforces this behavior at school, relatives' homes, and church. What type of single-case design does Sophia employ? A. Across situations multiple-baseline design B. Across behaviors ABA design C. Across subjects multiple-baseline design D. Across subjects ABA design

Across situations multiple-baseline design

Which of the following is a variation of the multiple baseline design? A. Across subjects B. Across treatments C. Across effects D. Across experiments

Across subjects

. Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne, she becomes more responsive to his questions. He tries the same behavior on David, Chris, and B.J. and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions. What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ? A. Across situations ABA design B. Across behaviors multiple-baseline design C. Across subjects multiple-baseline design D. Across subjects ABA design

Across subjects multiple-baseline design

Which of the following is true of factorial designs? A. It eliminates the possibility of confounding variables. B. All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable. C. A control group is unnecessary. D. The simplest factorial design has three independent variables, each having three levels.

All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable

Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out 3 days a week, while other participants worked out 5 days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study. A. Energy condition B. Participants' interest in exercise and health conditions C. Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise D. Depression

Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise

Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of studies using one-group pretest-posttest design? A. Cohort effects B. Statistical regression C. Propensity score matching D. Selection bias

B. Statistical regression

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between concepts?

Between-groups variance = systematic variance

Which of the following statements accurately describes literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Both narrative reviews and meta-analyses provide valuable information and are, in fact, often complementary.

Andrea is told that the means of two groups in a study were statistically significant. She knows the means and standard deviations of the two groups and is interested in calculating an estimate of effect size. Given this information, which effect size estimate should she calculate?

Cohen's d

Which of the following is true of single-case designs? A. The procedures for use with a single subject cannot be replicated with other subjects. B. The results are presented as group data with overall means. C. Complex statistical analyses are not required. D. Early interest in single-case designs in psychology came from research on classical conditioning.

Complex statistical analyses are not required

Complex statistical analyses are not required.

Identify the type of replication that plays an important part in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

Conceptual replication

Identify the type of replication that plays an important part in furthering one's understanding of behavior. A. Constructive replication B. Conceptual replication C. Exact replication D. Procedural replication

Conceptual replication

Which one of the following is NOT a quasi-experimental design? A. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design B. Interrupted time series design C. Correlated groups design D. Control series design

Correlated groups design

Which of the following are two general methods for studying individuals of different ages? A. Multiple baseline and single-case experimental designs B. Quasi-experimental and nonequivalent control group designs C. Interrupted time series and control series designs D. Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs

Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs

In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from _____ effects. A. regression B. nonequivalent C. propensity D. cohort

D. cohort

_____ variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means.

Error

_____ variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means. A. Error B. Systematic C. Inferential D. Alpha

Error

What are the two types of replications?

Exact and conceptual replications

Which of the following is true of exact replications?

Exact replications often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study.

Which of the following is true of exact replications? A. An exact replication is the use of different procedures to replicate a research finding. B. Exact replications are even more important than conceptual replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior. C. In exact replications, the same independent variable is operationalized in a different way. D. Exact replications often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study.

Exact replications often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study.

_____ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized, while _____ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables.

External; internal

_____ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized, while _____ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables. A. Construct; statistical B. Statistical; construct C. Internal; external D. External; internal

External; internal

A student is interested in the effect of environmental conditions on task performance. She makes participants complete a series of math problems under different conditions of temperature—cold, warm, and hot, and different noise conditions—quiet and noisy. The most appropriate test to analyze the data would be a(n) _____.

F-test

Sean wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean amount of sales dollars will vary between Oak Ridge, Oak Wood, and Oak Park shopping malls. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____. A. Mann-Whitney U B. t-test C. F-test D. Pearson r

F-test

Alistair has obtained statistical significance in his study that examines the relationship between gender and voter preference. Which statement would Alistair NOT make?

Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

Alistair has obtained statistical significance in his study that examines the relationship between gender and voter preference. Which statement would Alistair NOT make? A. Male candidates receive more votes than female candidates. B. The null hypothesis is rejected. C. The research hypothesis is accepted. D. Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

What refers to external validity?

Generalizability of the research findings

What refers to external validity? A. Adequacy of the experimental design B. Effectiveness of the manipulation of the independent variable C. Generalizability of the research findings D. Practical application of the research findings

Generalizability of the research findings

A 2 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals. This is an example of a(n) _____ design. A. IV PV B. repeated measures C. Latin Square D. Solomon four-group

IV PV

A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design is an example of a(n) _____ design. A. mixed factorial B. repeated measures C. IV PV D. interaction

IV PV

A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n) _____ design. A. mixed repeated measures and independent groups B. IV PV C. 2 2 D. multiple correlation

IV PV

If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have? A. Repeated measures design B. Mixed factorial design C. 1 2 factorial design D. IV PV design

IV PV design

Which of the following is likely to improve the external validity of a research study?

Including groups from various cultures

Which of the following is likely to improve the external validity of a research study? A. Being sure that all participants have the same ethnic background B. Including groups from various cultures C. Using only first year students and sophomores as participants D. Employing only one type of experimenter

Including groups from various cultures

Which of the following is used to determine whether the results held up if an experiment was conducted repeatedly, each time with a new sample? A. Descriptive statistics B. Inferential statistics C. The research hypothesis D. The null hypothesis

Inferential statistics

Which of the following is NOT true of a study with only one independent variable? A. Interactions can be studied. B. Internal validity can be high. C. A repeated measures design can be used. D. A between-subject design can be used.

Interactions can be studied.

. Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design? A. It always assigns different groups of participants to each of the conditions. B. It typically assigns the same individuals to participate in all the conditions. C. It either uses a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design. D. It uses both—completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

It uses both—completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct about the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

Laboratory and field experiments should be considered in isolation.

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings?

Literature reviews and meta-analyses

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings? A. Literature reviews and meta-analyses B. Conceptual and exact replications C. Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs D. One-tailed tests and structural equation models

Literature reviews and meta-analyses

When asked if he would like to have some fruits along with his breakfast, Milo declines. He then attends an all-day presentation on the nutritional benefits of eating fruits. At the end of the presentation, Milo is again offered some fruits to eat and he accepts. What effect may be responsible for the change in Milo's response? A. History B. Maturation C. Regression toward the mean D. Testing

Maturation

Dr. Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood. Identify the technique employed by him.

Meta-analysis

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations? A. In a meta-analysis, a reviewer writes a paper that summarizes and evaluates the literature. B. Researchers traditionally draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings by conducting a meta-analysis. C. Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies. D. The conclusions in a meta-analysis are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer.

Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies.

Which of the following best represents a meta-analysis?

Miller and Downey's (1999) work analyzing the results of 71 studies that examined the relationship between weight and self-esteem

A school administrator wants to examine the effect of student lockers on class tardiness. He compares tardiness records of a school with no lockers to a school with lockers. What type of research design is this? A. Nonequivalent control group B. One-group pretest-posttest C. One-shot case study D. Pretest only

Nonequivalent control group

Teachers at School A were given a substance abuse knowledge test. During the next four months, the teachers attended training sessions on substance abuse. They were then given the knowledge test again. Similarly, teachers at School B were given the substance abuse knowledge test, and four months later they were given the test again. What kind of design was used in this research? A. Pretest-posttest true experimental design B. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design C. Interrupted time series design D. Multiple baseline design

Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design

Dr. Jayden is studying the effect of exercise on cholesterol level. He first measures his patients' cholesterol level before recommending an exercise program and after one month of participating in an exercise program, he measures their cholesterol level again. What type of research design has Dr. Jayden employed? A. Between groups design B. One-shot case study C. Missing control group design D. One group pretest-posttest design

One group pretest-posttest design

A researcher administers a reading test to a group of fourth graders at the beginning of the school year. During the year, the students receive an intensive program designed to improve reading skills. At the end of the year, the reading test is given again and a large improvement in test scores is discovered. Identify the type of study. A. One-shot case study B. One-group pretest-posttest design C. Nonequivalent control group design D. Interrupted time series design

One-group pretest-posttest design

The appropriate statistical test for interval or ratio level data is the _____.

Pearson correlation

The appropriate statistical test for interval or ratio level data is the _____. A. t test B. Pearson correlation C. chi-square test D. F test

Pearson correlation

Which statistical test would be most appropriate for examining the relationship between temperature and the number of ice cream cones sold?

Pearson correlation

Which statistical test would be most appropriate for examining the relationship between temperature and the number of ice cream cones sold? A. Chi-square test B. Analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

Pearson correlation

Which of the following statements is true about pretests?

Pretesting may limit the ability to generalize to populations that did not receive a pretest.

Which of the following statements is true about pretests? A. One drawback of a pretest is that it fails to provide a researcher with an assessment of the attrition effects. B. A pretest acts as a hindrance when determining whether the people who withdrew are different from those who completed the study . C. It is often a misconception that simply taking a pretest may cause subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest. D. Pretesting may limit the ability to generalize to populations that did not receive a pretest.

Pretesting may limit the ability to generalize to populations that did not receive a pretest.

_____ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved. A. Single-case experimental B. Multiple baseline C. Interrupted time series D. Quasi-experimental

Quasi-experimental

A graduating college student takes the Graduate Record Exam and scores high marks. Six months later the student retakes the exam after completing all undergraduate coursework, but scores relatively low. Other than the boring coursework, what is most likely to account for the lower scores? A. Maturation B. Testing C. Instrument decay D. Regression toward the mean

Regression toward the mean

In one-group pretest-posttest design, which of the following will occur whenever researchers gather a set of extreme scores taken at one time and compare them with scores taken at another point in time? A. Regression toward the mean B. Propensity score matching C. Selection differences D. Testing effects

Regression toward the mean

_ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study. A. Renormalization B. Randomization C. Revaluation D. Replication

Replication

_____ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study.

Replication

Which of the following is a fact about replications?

Scientific societies are encouraging systematic replications of important scientific findings

. How would a study aimed at examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases demonstrate external validity? A. Sampling only students enrolled at colleges that have not raised tuition B. Lowering tuition for one semester and raising tuition the next semester C. Focusing on the difference in attitudes between students who have experienced tuition increases and students who have not D. Showing that the results apply to college students from other universities

Showing that the results apply to college students from other universities

How would a study aimed at examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases demonstrate external validity?

Showing that the results apply to college students from other universities

A _____ design can be used in situations in which a pretest is desirable but there is concern over the possible impact of taking the pretest.

Solomon four-group

. Which of the following describes a sequential design? A. Studying a group of 5 year olds over a 10 year period B. Comparing reasoning abilities of 5, 8, and 10 year-olds C. Measuring motor abilities of a child when she is 2 years old and then measuring her abilities again when she is 5 years old D. Studying groups of 10- and 15-year-olds, and then studying these individuals 2, 4, and 6 years later

Studying groups of 10- and 15-year-olds, and then studying these individuals 2, 4, and 6 years later

Surveying officers from all shifts in the department

_____ variance is the deviation of the group means from the grand mean.

Systematic

If exposure to an earlier assessment affects behavior when a participant is assessed a second time, which of the following types of effects might the researcher suspect is the cause? A. History B. Instrument decay C. Testing D. Maturation

Testing

A researcher wants to test the effect of alcohol on driving performance. Participants first drive through an obstacle course before drinking any alcohol. The participants then drink 8 ounces of alcohol and drive the course again. After each trial, the number of traffic cones hit is recorded. The researcher finds that the number of traffic cones hit is greater before rather than after the participants drank the alcohol. What may best account for the change in performance? A. Maturation B. History C. Testing effect D. Instrument decay

Testing effect

Which of the following is true of a narrative literature review when evaluating generalizations?

The conclusions in a narrative literature review are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer.

What is most likely to be true of a study conducted on a group of males to analyze the effects of room temperature on task performance?

The findings of the study cannot be generalized to females.

What does a Solomon four-group design assess?

The impact of taking the pretest

How does sample size affect determinations of statistical significance?

The larger the sample size, the more accurate the estimation of the true population value.

Which of the following is the least accurate statement about the use of statistical tests?

The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size.

Which of the following statements is true of a null hypothesis?

The mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

The results of the study cannot be generalized to males.

Neil conducted a study on a group of women that involved them viewing cartoons for an hour under one of two environmental conditions—either alone or with other participants. After the study, the participants rated how much they enjoyed the time spent watching the cartoons. What can be concluded based on the results of this study? A. Men enjoy viewing cartoons more in the presence of others. B. Women enjoy watching cartoons more than men. C. The study has high external validity. D. The results of the study cannot be generalized to males.

The results of the study cannot be generalized to males.

Which of the following best describes a longitudinal study on children's development? A. The same children are tested at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years of age. B. Children belonging to the age groups 1, 3, 5, and 10 are tested simultaneously. C. Some children are tested at 1, 3, and 5 years of age while other children are tested at 3, 5, and 10 years of age. D. The children tested at 3 years of age are compared with those tested at age 5.

The same children are tested at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years of age

12. A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by consumers. After surveying a sample of housewives, they find that the most preferred brand is White Suds. Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study? A. Consumers' lack of interest in laundry products B. The absence of difference in laundry soaps between manufacturers C. The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry D. Including both males and females in research investigations

The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry

A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by consumers. After surveying a sample of housewives, they find that the most preferred brand is White Suds. Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study?

The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry

According to a survey, 57 percent of the citizens of the United States prefer a Democratic candidate, while 43 percent of the citizens prefer a Republican candidate in an election. The survey reports a confidence interval (CFI) of 95 percent + or -3. What can be concluded from these results?

There is a 95 percent chance of making a correct prediction about the election.

A researcher asked participants to rate the quality of two well-known brands of paper bags—Prime and Zenith. Prime was rated higher than Zenith with mean ratings of 5.50 and 3.25 respectively. This difference was statistically significant at the .05 probability level. The research hypothesis for this study suggests that:

There is a difference between Prime and Zenith in terms of quality.

A researcher was interested in the differences in the opinions about marriage between men and women. She predicted that women would have different opinions about marriage from men. What would the null hypothesis suggest in this situation?

There is no difference between men and women in their opinions about marriage.

A researcher asked participants to rate the softness of two well-known brands of tissue paper—Daisy and Flora. Daisy was rated softer than Flora with mean ratings of 5.50 and 3.25 respectively. This difference was statistically significant at the .05 probability level. The null hypothesis for the population suggests that:

There is no difference between the softness of Daisy and Flora tissues.

Which of the following is true of conceptual replications?

They are more important than exact replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

Which of the following is true of conceptual replications? A. They are an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. B. They occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study. C. They are not important in the social sciences because the variables used cannot be operationalized in different way s. D. They are more important than exact replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

They are more important than exact replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

What is the difference between true experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs? A. True experimental designs use random assignment, whereas quasi-experimental designs do not. B. True experimental designs use control groups, whereas quasi-experimental designs do not. C. Quasi-experimental designs use random assignment, whereas true experimental designs do not. D. Quasi-experimental designs use control groups, whereas true experimental designs do not.

True experimental designs use random assignment, whereas quasi-experimental designs do not.

Tevy reports that individuals who follow her diet plan lose more weight than individuals who follow Jake's diet plan. In actuality, there is no difference in weight loss between those following Tevy's diet plan and those following Jake's diet plan. In this case, Tevy's claim illustrates a _____ error.

Type I

evy reports that individuals who follow her diet plan lose more weight than individuals who follow Jake's diet plan. In actuality, there is no difference in weight loss between those following Tevy's diet plan and those following Jake's diet plan. In this case, Tevy's claim illustrates a _____ error. A. Type IV B. Type III C. Type II D. Type I

Type I

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a _____ error, whereas not rejecting a false null hypothesis when it is false is called a(n) _____ error.

Type I; Type II

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a _____ error, whereas not rejecting a false null hypothesis when it is false is called a(n) _____ error. A. beta; alpha B. Type I; Type II C. minor; major D. significant; insignificant

Type I; Type II

Ethan concludes that there is no difference in the driving ability of drivers who have consumed one can of beer and those who have consumed three cans of beer. However, there actually is a difference in the driving ability of the drivers. In this case, Ethan has made a(n) _____ error. A. null B. alpha C. Type I D. Type II

Type II

Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity?

Using a random sample

Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity? A. Using a random sample B. Employing nonequivalent groups C. Including only male subjects D. Having a single experimenter

Using a random sample

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors, Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift. In this case, what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity? A. Using a larger sample of officers working in the day shift B. Randomly assigning officers to work under specific supervisors C. Surveying officers from all shifts in the department D. Using confounding variables

Using confounding variables

What is the advantage of the pretest in the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design? A. The pretest accustoms the participants to the procedures of the study. B. Participants who experience a pretest generally score higher on a posttest. C. When groups are not equivalent, researchers can look at changes from pretest to posttest scores. D. If the pretest scores are different, the study can be discontinued immediately.

When groups are not equivalent, researchers can look at changes from pretest to posttest scores.

Which of the following is true of interactions? A. The concept of interaction is a relatively complex one that people seldom use. B. Interactions are a new source of information that can be obtained through a simple experimental design. C. When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred. D. An interaction shows that the effect of one independent variable does not depend on the particular level of the other.

When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 2 factorial design? A. There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A. B. There are two independent variables, each with two levels in a 2 2 factorial design. C. There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B. D. There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.

. In developmental research, a cohort is: A. someone who shares an individual's living quarters. B. someone who has many similar characteristics as the individual under study. C. a group of people born at about the same time, exposed to the same events in a society. D. a group of people who lived apart, influenced by different demographic trends.

a group of people born at about the same time, exposed to the same events in a society.

An IV PV design allows: A. the manipulation of a participant variable. B. a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable. C. the measurement of the participant variable. D. a researcher to exclude subject variables or attribute variables from the study.

a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.

Adrian found no significant difference in the amount of money spent on entertainment on those students who live on campus versus those who live off campus. Based on this finding, Adrian would:

accept the null hypotheses

Adrian found no significant difference in the amount of money spent on entertainment on those students who live on campus versus those who live off campus. Based on this finding, Adrian would: A. accept the null hypotheses. B. reject the null hypotheses. C. accept a Type I error. D. reject a Type I error.

accept the null hypotheses.

A Type II error occurs when one:

accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

A Type II error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

. Before employing inferential statistics, Alberto selects the probability level required for statistical significance. This level is referred to as the _____ of the test. A. null hypothesis B. research hypothesis C. intuitive level D. alpha level

alpha level

Before employing inferential statistics, Alberto selects the probability level required for statistical significance. This level is referred to as the _____ of the test.

alpha level

According to the American Psychological Association, a literature review does all of the following EXCEPT:

analyzing data from several reported studies.

. Inferential statistics _____. A. are used to generally describe the data B. are used to make conclusions about the data C. focus mainly on scales of measurement D. focus mainly on standard deviations

are used to make conclusions about the data

Inferential statistics _____.

are used to make conclusions about the data

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics. In this case, volunteers of online surveys are likely to: A. be college educated. B. have a lower income. C. live in rural areas. D. be older adults.

be college educated.

If both the independent and dependent variables use nominal scale properties, the most appropriate statistical test would be the _____.

chi-square test

In studies that require human participants, the most common population studied consists of _____.

college students

In studies that require human participants, the most common population studied consists of _____. A. older people B. children C. college students D. psychiatric patients

college students

. In the original Mozart effect study, researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning. In this case, exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables. A. concrete B. conceptual C. confounded D. concurrent

conceptual

A researcher replicates a past study that manipulates the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions. This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

conceptual

In _____ replications, researchers attempt to understand the relationships among abstract variables by using new, or different, operational definitions of those variables.

conceptual

In the original Mozart effect study, researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning. In this case, exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables.

conceptual

The use of different procedures to replicate a research finding is called a(n) _____ replication.

conceptual

The use of different procedures to replicate a research finding is called a(n) _____ replication. A. exact B. procedural C. conceptual D. abstract

conceptual

The significance level chosen by a researcher is dependent on the _____.

consequences of making a Type I versus a Type II error

. A researcher records the number of motorcycle fatalities before and after the implementation of a mandatory helmet law. During the same period, she compares this number to the number of motorcycle fatalities of three states that do not have mandatory helmet laws. This research design would be an example of a(n) _____ design. A. true experiment B. single case C. interrupted time series D. control series

control series

. A way to improve the interrupted time series design is to use a _____ design. A. control series B. reversal series C. multiple baseline D. single-case

control series

Ronan goes to several elementary schools where he tests students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. In his research, Ronan has used a _____ method. A. longitudinal B. sequential C. cross-sectional D. time analysis

cross-sectional

A problem with designing an experiment with only two levels of the independent variable is that: A. only one dependent variable can be used with this design. B. curvilinear relationships between variables cannot be detected. C. this design is more susceptible to confounds than other designs. D. the results cannot be generalized

curvilinear relationships between variables cannot be detected.

When a researcher _____ the probability of making a Type I error, he or she _____ the probability of making a Type II error.

decreases; increases

When a researcher _____ the probability of making a Type I error, he or she _____ the probability of making a Type II error. A. increases; increases B. decreases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. decreases; does not affect

decreases; increases

When comparing two group means, the _____ refers to the number of scores free to vary once the means are known.

degree of freedom

When comparing two group means, the _____ refers to the number of scores free to vary once the means are known. A. null hypothesis B. research hypothesis C. statistical significance D. degree of freedom

degree of freedom

Single-case experiments were developed from a need to: A. have a design that examines a measurement at only one point in time. B. measure only a single dependent variable. C. determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant. D. overcome selection differences that occur in nonequivalent control group design.

determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant.

n a factorial design, a main effect is the _____. A. effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable B. effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables C. only effect of interest D. effect of dependent variable on the independent variable

effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables

Dr. Afzal finds that students who work less than 10 hours a week have significantly higher test scores than students who work more than 10 hours a week. In order to determine the magnitude of the effect of work hours on test scores, he should calculate an estimate of the _____.

effect size

The probability of making a Type II error increases when the:

effect size is small.

The probability of making a Type II error increases when the: A. significance level is set very high. B. effect size is small. C. sample size is large. D. probability of a Type I error is high.

effect size is small.

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

effect sizes

When examining the strength of the relationship between study time and test score, the null hypothesis would suggest that the true population correlation is: A. greater than 0.00. B. less than 0.00. C. equal to 0.00. D. 1.00.

equal to 0.00

When examining the strength of the relationship between study time and test score, the null hypothesis would suggest that the true population correlation is:

equal to 0.00.

The expected value of t under the null hypothesis _____.

equals 0

The expected value of t under the null hypothesis _____. A. equals 1 B. equals 0 C. depends on the degrees of freedom D. varies depending on the alpha level

equals 0

. A(n) _____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. A. abstract B. conceptual C. exact D. procedural

exact

A(n) _____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.

exact

Dr. Paul found that college students between the ages of 18 and 23 performed better on a cognitive task in a low-noise condition than in a high-noise condition. Dr. Ben wants to repeat Dr. Paul's study by adding age as a variable—18-23 and 65-74. He predicts an interaction between the age and noise variables. In this case, Dr. Ben is questioning the _____ validity of the original study.

external

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations, the study is said to have _____ validity.

external

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations, the study is said to have _____ validity. A. statistical B. internal C. external D. construct

external

In order to ascertain the main effect of an independent variable, a researcher must use a(n) _____ design. A. interaction B. multiple correlation C. factorial D. independent groups

factorial

A factor that differentiates a meta-analysis from a narrative literature review is that a meta-analysis:

focuses on effect size.

The probability of making a Type II error is NOT influenced by the:

gamma level.

When the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable, the effect size statistic will:

have a value of 0.00.

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to:

have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results.

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to: A. replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. B. point out inconsistent findings and areas in which research is lacking. C. have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results. D. identify trends in the literature and provide directions for future study.

have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results.

Which of the following statements is true of a null hypothesis? A. The population means are not equal. B. The difference in means is not due to random error. C. The mean of the experimental group is not equal to the mean of the control group. D. The mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

he mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

According to Rosenthal and Rosnow, when compared to nonvolunteers, volunteers tend to be

highly educated.

A researcher assesses participants' attitude toward marijuana, presents them with a persuasive communication favoring liberalization of marijuana laws, and then reassesses their attitude toward the drug. However, between assessment 1 and assessment 2, the President also advocates liberalization of marijuana laws. If the researcher doesn't use a control group, any differences that he or she observes are likely to be caused by _____ effects. A. maturation B. history C. regression D. testing

history

Events that occur between the first and second measurement period but are not part of the manipulation are called _____ effects. A. history B. maturation C. testing D. cohort

history

If a researcher believes that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, he or she would need to: A. manipulate two or more independent variables. B. have a stronger manipulation of the dependent variable. C. include more than two levels of the independent variable. D. measure more than one dependent variable.

include more than two levels of the independent variable

Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n) _____. A. lack of effect of the control versus story variable B. main effect of the alone versus peer group variable C. absence of interaction between the two variables D. increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

The main reason for using a 2 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment) is to: A. find the main effects of each independent variable. B. find an interaction between the independent variables. C. save time. D. manipulate one independent variable at a time.

ind an interaction between the independent variables

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself. A. independent B. dependent C. correlated D. situational

independent

The research hypothesis states that the: A. independent variable has no effect. B. independent variable has an effect. C. dependent variable has no effect . D. dependent variable has an effect.

independent variable has an effect.

A researcher employs inferential statistics to examine the difference in mean scores obtained by fourth grade boys and girls in a standardized math test. In this case, inferential statistics:

indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

A researcher employs inferential statistics to examine the difference in mean scores obtained by fourth grade boys and girls in a standardized math test. In this case, inferential statistics: A. summarize and describe the important characteristics of the data. B. test the research hypothesis. C. indicate the strength of the relationship between the math scores of boys and girls. D. indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual. The PV in this design is: A. the gender of the applicant. B. the gender of the participant. C. individuals with or without wok experience. D. the hiring likelihood.

individuals with or without wok experience

Aden finds that, on an average, men have higher starting salaries than women. In order to conclude that the differences in starting salaries are true differences and not a result of random error, Aden would employ the use of _____ statistics.

inferential

Arafa has collected data on the relationship between physical attractiveness and judgments of personality characteristics. In order to determine if the results obtained from the sample are representative of the population, Arafa will need to employ _____ statistics.

inferential

A restaurant is interested in examining the effect of increasing the price of hamburgers on its sales. During the first six months of the year, it measures the number of hamburgers sold each day. It then increases the price and records the number of hamburgers sold each day for the last six months of the year. This quasi-experimental design would be an example of a(n): A. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. B. interrupted time series design. C. control series design. D. nonequivalent control group design.

interrupted time series design

Clara examines the number of traumatic head injuries that occurred in California for five years before and after the passage of a law that made it mandatory for riders to wear a helmet. Clara's research design would be classified as a(n): A. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. B. nonequivalent control group design. C. control series design. D. interrupted time series design.

interrupted time series design.

The null hypothesis: A. is used because it is a very precise statement. B. is rejected when there is a high probability that the obtained results are due to random error. C. does not allow one to know the probability of the outcome of the study occurring. D. states that the independent variable did have an effect.

is used because it is a very precise statement.

A multiple baseline design is often used when: A. it is impossible or unethical to effect a reversal of treatment. B. random assigning of subjects to groups was done incorrectly. C. the researcher wants to correlate several behaviors with the one of interest. D. the chances are high there will be a high mortality rate among the participants

it is impossible or unethical to effect a reversal of treatment

Statistically, significant results mean that the results are:

likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

Elaine has read a number of studies on the effect of physical attractiveness on the judgment of an individual's personality characteristics. She then writes a paper in which she categorizes the findings and draws conclusions based on her summaries of the studies. Elaine has most likely conducted a _____.

literature review

In order to study personality development, a researcher studies the same individuals at 7, 14, 21, and 30 years of age. In this case, the researcher is using the _____ method. A. longitudinal B. sequential C. cross-sectional D. time analysis

longitudinal

The Terman Life Cycle Study began in 1921 and tracked California schoolchildren with particular intelligent scores. This study measured aspects of the individuals' cognitive and social development until their death. This is an example of a(n) _____. A. cross-sectional study B. interrupted time series design C. control series design D. longitudinal study

longitudinal study

A researcher states that "anxiety decreases performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This means that there is a(n)_____. A. main effect of anxiety B. interaction between anxiety and motivation C. main effect of motivation D. error in the study

main effect of anxiety

The interrupted time series design involves: A. making an observation immediately before and immediately after a treatment is instituted. B. using time as the independent variable. C. making observations over an extended period of time before and after a treatment is instituted. D. comparing treatment and control groups over an extended period of time.

making observations over an extended period of time before and after a treatment is instituted.

A factorial design involves: A. manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment. B. specifying the overall effect of a dependent variable. C. having multiple dependent measures. D. using one independent variable or factor.

manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experimen

A simple main effect analysis examines: A. the overall effect of one independent variable. B. mean differences at each level of the independent variable. C. the overall effect of the interaction. D. relationships between independent and dependent variables.

mean differences at each level of the independent variable

men use power-oriented practices more than women.

A researcher studying the gender-based differences in the use of disciplinary practices predicted that men use power-oriented practices more frequently than women. In this case, the research hypothesis would suggest that: A. women use power-oriented practices more than men. B. men use power-oriented practices more than women. C. there is no difference between men and women in the use of disciplinary techniques. D. gender does not influence the kind of disciplinary practice used.

men use power-oriented practices more than women.

An alternative to traditional literature reviews for drawing conclusions about a research area is _____.

meta-analysis

An alternative to traditional literature reviews for drawing conclusions about a research area is _____. A. science citation analysis B. critical theory C. meta-analysis D. conceptual replication

meta-analysis

In a _____, the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies in which the analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ effect sizes to compare a given finding across many different studies.

meta-analysis

To examine the effects of drug therapy on depression, Mark located 45 studies using drug therapy with adults diagnosed with depression. Studies that included other additional treatments were excluded. He performed a statistical analysis of the results of these studies and concluded that drug therapy was effective in treating depression. In this case, Mark has conducted a _____.

meta-analysis

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design. A. independent groups B. repeated measures C. mixed factorial D. within-subjects

mixed factorial

more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the comfort of the ride for two brands of all-terrain tires—Trail Cushion and Mud Handler. Trail Cushion is rated more comfortable with a mean of 5.5 than Mud Handler, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type I error would be to conclude that Trail Cushion is: A. more comfortable than Mud Handler when a true difference in comfort exists. B. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when Trail Cushion is actually more comfortable. C. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when no difference in comfort exists. D. more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

. According to Rosenthal and Rosnow, when compared to nonvolunteers, volunteers tend to be: A. highly educated. B. of a lower socioeconomic status. C. less in need of approval. D. more unsociable.

more unsociable.

When findings are replicated using _____, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings _____.

multiple methods; increases

When findings are replicated using _____, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings _____. A. college students; decreases B. statistical interactions; increases C. pretests; decreases D. multiple methods; increases

multiple methods; increases

. A _____ identifies trends in the literature, whereas a(n) _____ allows statistical, quantitative conclusions about the research. A. conceptual replication; narrative literature review B. narrative literature review; meta-analysis C. meta-analysis; exact replication D. meta-analysis; conceptual replication

narrative literature review; meta-analysis

A _____ identifies trends in the literature, whereas a(n) _____ allows statistical, quantitative conclusions about the research.

narrative literature review; meta-analysis

no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits

A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the health benefits of two health drinks—EnerG and Supreme. EnerG is rated more nutritive with a mean of 5.5 than Supreme, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type II error would be to conclude that EnerG is: A. more nutritious than Supreme when a true difference in health benefits exists. B. no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits. C. no more nutritious than Supreme when no difference in health benefits exists. D. more nutritious than Supreme when the two brands provide similar health benefits.

no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits.

The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in: A. nonequivalent groups. B. regression toward the mean. C. many independent variables. D. equal numbers of males and females.

nonequivalent groups.

A manipulation check is especially important when:

nonsignificant results are obtained.

According to the _____ hypothesis, the independent variable has no effect.

null

According to the _____ hypothesis, the independent variable has no effect. A. null B. research C. practical D. significant

null

The sampling distribution is based on the assumption that the _____ hypothesis is _____.

null; true

The sampling distribution is based on the assumption that the _____ hypothesis is _____. A. null; true B. null; false C. research; true D. research; confounded

null; true

At the beginning of the term, researchers measured the attitudes of students taking a class in cross-cultural communication. At the end of the term, the students' attitudes were measured again. This is an example of a(n) _____ design. A. nonequivalent control group B. independent groups C. one-shot case study D. one-group pretest-posttest

one-group pretest-posttest

. Ethan has developed a scale to measure a person's fear of earthquakes. After the occurrence of an earthquake, he surveys 1000 individuals and finds the mean score to be 7.8 out of a possible 10 (the higher the score, the greater the fear). Ethan concludes that fear increases after people experience an earthquake. This study is an example of a: A. true experiment. B. one group pretest-posttest design. C. control group design. D. one-shot case study

one-shot case study

A researcher wants to investigate the effect of weather on college students' study habits. On a sunny day, the researcher sits in the quad and records the number of minutes each student puts into studying. The researcher finds that the mean number of minutes of study is 39.8. This is an example of a: A. one-shot case study. B. one-group pretest-posttest design. C. sequential method. D. random group design.

one-shot case study

A researcher wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean rating of guilt will be higher for unattractive defendants than for attractive defendants. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____.

one-tailed t-test

With three independent variables and a single dependent variable, the most appropriate statistical test for analyzing the data would be the _____.

one-way analysis of variance

With three independent variables and a single dependent variable, the most appropriate statistical test for analyzing the data would be the _____. A. chi-square test B. one-way analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

one-way analysis of variance

A failure to replicate could mean that the:

original results are invalid.

A failure to replicate could mean that the: A. original results are invalid. B. replication attempt is flawless. C. research findings are generalizable. D. experimenter is unbiased.

original results are invalid.

A desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is the _____.

power of the test

A desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is the _____. A. Type I error B. Type II error C. effect size of the test D. power of the test

power of the test

The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to as:

probability

. The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to as: A. reactivity. B. reliability. C. variability. D. probability.

probability.

When testing the differences between means, the null hypothesis suggests that any observed difference is due to _____. A. manipulation B. systematic variance C. error variance D. random error

random error

Selection differences are less likely to occur when researchers: A. use pre-existing groups found in natural settings. B. randomly assign participants to groups. C. allow participants to assign themselves to groups. D. use nonequivalent control group design.

randomly assign participants to groups.

A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include:

reasons that the study's effects could not be found in other groups.

A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include: A. reasons that the study's effects could not be found in other groups. B. reasons for changing the procedure to accommodate other variables. C. references to the ways to eliminate demand characteristics found in the study . D. references to previous studies conducted using the same variables.

reasons that the study's effects could not be found in other groups.

According to her statistical analysis, an investigator found that significantly more men than women used punishment to discipline their children. Thus, the investigator would:

reject the null hypothesis.

According to her statistical analysis, an investigator found that significantly more men than women used punishment to discipline their children. Thus, the investigator would: A. accept the null hypothesis. B. reject the null hypothesis. C. make a Type II error. D. make a Type I error.

reject the null hypothesis.

A Type I error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.

. The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____. A. replications B. statistical interactions C. meta-analysis D. interactions

replications

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

replications

When testing the differences between means, the _____ hypothesis suggests that population means are not equal.

research

When testing the differences between means, the _____ hypothesis suggests that population means are not equal. A. null B. research C. practical D. significant

research

If a researcher proposes that there is a difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and nonveterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis. If the researcher proposes that there is no difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and non-veterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis.

research; null

Kazbour and Bailey (2010) conducted a study to evaluate an intervention to increase the use of designated drivers in a bar. First, the researchers tracked the number of patrons serving as or being with a designated driver. The researchers then implemented a treatment to increase the use of designated drivers, and finally measured how many bar patrons used a designated driver after the intervention was removed. This is an example of a _____. A. developmental research B. cross-sectional study C. reversal design D. one-shot case study

reversal design

ll statistical techniques rely on _____ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis. A. Type I errors B. Type II errors C. sampling distributions D. statistical significance

sampling distributions

A compromise between the longitudinal and cross-sectional methods is the _____ method. A. sequential B. multiple baseline C. single-case D. reversal

sequential

A _____ result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal.

significant

A _____ result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal. A. simplistic B. significant C. specifiable D. systematic

significant

The larger the F ratio, the more likely the results are _____.

significant

The larger the F ratio, the more likely the results are _____. A. significant B. invalid C. dissimilar D. manipulated

significant

With a(n) _____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable. A. main effect B. interaction C. analysis of variance D. simple main effect

simple main effect

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the: A. main effect of age. B. main effect of gender. C. simple main effect of age. D. simple main effect of gender.

simple main effect of gender.

. In a _____ design, a subject's behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period. A. single-case B. control series C. propensity score D. nonequivalent control group

single-case

A study conducted by Ryan and Hemmes (2005) investigated the impact of rewarding college students with points for submitting homework. Their results suggested that overall, course points served as an incentive for submitting homework. However, some individual participants submitted homework even when no points were assigned. Because the researchers used a _____ design, they were able to quickly identify individual differences. A. developmental B. control series C. single-case D. cross-sectional

single-case

All statistical techniques rely on _____ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis. A. Type I errors B. Type II errors C. sampling distributions D. statistical significance

statistical significance

A researcher wants to know if cholesterol levels are lower in vegetarians or nonvegetarians. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this data?

t test

A researcher wants to know if cholesterol levels are lower in vegetarians or nonvegetarians. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this data? A. Chi-square test B. Analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

t test

The _____ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other.

t test

The _____ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other. A. t test B. Mann-Whitney U test C. Chi-square test D. r test

t test

The appropriate statistical test for nominal level data of two groups is the:

t test.

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggests that

the effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar.

The presence of an interaction between the gender and age of participants in a study indicates that:

the results for males cannot be generalized to females

The presence of an interaction between the gender and age of participants in a study indicates that: A. the results of the study are accurately interpreted. B. age is a more important variable than gender. C. the results for males cannot be generalized to females. D. there is no relationship between age and gender.

the results for males cannot be generalized to females.

In a multiple baseline across situations design, _____. A. several different behaviors of a single subject are measured over time B. the same behavior is measured in different settings C. the behavior of several subjects is measured over time D. all subjects are exposed to a particular situational variable

the same behavior is measured in different settings

The null hypothesis is rejected whenever:

there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error.

The null hypothesis is rejected whenever: A. past studies prove it wrong. B. there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error. C. the independent variable fails to have an effect on the dependent variable. D. the researcher is convinced that the variable is ineffective in causing changes in behavior.

there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error.

A one-tailed statistical test is used when:

there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.

A one-tailed statistical test is used when: A. the data are from a ratio scale. B. the data are from an ordinal scale. C. there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups. D. there is no prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups

there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.

there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants.

A researcher assesses the length of the prison sentence for physically attractive and physically unattractive defendants. He believes that attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than unattractive defendants. The null hypothesis would suggest that: A. there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants. B. physically attractive defendants will receive longer prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. C. physically attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. D. some other variable such as gender is responsible for the difference in the length of prison sentence.

there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants.

When comparing the differences in the ratings of responsibility for an automobile accident between male and female drivers, the null hypothesis would suggest that: A. women are more responsible drivers than men. B. there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers. C. men are more responsible drivers than women. D. there is a difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers.

there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers

When comparing the differences in the ratings of responsibility for an automobile accident between male and female drivers, the null hypothesis would suggest that:

there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers.

Factorial designs are often employed because: A. very few variables tend to affect behavior. B. they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions. C. two or three independent variables cannot operate simultaneously. D. combining all levels of each independent variable with all levels of the other independent variables is not possible.

they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions

In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use: A. factorial designs. B. three or more levels of the independent variable. C. more than one dependent variable. D. a mixed factorial design.

three or more levels of the independent variable

The simplest factorial design is that which has: A. two independent variables with two levels each. B. 6 conditions and 3 possible main effects. C. one independent variable with three levels. D. 4 possible interactions and 8 conditions.

two independent variables with two levels each.

One solution to the problem of generalizing to other experimenters is to use _____.

two or more experimenters

One solution to the problem of generalizing to other experimenters is to use _____. A. two or more experimenters B. a field experimental technique C. computers to test participants D. quasi-experiments

two or more experimenters

An educational researcher examines the effect of speaker credibility on attitude change in university and community college students. The PV in this design is the: A. credibility of the speaker. B. type of student. C. educational researcher. D. attitude change.

type of student.

Compared to the general population, college students tend to have _____. A. a well-developed sense of self-identity B. a low need for peer approval C. low cognitive skills D. unstable peer relationships

unstable peer relationships

One way to increase one's knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to:

use relevant and appropriate subject type variables in the experimental design.

The use of only college students, volunteers, or participants from one locale _____ the _____ validity of a study.

weakens; external

The use of only college students, volunteers, or participants from one locale _____ the _____ validity of a study. A. enhances; internal B. weakens; external C. enhances; external D. weakens; internal

weakens; external

Regression toward the mean refers to the fact that: A. extreme scores tend to change toward the less extreme mean. B. statistical regression results from changes that occur systematically over time. C. participants should be selected based on extreme scores taken at one time. D. mean scores of pretest and posttest measures will be the same after manipulation.

xtreme scores tend to change toward the less extreme mean

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