Exam 3 study guide

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A Mugwump is ________. A. a supporter of the spoils system B. a liberal Democrat C. a former member of the Republican Party D. a moderate Stalwart

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington's speech, given at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895, where he urged African Americans to work hard and get along with others in their white communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country

Marchand argues that in the new era of consumerism, workers' desire for access to consumer goods replaces their desire for access to the means of production of those goods. So long as Americans could buy products that advertisers convinced them would make them look and feel wealthy, they did not need to fight for access to the means of wealth.

Briefly explain Roland Marchand's argument in the Parable of the Democracy of Goods.

Roosevelt's strategy of "speaking softly and carrying a big stick" worked well in Latin America, where the United States had a strong military presence and could quickly and easily act on any threat of military action. Roosevelt's threat of force was therefore credible in that region, and he was able to wield it effectively. In Asia, however, the United States had less of a military presence. Instead, Roosevelt sought to maintain a balance of power, wherein the various Asian countries kept each other in check and no single player grew too powerful. When the power balance tipped, Roosevelt acted to broker a peace deal between Russia and Japan as a means of restoring balance.

Compare Roosevelt's foreign policy in Latin America and Asia. Why did he employ these different methods?

In all three cases, white settlers felt that they were superior to these ethnic groups and morally correct in their exploitation of the groups' land and labor. Whether mining sacred Sioux reservation lands for gold or forcing Chinese immigrants to pay a special fine to mine for gold, white settlers were confident that their goal of Manifest Destiny gave them the right to do as they wished. Hispanic Americans, unlike Chinese immigrants and Indians, were allowed citizenship rights, although racist laws and corrupt judges severely curtailed these rights. Chinese immigrants were ultimately denied entry to the United States through the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Compare and contrast the treatment of Chinese immigrants and Hispanic citizens to that of Indians during the period of western settlement.

Coolidge's presidency was characterized by ________. A. scandal and dishonesty B. silence and inactivity C. flamboyancy and extravagance D. ambition and greed

Roosevelt recalled the American ambassador from Germany. However, he made no move to relax national immigration quotas, which would have allowed persecuted German Jews to take refuge in the United States. He failed to support legislation that would have enabled Jewish children to enter the country. He also refused to intervene when a ship carrying German refugees, most of whom were Jewish, was turned away from Cuba and looked to the United States for help.

Describe Franklin Roosevelt's efforts on behalf of German Jews in the 1930s. How was he able to help, and in what ways did his actions come up short?

W. E. B. Du Bois sought to push for civil rights directly, through legal and political channels, drawing on the education and skills of the "talented tenth" to advance the Niagara Movement's agenda. The movement's Declaration of Principles called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans, including universal suffrage, education, and an end to the convict-lease system. This represented, in many ways, a rejection of Booker T. Washington's advocacy of accommodation and self-improvement.

Describe the philosophy and strategies of the Niagara Movement. How did it differ from Washington's way of thinking?

During World War II, unionized workers agreed ________. A. to work without pay to go without vacations or days off B. to live near the factories C. to save time commuting D. to keep production going by not striking

The major difference between Roosevelt's New Nationalism and Wilson's New Freedom concerned the candidates' beliefs about the necessary size of the federal government. Wilson believed that a small federal government could keep bad businesses in check while allowing the country to grow. Roosevelt, in contrast, believed that the country required a large and involved federal government to safeguard the interests of the American people.

Explain the fundamental differences between Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Wilson's "New Freedom."

social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer's theory, based upon Charles Darwin's scientific theory, which held that society developed much like plant or animal life through a process of evolution in which the most fit and capable enjoyed the greatest material and social success

Clark Memorandum

Hoover's repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary that justified American military intervention in Latin American affairs; this memorandum improved relations with America's neighbors by reasserting that intervention would occur only in the event of European interference in the Western Hemisphere

How did Colombia react to the United States' proposal to construct a canal through Central America? A. They preferred to build such a canal themselves. B. They preferred that no canal be built at all. C. They agreed to sell land to the United States to build the canal, but in a less advantageous location than the Panamanians. D. They felt that Roosevelt's deal offered too little money.

How did Hay's suggestion of an open door policy in China benefit the United States over other nations? A. The United States produced goods of better quality and lower cost than other countries. B. The United States enjoyed a historically stronger relationship with the Chinese government. C. The United States was the only nation granted permission to collect taxes on the goods it traded within China's borders. D. The United States controlled more foreign ports than other countries.

Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile industry by making the car affordable to the average person. In order to accomplish this, he refused to allow workers to unionize, instituted an eight-hour workday, raised workers' wages, promoted equal pay for black and white workers and for women; and used assembly lines to facilitate production. The automobile thus became a symbol of middle-class life, rather than a luxury good available only to the wealthy.

How did Henry Ford transform the automobile industry?

How did Roosevelt intercede in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902? He invited strikers and workers to the White House. He urged the owners to negotiate a deal. He threatened to send in the army to work the mines. He ordered the National Guard to protect the strikers.

Women who settled the West were considered by their husbands to be more equitable partners in the success or failure of the homestead. Because resources were so limited and the area so sparsely settled, women participated in work that was typically done only by men. Due in part to these efforts, women were able to inherit and run farms if they became widowed, rather than passing the farms along to male relations as they would in the East. The first states to begin granting rights to women, including the right to vote, were in the Pacific Northwest and Upper Midwest, where women homesteaders worked side by side with men to tame the land.

How did everyday life in the American West hasten equality for women who settled the land?

In the cases of both mining and cattle ranching, diminishing resources played a key role. In mining, the first prospectors were able to pan for gold with crude and inexpensive materials, and therefore, almost anyone could head west and try his luck. Similarly, the quantity of cattle and the amount of grazing land meant that cowboys and would-be cattle barons had ample room to spread out. But as the easiest minerals were stripped away and large-scale ranchers purchased, developed, and fenced off grazing land, opportunities diminished. It took significantly more resources to tunnel down into a mine than it did to pan for gold; instead of individual prospectors, companies would assess a site's potential and then seek investment to hire workers and drill deep into the earth. Likewise, as the cattle trails were over-grazed, ranchers needed to purchase and privatize large swaths of land to prepare their cattle for market.

How did mining and cattle ranching transform individual "get rich quick" efforts into "big business" efforts when the nineteenth century came to a close?

The muckrakers played a pivotal role in initiating the Progressive Era, because they spurred everyday Americans to action. Unlike earlier sensationalist journalists, the muckrakers told their stories with the explicit goal of galvanizing their readers and encouraging them to take steps to address the issues. With photographs and descriptions of real-life scenarios of which many Americans were unaware, the muckrakers brought the tribulations of child factory workers, the urban poor, and others into the living rooms of the middle class.

How did muckrakers help initiate the Progressive Era?

By the time of the 1920 election, the United States was tired and traumatized by the events of the past year. The nation had fought a brutal war, with veterans bringing home their own scars and troubles, and it had suffered domestically as well. Economic uncertainty and shortages, violent racial conflicts, fear of a Communist takeover, and a deadly flu pandemic had left Americans overwhelmed and unhappy. They did not seek new Progressive ideals, they did not want to be the world's policeman, and they did not want to destabilize what already felt unsteady. By choosing a reassuring-looking candidate who promised to bring things "back to normal," Americans squarely voted to hunker down, nurse their wounds, and try to enjoy themselves.

How did postwar conditions explain Warren Harding's landslide victory in the 1920 presidential election?

How did the Boxer Rebellion strengthen American ties with China? A. The United States supported the rebels and gained their support. B. The United States provided troops to fight the rebels. C. The United States sent arms and financial support to the Chinese government. D. The United States thwarted attempts by Great Britain and Germany to fortify the rebels.

How did the Great Compromise of 1877 influence the election? A. It allowed a bilateral government agreement. B. It gave new power to northern Republicans. C. It encouraged southern states to support Hayes. D. It gave the federal government new powers.

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) established a "code of fair practice" for every industry. Business owners were made to accept a set minimum wage and maximum number of work hours, as well as to recognize workers' rights to organize and use collective bargaining. While the NRA established over five hundred different codes, it proved difficult to adapt this plan successfully for diverse industries with very different characteristics and practices.

How did the NRA seek to protect workers? What difficulties did this agency face?

New inventions fueled industrial growth, and the development of commercial electricity—along with the use of steam engines—allowed industries that had previously situated themselves close to sources of water power to shift away from those areas and move their production into cities. Immigrants sought employment in these urban factories and settled nearby, transforming the country's population from mostly rural to largely urban.

How did the burst of new inventions during this era fuel the process of urbanization?

The government took a number of steps to ensure that Americans supported the war effort. Congress passed several laws, including the Trading with the Enemy Act, the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act, and the Alien Act, all intended to criminalize dissent against the war. The government also encouraged private citizens to identify and report potential disloyalty among their neighbors, teachers, and others, including those who spoke out against the war and the draft for religious reasons. Wilson believed these steps were necessary to prevent divided loyalties, given the many recent immigrants living in the United States who maintained ties to European nations on both sides of the conflict.

How did the government work to ensure unity on the home front, and why did Wilson feel that this was so important?

The Open Door notes and the American foray into China revealed the power of economic clout. Given the unprecedented technological advances of the industrial revolution, American goods were often less expensive and of better quality than those produced in other countries, and they were highly sought after in Asia. Therefore, when Hay derided the spheres of influence model, wherein each country had its own room to maneuver in China, he was able to flood Chinese markets with American trade. Through these maneuvers, the United States was able to augment its global standing considerably without the use of its military forces.

How does the "Open Door notes" episode represent a new, nonmilitary tactic in the expansion of the American empire?

How were Hispanic citizens deprived of their wealth and land in the course of western settlement? A. Indian raids B. land seizures C. prisoner of war status D. infighting

How were members of Coxey's Army received when they arrived in Washington? They were given an audience with the president. They were given an audience with members of Congress. They were ignored. They were arrested.

Ida Tarbell wrote publicly about the need for better housing in rural America the sinister business practices of Standard Oil the need for a national temperance movement the women's suffrage cause in the American West

In 1864 and 1865, Radical Republicans were most concerned with ________. A. securing civil rights for freed slaves B. barring ex-Confederates from political office C. seeking restitution from Confederate states D. preventing Andrew Johnson's ascent to the presidency

In 1929, Albert Fall was convicted of bribery while holding the position of ________. A. Secretary of the Interior B. head of the Veterans' Bureau C. Secretary of the Treasury D. Secretary of Commerce

In order to pursue his goal of using American influence overseas only when it was a moral imperative, Wilson put which man in the position of Secretary of State? A. Charles Hughes B. Theodore Roosevelt C. William Jennings Bryan D. John Pershing

Better public education and the explosion of high schools meant that the children of the middle class were better educated than any previous generation. While college had previously been mostly restricted to children of the upper class, the creation of land-grant colleges made college available on a wide scale. The curricula at these new colleges matched the needs of the middle class, offering practical professional training rather than the liberal arts focus that the Ivy League schools embraced. Thus, children of the emerging middle class were able to access the education and training needed to secure their place in the professional class for generations to come.

In what way did education play a crucial role in the emergence of the middle class?

The most prominent of Roosevelt's job-creation programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Public Works Administration (the latter under the auspices of the National Industrial Recovery Act). Both employed millions of Americans to work on thousands of projects. While programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority were not incepted solely for the purpose of generating jobs, they nevertheless created thousands of employment opportunities in service of their greater goals. Direct relief came primarily in the form of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which lent over $3 billion to states to operate direct relief programs from 1933 to 1935, as well as undertook several employment projects.

In what ways did the New Deal both provide direct relief and create new jobs? Which programs served each of these goals?

The growth of the industrial economy and the dramatic growth of cities created new, harsh realities that were often hidden from the public eye. Writers and artists, responding both to this fact and to the sentimentalism that characterized the writing and art of their predecessors, began to depict subjects that reflected the new truth. Photographers like Jacob Riis sought to present to the public the realities of working-class life and labor. Novelists began to portray true-to-life vignettes in their stories. Visual artists such as George Bellows, Edward Hopper, and Robert Henri formed the Ashcan School of Art, which depicted the often gritty realities of working-class city life, leisure, and entertainment.

In what ways did writers, photographers, and visual artists begin to embrace more realistic subjects in their work? How were these responses to the advent of the industrial age and the rise of cities?

D-day

June 6, 1944, the date of the invasion of Normandy, France, by British, Canadian, and American forces, which opened a second front in Europe

ten percent plan

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan, which required only 10 percent of the 1860 voters in Confederate states to take an oath of allegiance to the Union

Mark Twain's Gilded Age is a reference to ________. A. conditions in the South in the pre-Civil War era B. the corrupt politics of the post-Civil War era C. the populist movement D. The Republican Party

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, when a mass panic caused a crash in the stock market and stockholders divested over sixteen million shares, causing the overall value of the stock market to drop precipitously

Irreconcilables

Republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds

Reservationists

Republicans who would support the Treaty of Versailles if sufficient amendments were introduced that could eliminate Article X

Supreme Court Packing Plan

Roosevelt's plan, after being reelected, to pack the Supreme Court with an additional six justices, one for every justice over seventy who refused to step down

dollar diplomacy

Taft's foreign policy, which involved using American economic power to push for favorable foreign policies

The American cowboy owes much of its model to what other culture? A. Mexicans B. Indians C. Northern European immigrants D. Chinese immigrants

The House of Representatives impeached Andrew Johnson over ________. A. the Civil Rights Act B. the Fourteenth Amendment C. the Military Reconstruction Act D. the Tenure of Office Act

The Scopes Monkey Trial revolved around a law that banned teaching about ________ in public schools. A. the Bible B. Darwinism C. primates D. Protestantism

The United States Senator who led the noninterventionists in Congress and called for neutrality legislation in the 1930s was ________. A. Gerald P. Nye B. Robert Wagner C. George C. Marshall D. Neville Chamberlain

The popularization of ________ expanded the communications and sports industries. A. radios B. talkies C. the Model T D. airplane

The popularization of which psychologist's ideas encouraged the new morality of the 1920s? A. Sigmund Freud B. Alice Paul C. W. E. B. Du Bois D. Margaret Sanger

The program to recruit Mexican agricultural workers during World War II was the ________. A. bracero program B. maquiladora program C. brazzos program D. campesino program

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 campaign platform, which called for a powerful federal government to protect the American public

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt's cavalry unit, which fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's name for the kind of involved, hands-on government he felt the country needed

Wilson's foreign policy goal was to minimize American involvement abroad and use a less imperialistic approach than the presidents before him. Rather than being guided by America's self-interest, he hoped to enact a policy based on moral decisions, acting only when it was morally imperative. In practice, however, Wilson found himself, especially in South and Central America, following the steps of other, more interventionist presidents. He sent troops into Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba, often to ensure that America's interests were met. In Asia and Mexico, Wilson also found it difficult to remain outside of world affairs without jeopardizing America's interests.

To what extent were Woodrow Wilson's actual foreign policy decisions consistent with his foreign policy philosophy or vision?

Under Radical Reconstruction, which of the following did former Confederate states not need to do in order to rejoin the Union? A. pass the Fourteenth Amendment B. pass the Fifteenth Amendment C. revise their state constitution D. allow all freed men over the age of 21 to vote

The contested elections of the Gilded Age, in which margins were slim and two presidents were elected without winning the popular vote, meant that incumbent presidents often had only a weak hold on their power and were able to achieve little on the federal level. Some Americans began to establish new political parties and organizations to address their concerns, undermining the federal government further. Meanwhile, despite the widespread corruption that kept them running, urban political machines continued to achieve results for their constituents and maintain political strongholds on many cities.

What accounted for the relative weakness of the federal government during this era?

Farmers who were able to invest a significant amount of capital in starting up large farms could acquire necessary supplies with ease. They also had access to new, technologically advanced farm machinery, which greatly improved efficiency and output. Such farmers hired migrant farmers to work their huge amounts of land. These "bonanza farms" were often quite successful, whereas family farms—unable to afford the supplies they needed for success, let alone take advantage of the technological innovations that would make their farms competitive—often failed.

What accounts for the success of large, commercial "bonanza farms?" What benefits did they enjoy over their smaller family-run counterparts?

Hoover formed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932. This represented a significant effort, although it did not provide any direct aid to needy Americans. The RFC set aside $2 billion in taxpayer money to rescue banks, credit unions, and insurance companies, hoping to promote Americans' confidence in financial institutions. However, by lending money only to banks with sufficient collateral, he ensured that most of the recipients of the aid were large banks. Additionally, most Americans at this time did not have assets to place into banks, however confident they may have felt. In 1932, Hoover also endorsed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, which allotted $1.5 billion to states to fund local public works projects. Hoover's limitations upon the types of projects that could receive funding and the types of workers who could participate, however, limited the program's utility.

What attempts did Hoover make to offer federal relief? How would you evaluate the success or failure of these programs?

In order to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson needed to ensure a two-thirds approval by the U.S. Senate, which meant overcoming the objections of a majority of Senate Republicans. Isolationists, most notably Henry Cabot Lodge, worried that the treaty's Article X would oblige the United States to intervene extensively in international affairs. Interventionists, alternatively, argued that Article X would prevent the United States from using its military might to protect its interests abroad. Ultimately, Congress defeated both the originally worded treaty and a later version that included amendments. As a result, the United States never officially signed the treaty nor joined the League of Nations.

What barriers did Wilson face in his efforts to ratify the Treaty of Versailles? What objections did those opposed to the treaty voice?

What brought the majority of Chinese immigrants to the U.S.? A. gold B. work opportunities on the railroads C. the Homestead Act D. Chinese benevolent associations

The Spanish-American War posed a series of challenges to the United States' military capacities. The new U.S. Navy, while impressive, was still untested, and no one was certain how the new ships would perform. Further, the country had a limited army, with fewer than thirty thousand soldier and sailors. While over one million men ultimately volunteered for service, they were untrained, and the army was ill-prepared to house, arm, and feed them all. Eventually, American naval strength, combined with the proximity of American supplies relative to the distance Spanish forces traveled, made the decisive difference. In a war upon the sea, the U.S. Navy proved superior in both the Philippines and the blockade of Cuba.

What challenges did the U.S. military have to overcome in the Spanish-American War? What accounted for the nation's eventual victory?

Roosevelt believed that his demand for an unconditional surrender from Germany and Japan would serve several purposes: It would provide reassurance to the Soviet Union of the nation's loyalty, prepare the Axis nations for a complete postwar transformation, and prevent any other nations from engaging in negotiations that would undermine the Big Three's plans for the defeated belligerents.

What did Roosevelt mean to achieve with his demand for Germany and Japan's unconditional surrender?

What did the Last Arrow pageant symbolize? A. the continuing fight of the Indians B. the total extermination of the Indians from the West C. the final step in the Americanization process D. the rebellion at Little Bighorn

American films in the 1930s served to both assuage the fears and frustrations of many Americans suffering through the Depression and reinforce the idea that communal efforts—town and friends working together—would help to address the hardships. Previous emphasis upon competition and individualism slowly gave way to notions of "neighbor helping neighbor" and seeking group solutions to common problems. The Andy Hardy series, in particular, combined entertainment with the concept of family coming together to solve shared problems. The themes of greed, competition, and capitalist-driven market decisions no longer commanded a large audience among American moviegoers.

What did the popular movies of the Depression reveal about American values at that time? How did these values contrast with the values Americans held before the Depression?

"Captains of industry" (such as Carnegie or Rockefeller) are noted for their new business models, entrepreneurial approaches, and, to varying degrees, philanthropic efforts, all of which transformed late nineteenth-century America. "Robber barons" (such as Gould) are noted for their self-centered drive for profit at the expense of workers and the general public, who seldom benefitted to any great degree. The terms, however, remain a gray area, as one could characterize the ruthless business practices of Rockefeller, or some of Carnegie's tactics with regard to workers' efforts to organize, as similar to the methods of robber barons. Nevertheless, "captains of industry" are noted for contributions that fundamentally changed and typically improved the nation, whereas "robber barons" can seldom point to such concrete contributions.

What differentiated a "robber baron" from other "captains of industry" in late nineteenth-century America?

Newer immigrants often had different appearances, spoke unfamiliar languages, and lived their lives—from the religions they practiced to the food they ate—in ways that were alien to many Americans. In all of city life's more challenging aspects, from competition for jobs to overcrowding in scarce housing, immigrants became easy scapegoats. The Reverend Josiah Strong's bestselling book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, fueled this discrimination. The American Protective Association, the chief political activist group promoting anti-immigration legislation, formed largely in response to Strong's call.

What made recent European immigrants the ready targets of more established city dwellers? What was the result of this discrimination?

What of the following was not used to control American dissent against the war effort? A. propaganda campaigns B. repressive legislation C. National Civil Liberties Bureau D. loyalty leagues

Taft's policies created some troubles that were immediate, and others that would not bear fruit until decades later. The tremendous debts in Central America created years of economic instability there and fostered nationalist movements driven by resentment of America's interference in the region. In Asia, Taft's efforts at China-Japan mediation heightened tensions between Japan and the United States—tensions that would explode, ultimately, with the outbreak of World War II—and spurred Japan to consolidate its power throughout the region.

What problems did Taft's foreign policy create for the United States?

Allied forces intentionally avoided Japanese-held island strongholds that did not serve them strategically, instead securing locations that allowed them to interfere with Japanese communications and transportation routes. In this way, the Allies made their way towards Japan with limited military engagement. The goal was to get close enough to the Japanese home islands to achieve air superiority, paving the way for Allied assaults by air or water.

What purpose did the Allied strategy of island hopping serve?

What specific types of hardships did an average American farmer not face as he built his homestead in the Midwest? A. droughts B. insect swarms C. hostile Indian attacks D. limited building supplies

What system did the direct primary replace? candidate selection by secret ballots candidate selection by machine bosses candidate selection by convention delegates an indirect primary

At the end of the nineteenth century, a confluence of events made urban life more desirable and more possible. Technologies such as electricity and the telephone allowed factories to build and grow in cities, and skyscrapers enabled the relatively small geographic areas to continue expanding. The new demand for workers spurred a massive influx of job-seekers from both rural areas of the United States and from eastern and southern Europe. Urban housing—as well as services such as transportation and sanitation—expanded accordingly, though cities struggled to cope with the surging demand. Together, technological innovations and an exploding population led American cities to grow as never before.

What technological and economic factors combined to lead to the explosive growth of American cities at this time?

What two countries were engaged in a negotiation that the Lodge Corollary disallowed? Mexico and Japan Nicaragua and France Colombia and Japan Mexico and Spain

What type of help did the CWA provide? A. direct relief B. farm refinancing C. bank reform D. employment opportunities

What was Article X in the Treaty of Versailles? A. the "war guilt clause" that France required B. the agreement that all nations in the League of Nations would be rendered equal C. the Allies' division of Germany's holdings in Asia D. the refusal to allow Bolshevik Russia membership in the League of Nations

What was Lincoln's primary goal immediately following the Civil War? A. punishing the rebel states B. improving the lives of former slaves C. reunifying the country D. paying off the debts of the war

What was one of the key goals for which striking workers fought in the late nineteenth century? A. health insurance B. disability pay C. an eight-hour workday D. women's right to hold factory jobs

The Harlem Renaissance was a rediscovery and celebration of black culture and race pride. Within this context, black literature and art flourished. Writers such as Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston created fiction and poetry that spoke directly to the experiences of black Americans. Meanwhile, black scholars and political leaders, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey, created new social and political ideologies and defined a distinct national identity for African Americans.

What was the Harlem Renaissance, and who were some of the most famous participants?

Most Americans believed that their prosperity would continue. The stock market continued to flourish, prompting many Americans—including those who had never done so before—to invest their savings and hope for the best.

What was the economic outlook of the average American when Herbert Hoover took office in 1929?

What was the first New Deal agency to hire women openly? A. the NRA B. the WPA C. the AAA D. the TVA

The black codes in southern states had the goal of keeping blacks impoverished and in debt. Black codes outlawed vagrancy and required all black men to have an annual labor contract, which gave southern states an excuse to arrest those who failed to meet these requirements and put them to hard labor.

What was the goal of the black codes?

What was the inciting event that led to the Chicago Race Riot of 1919? A. a strike at a local factory B. a protest march of black activists C. the murder of a black boy who swam too close to a white beach D. the assault of a white man on a streetcar by black youths

What was the major advantage of Westinghouse's "alternating current" power invention? A. It was less prone to fire. B. It cost less to produce. C. It allowed machines to be farther from the power source. D. It was not under Edison's control.

The reincarnated Ku Klux Klan championed an anti-black, anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, and anti-Jewish philosophy, and promoted the spread of Protestant beliefs. The Klan publicly denounced the groups they despised and continued to engage in activities such as cross-burning, violence, and intimidation, despite their public commitment to nonviolent tactics. Women's groups within the Klan also participated in various types of reform, such as advocating the prohibition of alcohol and distributing Bibles in public schools.

What was the platform of the Second Ku Klux Klan, and in what activities did they engage to promote it?

Roosevelt recruited his "Brains Trust" to advise him in his inception of a variety of relief and recovery programs. Among other things, the members of this group pushed for a new national tax policy; addressed the nation's agricultural problems; advocated an increased role for the federal government in setting wages and prices; and believed that the federal government could temper the boom-and-bust cycles that rendered the economy unstable. These advisors helped to craft the legislative programs that Roosevelt presented to Congress.

What was the purpose of Roosevelt's "Brains Trust?"

The Thirteenth Amendment officially and permanently banned the institution of slavery in the United States. The Emancipation Proclamation had freed only those slaves in rebellious states, leaving many slaves—most notably, those in the border states—in bondage; furthermore, it did not alter or prohibit the institution of slavery in general.

What was the purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment? How was it different from the Emancipation Proclamation?

The Taft Commission introduced reforms to modernize and improve daily life in the Philippines. Many of these reforms were legislative in nature, impacting the structure and composition of local governments. In exchange for the support of resistance leaders, for example, the commission offered them political appointments.

What was the role of the Taft Commission?

Many American women joined the armed forces, where they served as nurses, repaired and piloted airplanes, drove trucks, and performed clerical duties. Women in civilian life assumed occupations, often in the defense industries, that would have gone to men in times of peace. Women who did not take on wartime employment also contributed by recycling scarce materials, buying war bonds, planning meals using rationed foods, and generally making do with less.

What were American women's contributions to the war effort?

At the outset of his presidency, Hoover planned to establish an agenda that would promote continued economic prosperity and eradicate poverty. He planned to eliminate federal regulations of the economy, which he believed would allow for maximum growth. For Americans themselves, he advocated a spirit of rugged individualism: Americans could bring about their own success or failure in partnership with the government, but remain unhindered by unnecessary government intervention in their everyday lives. These philosophies and policies reflected both the prosperity and optimism of the previous decade and a continuation of the postwar "return to normalcy" championed by Hoover's Republican predecessors.

What were Hoover's plans when he first entered office, and how were these reflective of the years that preceded the Great Depression?

The Fifteenth Amendment granted the vote to all black men, giving freed slaves and free blacks greater political power than they had ever had in the United States. Blacks in former Confederate states elected a handful of black U.S. congressmen and a great many black local and state leaders who instituted ambitious reform and modernization projects in the South. However, the Fifteenth Amendment continued to exclude women from voting. Women continued to fight for suffrage through the NWSA and AWSA.

What were the benefits and drawbacks of the Fifteenth Amendment?

The Knights of Labor (KOL) had a broad and open base, inviting all types of workers, including women and African Americans, into their ranks. The KOL also sought political gains for workers throughout the country, regardless of their membership. In contrast, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a loose affiliation of separate unions, with each group remaining intact and distinct. The AFL did not advocate for national labor issues, but restricted its efforts to helping improve economic conditions for its members.

What were the core differences in the methods and agendas of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor?

The Indian Reorganization Act, or Indian New Deal, of 1934 put an end to the policies set forth in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Rather than encouraging assimilation, the new act promoted Indians' development of local self-government and the preservation of Indian artifacts and heritage. John Collier, the Commissioner on Indian Bureau Affairs, was able to use the law to push for federal officials' return of nearly two million acres of government-held land to various tribes.

What were the major goals and accomplishments of the Indian New Deal?

The first prison camps for Jews and other "enemies" of the Nazis were built in Germany in 1933. Following the invasion of eastern Europe, more camps, including extermination camps, were built in areas conquered by the Nazis. People, primarily Jews, were shipped to these camps from throughout Nazi-controlled Europe.

What were the phases of the Holocaust?

Women were able to play key roles in the alliance movement. The alliance provided them with political rights, including the ability to vote and hold office within the organization, which many women hoped would be a positive step in their struggle for national women's rights and suffrage. In the end, nearly 250,000 women joined the movement.

What were women's roles within the Farmer's Alliance?

Which amendment did Alice Paul promote to end gender discrimination? A. Prohibition Amendment B. Equal Rights Amendment D. Sheppard-Towner Amendment D. Free Exercise Amendment

Which assessment of Herbert Hoover's presidency is most accurate? A. Hoover's policies caused the stock market crash and subsequent depression. B. Although he did not cause the stock market crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his inadequate response to it. C. Hoover pledged a great deal of direct federal aid to unemployed Americans, overtaxing the federal budget and worsening the financial crisis. D. Hoover disapproved of American capitalism and therefore attempted to forestall any concrete solutions to the Depression.

Which is not one of the reasons the Anti-Imperial League gave for opposing the creation of an American empire? fear of competition from foreign workers fear that the United States would suffer a foreign invasion concerns about the integration of other races concerns that empire building ran counter to American democratic principles

Which man was both a professional baseball player and an influential evangelist during the 1920s? A. Babe Ruth B. H. L. Mencken C. Jim Thorpe D. Billy Sunday

Which novel of the era satirized the conformity of the American middle class? A. This Side of Paradise B. The Sun Also Rises C. A Farewell to Arms D. Babbitt

Which of the following "robber barons" was notable for the exploitative way he made his fortune in railroads? A. Jay Gould B. Cornelius Vanderbilt C. Andrew Carnegie D. J. Pierpont Morgan

Which of the following best describes Roosevelt's attempts to push his political agenda in the last months of Hoover's presidency? A. Roosevelt spoke publicly on the issue of direct relief. B. Roosevelt met privately with Hoover to convince him to institute certain policy shifts before his presidency ended. C. Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before introducing any plans. D. Roosevelt met secretly with members of Congress to attempt to win their favor.

Which of the following contributed directly to the plight of farmers? machine politics labor unions overproduction inadequate supply

Which of the following demands did the Soviet Union make of Britain and the United States? A. the right to try all Nazi war criminals in the Soviet Union B. the invasion of North Africa to help the Soviet Union's ally Iraq C. the invasion of western Europe to draw German forces away from the Soviet Union D. the right to place Communist Party leaders in charge of the German government

Which of the following did Mahan not believe was needed to build an American empire? a navy military bases around the world the reopening of the American frontier a canal through Central America

Which of the following did not contribute to the growth of a consumer culture in the United States at the close of the nineteenth century? A. personal credit B. advertising C. greater disposable income D. mail-order catalogs

Which of the following did not influence the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment? A. women's contributions to the war effort B. the dramatic tactics and harsh treatment of radical suffragists C. the passage of the Volstead Act D. the arguments of President Wilson's daughter

Which of the following did the settlement house movement offer as a means of relief for working-class women? A. childcare B. job opportunities C. political advocacy D. relocation services

Which of the following does not represent a group that participated significantly in westward migration after 1870? A. African American "exodusters" escaping racism and seeking economic opportunities B. former Southern slaveholders seeking land and new financial opportunities C. recent immigrants from Northern Europe and Canada D. recent Chinese immigrants seeking gold in California

Which of the following does not represent one of the management strategies that John D. Rockefeller used in building his empire? A. horizontal integration B. vertical integration C. social Darwinism D. the holding company model

Which of the following does not represent one of the ways in which William Jennings Bryan appealed to Populists? He came from farm country. He supported free silver. He supported the subtreasury system. He advocated for higher tariffs.

Which of the following films released in 1927 was the first successful talking motion picture? A. The Clansman B. The Great Gatsby C. The Jazz Singer D. The Birth of a Nation

Which of the following four elements was not essential for creating massive urban growth in late nineteenth-century America? A. electric lighting B. communication improvements C. skyscrapers D. settlement houses

Which of the following groups or bodies did not offer direct relief to needy people? A. the federal government B. local police and schoolteachers C. churches and synagogues D. wealthy individuals

Which of the following groups was not impacted by the invention of barbed wire? A. ranchers B. cowboys C. farmers D. illegal prostitutes

Which of the following groups would not be considered "the deserving poor" by social welfare groups and humanitarians in the 1930s? A. vagrant children B. unemployed workers C. stock speculators D. single mothers

Which of the following hardships did African Americans not typically face during the Great Depression? A. lower farm wages in the South B. the belief that white workers needed jobs more than their black counterparts C. white workers taking historically "black" jobs, such as maids and janitors D. widespread race riots in large urban centers

Which of the following is a cause of the stock market crash of 1929? A. too many people invested in the market B. investors made risky investments with borrowed money C. the federal government invested heavily in business stock D. World War I created optimal conditions for an eventual crash

Which of the following is not an example of social justice Progressivism? anti-liquor campaigns referendums workplace safety initiatives improvements in education

Which of the following is not one of the methods the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist groups used to intimidate blacks and white sympathizers? A. burning public schools B. petitioning Congress C. murdering freedmen who tried to vote D. threatening, beating, and killing those who disagreed with them

Which of the following is true of late nineteenth-century southern and eastern European immigrants, as opposed to their western and northern European predecessors? A. Southern and eastern European immigrants tended to be wealthier. B. Southern and eastern European immigrants were, on the whole, more skilled and able to find better paying employment. C. Many southern and eastern European immigrants acquired land in the West, while western and northern European immigrants tended to remain in urban centers. D. Ellis Island was the first destination for most southern and eastern Europeans.

Which of the following islands had to be captured in order to provide a staging area for U.S. bombing raids against Japan? A. Sakhalin B. Iwo Jima C. Molokai D. Reunion

Which of the following phrases best characterizes Herbert Hoover's foreign policy agenda? A. interventionist, in terms of unwanted interference in other nations' affairs B. militaristic, in terms of strengthening American armed forces C. isolationist, in terms of preventing America's interaction with other nations D. mutual respect, in terms of being available to support others when called upon, but not interfering unnecessarily in their affairs

Which of the following protests was directly related to federal policies, and thus had the greatest impact in creating a negative public perception of the Hoover presidency? A. the Farm Holiday Association B. the Ford Motor Company labor strikes C. the Bonus Expeditionary Force D. the widespread appearance of "Hooverville" shantytowns

Which of the following represents an action that the U.S. government took to help Americans fulfill the goal of western expansion? A.the passage of the Homestead Act B. the official creation of the philosophy of Manifest Destiny C. he development of stricter immigration policies D. the introduction of new irrigation techniques

Which of the following statements accurately represents Thorstein Veblen's argument in The Theory of the Leisure Class? A. All citizens of an industrial society would rise or fall based on their own innate merits. B. The tenets of naturalism were the only laws through which society should be governed. C. The middle class was overly focused on its own comfort and consumption. D. Land and natural resources should belong equally to all citizens.

Which of the following was a disadvantage of machine politics? A. Immigrants did not have a voice. B. Taxpayers ultimately paid higher city taxes due to graft. C. Only wealthy parts of the city received timely responses. D. Citizens who voiced complaints were at risk for their safety

Which of the following was a key Progressive item passed by Taft? the Pure Food and Drug Act the U.S. Forestry Service the Mann-Elkins Act the Payne-Aldrich Act

Which of the following was a popular pastime for working-class urban dwellers? A. football games B. opera C. museums D. amusement parks

Which of the following was not a destabilizing factor immediately following the end of the war? A. a flu pandemic B. a women's liberation movement C. high inflation and economic uncertainty D. political paranoia

Which of the following was not a feature of Booker T. Washington's strategy to improve the lives of African Americans? self-help accommodating/tolerating white racism immediate protests for equal rights learning new trades/skills

Which of the following was not a key area of focus for the Progressives? land reform democracy business regulation social justice

Which of the following was not a key goal of the Knights of Labor? A. an end to convict labor B. a graduated income tax on personal wealth C. equal pay regardless of gender D. the creation of cooperative business enterprises

Which of the following was not a policy undertaken by the NIRA? A. agreement among industries to set prices B. agreement among industries to reinvest profits into their firms C. agreement among industries to set production levels D. recognition of the right of workers to form unions

Which of the following was not a primary method by which the American government dealt with American Indians during the period of western settlement? A. relocation B. appeasement C. extermination D. assimilation

Which of the following was not a vehicle for the farmers' protest? the Mugwumps the Grange the Farmers' Alliance the People's Party

Which of the following was not an element of realism? A. social Darwinism B. instrumentalism C. naturalism D. pragmatism

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Underwood Tariff Act? It reduced tariffs 15 percent across all imports. It eliminated tariffs for steel. It eliminated tariffs for iron ore. It established a federal banking system to oversee tariffs.

Which of the following was not enacted in order to secure men and materials for the war effort? A. the Food Administration B. the Selective Service Act C. the War Industries Board D. the Sedition Act

Which of the following was not included in the Treaty of Versailles? A. extensive German reparations to be paid to the Allies B. a curtailment of German immigration to Allied nations C. France's acquisition of disputed territory along the French-German border D. a mandate for Germany to accept responsibility for the war publicly

Which of the following was not one of the functions of the Freedmen's Bureau? A. collecting taxes B. reuniting families C. establishing schools D. helping workers secure labor contracts

Which of the following was the term southerners used for a white southerner who tried to overturn the changes of Reconstruction? A. scalawag B. carpetbagger C. redeemer D. white knight

Which of these was not a successful invention of the era? A. high-powered sewing machines B. movies with sound C. frozen foods D. typewriters

Which person or group was most responsible for the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment? A. President Johnson B. northern voters C. southern voters D. Radical Republicans in Congress

Which president made significant steps towards civil service reform? A. Chester A. Arthur B. Benjamin Harrison C. Grover Cleveland D. Roscoe Conkling

Who was the Republican presidential nominee for the 1920 election? A. Calvin Coolidge B. Woodrow Wilson C. Warren Harding D. James Cox

Who was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean? A. Orville Wright B. Jim Thorpe C. Charlie Chaplin D. Charles Lindbergh

Who were the "Silent Sentinels"? a group of progressive African Americans who drafted the Declaration of Principles anti-suffrage women an offshoot of the Industrial Workers of the World suffragists who protested outside the White House

During the first two years of the Civil War—when it appeared that the Confederacy was a formidable opponent—President Lincoln grew concerned that a Union defeat could result in the westward expansion of slavery. Thus, he hoped to facilitate the westward movement of white settlers who promoted the concept of free soil, which would populate the region with allies who opposed slavery. To encourage this process, Congress passed the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Act in 1862. The government also constructed and maintained forts that assisted in the process of westward expansion.

Why and how did the U.S. government promote western migration in the midst of fighting the Civil War?

Why did African Americans consider moving from the rural South to the urban North following the Civil War? A. to be able to buy land B. to avoid slavery C. to find wage-earning work D. to further their education

Wilson's actions were limited by his belief in his New Freedom platform, which promised voters a small government. Still, he took a number of steps in the first year of his presidency to shore up the economy and push back against destructive trusts. With those goals accomplished, he largely left the Progressive agenda alone. As the 1916 election season approached, however, Wilson realized that his hands-off policy was not endearing him to voters, and he ended his first term in a flurry of Progressive legislation that reminded the voting public of all he could do for them.

Why did Wilson's "New Freedom" agenda come in two distinct phases (1913 and 1916)?

Why did some Central American nations object to Taft's paying off their debt to Europe with U.S. dollars? A. because American currency wasn't worth as much as local currencies B. because they felt it gave the United States too much leverage C. because they were forced to give land grants to the United States in return D. because they wanted Asian countries to pay off their debts instead

Why did the United States express limited interest in overseas expansion in the 1860s and 1870s? fear of attacks on their borders post-Civil War reconstruction the Anti-Imperialist League Manifest Destiny

The prohibition amendment failed due to its infeasibility. It lacked both public support and funds for its enforcement. It also lessened Americans' respect for law and order, and sparked a rise in unlawful activities, such as illegal alcohol production and organized crime.

Why did the prohibition amendment fail after its adoption in 1919?

Why did the war not increase overall prosperity? A. because inflation made the cost of living higher B. because wages were lowered due to the war effort C. because workers had no bargaining power due to the "no-strike pledge" D. because women and African American men were paid less for the same work

Truman wanted to end the war quickly and save lives by avoiding an invasion of the Japanese home islands. However, he might have achieved this by waiting for a definitive response from Japan following the bombing of Hiroshima. Truman may also have wanted to demonstrate America's power to the Soviet Union and hoped that the unleashing of his nuclear arsenal would send a strong message to Stalin.

Why might President Truman have made the decision to drop the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki?

Horizontal integration enabled Rockefeller to gain tremendous control over the oil industry and use that power to influence vendors and competitors. For example, he could pressure railroads into giving him lower rates because of the volume of his products. He undercut competitors, forcing them to set their prices so low that they could barely stay in business—at which point he could buy them out. Through horizontal integration, he was able to create a virtual monopoly and set the terms for business. While his business model of a holding company was technically legal, it held as much power as a monopoly and did not allow for other businesses to grow and compete.

Why was Rockefeller's use of horizontal integration such an effective business tool at this time? Were his choices legal? Why or why not?

Southern blacks emerged from slavery with no money to begin their new lives, so they had to rely on the crop-lien and sharecropping systems. These systems enabled freed people to get tools and rent land to farm, but the high interest rate (paid in harvested crops) made it difficult for them to rise out of poverty.

Why was it difficult for southern free blacks to gain economic independence after the Civil War?

The ban on alcohol did not take effect until one year after the war, when the public sentiments that had eased its passage began to wane. The law proved difficult to enforce, as ever-greater numbers of Americans began to defy it. Organized crime's involvement in the illegal liquor trade made enforcement even more difficult and the procurement of alcohol more dangerous. All of these elements led to the law's repeal in 1933.

Why was prohibition's success short-lived?

Why was the German use of the unterseeboot considered to defy international law? because other countries did not have similar technology because they refused to warn their targets before firing because they constituted cruel and unusual methods because no international consensus existed to employ submarine technology

Politics of the day were fiercely fought and won with razor-thin margins. While presidents may have wanted to see the system change, few were in a position to effect such change. They owed their presidencies to the various party leaders and political operatives who had gotten them there, and they were expected to repay the favors with political positions. Any candidate who spoke out firmly against patronage virtually guaranteed that he would not receive the support of local or regional politicians, or machine bosses. Without such support, a candidate's chances of being elected were virtually nonexistent. Therefore, they continued to work within the system.

Why were U.S. presidents (with few exceptions) so adamant about protecting the spoils system of patronage during the late nineteenth century?

The Midway Islands provided a more stable path to Asian markets and a vital naval coaling station, which steamships needed in order to travel further afield.

Why were the Midway Islands important to American expansion?

With the Roosevelt Corollary, Roosevelt sought to establish ________. A. the consequences for any European nation that involved itself in Latin American affairs B. the right of the United States to involve itself in Latin American affairs whenever necessary C. the idea that Latin America was free and independent from foreign intervention D. the need for further colonization efforts in the Western Hemisphere

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform for the 1912 election that called for a small federal government to protect public interests from the evils associated with bad businesses

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson's idea for a group of countries that would promote a new world order and territorial integrity through open discussions, rather than intimidation and war

neutrality

Woodrow Wilson's policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting on open markets throughout Europe during World War I

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's postwar peace plan, which called for openness in all matters of diplomacy, including free trade, freedom of the seas, and an end to secret treaties and negotiations, among others

Progressivism

a broad movement between 1896 and 1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption

Double Vcampaign

a campaign by African Americans to win victory over the enemy overseas and victory over racism at home

Niagara Movement

a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans

holding company

a central corporate entity that controls the operations of multiple companies by holding the majority of stock for each enterprise

realism

a collection of theories and ideas that sought to understand the underlying changes in the United States during the late nineteenth century

sharecropping

a crop-lien system in which people paid rent on land they farmed (but did not own) with the crops they grew

Social Register

a de facto directory of the wealthy socialites in each city, first published by Louis Keller in 1886

pragmatism

a doctrine supported by philosopher William James, which held that Americans needed to experiment and find the truth behind underlying institutions, religions, and ideas in American life, rather than accepting them on faith

Grange

a farmers' organization, launched in 1867, which grew to over 1.5 million members in less than a decade

Tennessee Valley Authority

a federal agency tasked with the job of planning and developing the area through flood control, reforestation, and hydroelectric power projects

zoot suit

a flamboyant outfit favored by young African American and Mexican American men

sod house

a frontier home constructed of dirt held together by thick-rooted prairie grass that was prevalent in the Midwest; sod, cut into large rectangles, was stacked to make the walls of the structure, providing an inexpensive, yet damp, house for western settlers

Bonus Army

a group of World War I veterans and affiliated groups who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand their war bonuses early, only to be refused and forcibly removed by the U.S. Army

Anti-Imperialist League

a group of diverse and prominent Americans who banded together in 1898 to protest the idea of American empire building

Lost Generation

a group of writers who came of age during World War I and expressed their disillusionment with the era

trust

a legal arrangement where a small group of trustees have legal ownership of a business that they operate for the benefit of other investors

crop-lien system

a loan system in which store owners extended credit to farmers for the purchase of goods in exchange for a portion of their future crops

moving assembly line

a manufacturing process that allowed workers to stay in one place as the work came to them

vertical integration

a method of growth where a company acquires other companies that include all aspects of a product's lifecycle from the creation of the raw materials through the production process to the delivery of the final product

Sand Creek Massacre

a militia raid led by Colonel Chivington on an Indian camp in Colorado, flying both the American flag and the white flag of surrender; over one hundred men, women, and children were killed

City Beautiful

a movement begun by Daniel Burnham and Fredrick Law Olmsted, who believed that cities should be built with three core tenets in mind: the inclusion of parks within city limits, the creation of wide boulevards, and the expansion of more suburbs

Farmers' Alliance

a national conglomeration of different regional farmers' alliances that joined together in 1890 with the goal of furthering farmers' concerns in politics

robber baron

a negative term for the big businessmen who made their fortunes in the massive railroad boom of the late nineteenth century

Wobblies

a nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World, a radical Progressive group that grew out of the earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization

Harlem Hellfighters

a nickname for the decorated, all-black 369th Infantry, which served on the frontlines of France for six months, longer than any other American unit

bootlegging

a nineteenth-century term for the illegal transport of alcoholic beverages that became popular during prohibition

scalawags

a pejorative term used for southern whites who supported Reconstruction

subtreasury plan

a plan that called for storing crops in government warehouses for a brief period of time, during which the federal government would provide loans to farmers worth 80 percent of the current crop prices, releasing the crops for sale when prices rose

Fascism

a political ideology that places a heightened focus on national unity, through dictatorial rule, and militarism

Tammany Hall

a political machine in New York, run by machine boss William Tweed with assistance from George Washington Plunkitt

Populist Party

a political party formed in 1890 that sought to represent the rights of primarily farmers but eventually all workers in regional and federal elections

Progressive Party

a political party started by Roosevelt and other Progressive Republicans who were unhappy with Taft and wanted Roosevelt to run for a nonconsecutive third term in 1912

direct primary

a political reform that allowed for the nomination of candidates through a direct vote by party members, rather than by the choice of delegates at conventions; in the South, this strengthened all-white solidarity within the Democratic Party

Wisconsin Idea

a political system created by Robert La Follette, governor of Wisconsin, that embodied many progressive ideals; La Follette hired experts to advise him on improving conditions in his state

Mugwumps

a portion of the Republican Party that broke away from the Stalwart-versus-Half-Breed debate due to disgust with their candidate's corruption

referendum

a process that allows voters to counteract legislation by putting an existing law on the ballot for voters to either affirm or reject

Works Progress Administration

a program run by Harry Hopkins that provided jobs for over eight million Americans from its inception to its closure in 1943

initiative

a proposed law, or initiative, placed on the ballot by public petition

Civilian Conservation Corps

a public program for unemployed young men from relief families who were put to work on conservation and land management projects around the country

Scottsboro Boys

a reference to the infamous trial in Scottsboro, Alabama in 1931, where nine African American boys were falsely accused of raping two white women and sentenced to death; the extreme injustice of the trial, particularly given the age of the boys and the inadequacy of the testimony against them, garnered national and international attention

Molly Maguires

a secret organization made up of Pennsylvania coal miners, named for the famous Irish patriot, which worked through a series of scare tactics to bring the plight of the miners to public attention

Social Security

a series of programs designed to help the population's most vulnerable—the unemployed, those over age sixty-five, unwed mothers, and the disabled—through various pension, insurance, and aid programs

Hollywood

a small town north of Los Angeles, California, whose reliable sunshine and cheaper production costs attracted filmmakers and producers starting in the 1910s; by the 1920s, Hollywood was the center of American movie production with five movie studios dominating the industry

Roosevelt Corollary

a statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region

Rosie the Riveter

a symbol of female workers in the defense industries

Taylorism

a system named for Fredrick Winslow Taylor, aimed at improving factory efficiency rates through the principle of standardization; Taylor's model limited workers to repetitive tasks, reducing human contact and opportunities to think or collaborate

carpetbagger

a term used for northerners working in the South during Reconstruction; it implied that these were opportunists who came south for economic or political gain

redeemers

a term used for southern whites committed to rolling back the gains of Reconstruction

exodusters

a term used to describe African Americans who moved to Kansas from the Old South to escape the racism there

naturalism

a theory of realism that states that the laws of nature and the natural world were the only relevant laws governing humanity

instrumentalism

a theory promoted by John Dewey, who believed that education was key to the search for the truth about ideals and institutions

Ku Klux Klan

a white vigilante organization that engaged in terroristic violence with the aim of stopping Reconstruction

flapper

a young, modern woman who embraced the new morality and fashions of the Jazz Age

Coxey's Army

an 1894 protest, led by businessman Jacob Coxey, to advocate for public works jobs for the unemployed by marching on Washington, DC

Battle of Wounded Knee

an attempt to disarm a group of Lakota Sioux Indians near Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which resulted in members of the Seventh Cavalry of the U.S. Army opening fire and killing over 150 Indians

settlement house movement

an early progressive reform movement, largely spearheaded by women, which sought to offer services such as childcare and free healthcare to help the working poor

Frontier Thesis

an idea proposed by Fredrick Jackson Turner, which stated that the encounter of European traditions and a native wilderness was integral to the development of American democracy, individualism, and innovative character

Ironclad Oath

an oath that the Wade-Davis Bill required a majority of voters and government officials in Confederate states to take; it involved swearing that they had never supported the Confederacy

Brains Trust

an unofficial advisory cabinet to President Franklin Roosevelt, originally gathered while he was governor of New York, to present possible solutions to the nations' problems; among its prominent members were Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, and Adolph Berle

materiel

equipment and supplies used by the military

Union Leagues

fraternal groups loyal to the Union and the Republican Party that became political and civic centers for blacks in former Confederate states

muckrakers

investigative journalists and authors who wrote about social ills, from child labor to the corrupt business practices of big businesses, and urged the public to take action

bonanza farms

large farms owned by speculators who hired laborers to work the land; these large farms allowed their owners to benefit from economies of scale and prosper, but they did nothing to help small family farms, which continued to struggle

black codes

laws some southern states designed to maintain white supremacy by keeping freed people impoverished and in debt

scientific management

mechanical engineer Fredrick Taylor's management style, also called "stop-watch management," which divided manufacturing tasks into short, repetitive segments and encouraged factory owners to seek efficiency and profitability over any benefits of personal interaction

horizontal integration

method of growth wherein a company grows through mergers and acquisitions of similar companies

Radical Republicans

northern Republicans who contested Lincoln's treatment of Confederate states and proposed harsher punishments

yellow journalism

sensationalist newspapers who sought to manufacture news stories in order to sell more papers

expatriate

someone who lives outside of their home country

Scopes Monkey Trial

the 1925 trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in a public school; the trial highlighted the conflict between rural traditionalists and modern urbanites

Freedmen's Bureau

the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, which was created in 1865 to ease blacks' transition from slavery to freedom

NAACP

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization formed in 1909 by an interracial coalition including W. E. B. Du Bois and Florence Kelley

las Gorras Blancas

the Spanish name for White Caps, the rebel group of Hispanic Americans who fought back against the appropriation of Hispanic land by whites; for a period in 1889-1890, they burned farms, homes, and crops to express their growing anger at the injustice of the situation

Compromise of 1877

the agreement between Republicans and Democrats, after the contested election of 1876, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South

Dust Bowl

the area in the middle of the country that had been badly overfarmed in the 1920s and suffered from a terrible drought that coincided with the Great Depression; the name came from the "black blizzard" of topsoil and dust that blew through the area

social gospel

the belief that the church should be as concerned about the conditions of people in the secular world as it was with their afterlife

American individualism

the belief, strongly held by Herbert Hoover and others, that hard work and individual effort, absent government interference, comprised the formula for success in the U.S.

Teapot Dome scandal

the bribery scandal involving Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in 1923

prohibition

the campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort

return to normalcy

the campaign promise made by Warren Harding in the presidential election of 1920

Open Door notes

the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be "open doors" in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the United States

Manhattan Project

the code name given to the research project that developed the atomic bomb

civil service

the contrast to the spoils system, where political appointments were based on merit, not favoritism

clear and present danger

the expression used by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States to characterize public dissent during wartime, akin to shouting "fire!" in a crowded theater

graft

the financial kickback provided to city bosses in exchange for political favors

Model T

the first car produced by the Ford Motor Company that took advantage of the economies of scale provided by assembly-line production and was therefore affordable to a large segment of the population

Comstock Lode

the first significant silver find in the country, discovered by Henry T. P. Comstock in 1859 in Nevada

internment

the forced collection of the West Coast Japanese and Japanese American population into ten relocation centers for the greater part of World War II

sphere of influence

the goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreements

Half-Breeds

the group of Republicans led by James G. Blaine, named because they supported some measure of civil service reform and were thus considered to be only "half Republican"

Stalwarts

the group of Republicans led by Roscoe Conkling who strongly supported the continuation of the patronage system

new morality

the more permissive mores adopted my many young people in the 1920s

Great Migration

the name for the large wave of African Americans who left the South after the Civil War, mostly moving to cities in the Northeast and Upper Midwest

liberty bonds

the name for the war bonds that the U.S. government sold, and strongly encouraged Americans to buy, as a way of raising money for the war effort

Big Three

the nickname given to the leaders of the three major Allied nations: Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin

Negro nationalism

the notion that African Americans had a distinct and separate national heritage that should inspire pride and a sense of community

Executive Order 9066

the order given by President Roosevelt to relocate and detain people of Japanese ancestry, including those who were American citizens

monopoly

the ownership or control of all enterprises comprising an entire industry

Seward's Folly

the pejorative name given by the press to Secretary of State Seward's acquisition of Alaska in 1867

California Gold Rush

the period between 1848 and 1849 when prospectors found large strikes of gold in California, leading others to rush in and follow suit; this period led to a cycle of boom and bust through the area, as gold was discovered, mined, and stripped

interregnum

the period between the election and the inauguration of a new president; when economic conditions worsened significantly during the four-month lag between Roosevelt's win and his move into the Oval Office, Congress amended the Constitution to limit this period to two months

Gilded Age

the period in American history during which materialism, a quest for personal gain, and corruption dominated both politics and society

Manifest Destiny

the phrase, coined by journalist John O'Sullivan, which came to stand for the idea that white Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle the American West with Protestant democratic values

Enola Gay

the plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima

appeasement

the policy of giving in to threats and aggression in the hopes that the aggressor will be satisfied and make no more demands

speculation

the practice of investing in risky financial opportunities in the hopes of a fast payout due to market fluctuations

Americanization

the process by which an Indian was "redeemed" and assimilated into the American way of life by changing his clothing to western clothing and renouncing his tribal customs in exchange for a parcel of land

machine politics

the process by which citizens of a city used their local ward alderman to work the "machine" of local politics to meet local needs within a neighborhood

Haymarket affair

the rally and subsequent riot in which several policemen were killed when a bomb was thrown at a peaceful workers rights rally in Chicago in 1866

nativism

the rejection of outside influences in favor of local or native customs

bloody shirt campaign

the strategy of Republican candidates to stress the sacrifices that the nation had to endure in its Civil War against Democratic southern secessionists

Red Summer

the summer of 1919, when numerous northern cities experienced bloody race riots that killed over 250 persons, including the Chicago race riot of 1919

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

the tariff approved by Hoover to raise the tax on thousands of imported goods in the hope that it would encourage people to buy American-made products; the unintended result was that other nations raised their tariffs, further hurting American exports and exacerbating the global financial crisis

Zimmermann telegram

the telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the United States enter World War I on the side of the Allies

Red Scare

the term used to describe the fear that Americans felt about the possibility of a Bolshevik revolution in the United States; fear over Communist infiltrators led Americans to restrict and discriminate against any forms of radical dissent, whether Communist or not

Reconstruction

the twelve-year period after the Civil War in which the rebel Southern states were integrated back into the Union

bank run

the withdrawal by a large number of individuals or investors of money from a bank due to fears of the bank's instability, with the ironic effect of increasing the bank's vulnerability to failure

Fence Cutting War

this armed conflict between cowboys moving cattle along the trail and ranchers who wished to keep the best grazing lands for themselves occurred in Clay County, Texas, between 1883 and 1884

conscientious objectors

those who, for religious or philosophical reasons, refuse to serve in the armed forces

recall

to remove a public official from office by virtue of a petition and vote process

Second Ku Klux Klan

unlike the secret terror group of the Reconstruction Era, the Second Ku Klux Klan was a nationwide movement that expressed racism, nativism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Catholicism

Silent Sentinels

women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women's right to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal

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