Exam 3x Chapter 9-10

Each FADH2 yields a maximum of ________ ATP, and each NADH yields a maximum of ________ ATP as a result of transferring pairs of electrons to the electron transport chain. Question options: 3 . . . 2 2 . . . 3 3 . . . 3 1 . . . 3 3 . . . 1

2...3

The label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing 200 calories per serving. How many calories are actually in one serving? 20 2,000 20,000 200,000 2,000,000

200,000

For the average adult, maintenance (such as heart dumping, breathing, maintaining body temperature, food digestion, etc)) require approximately _______ calories per day. Question options: 22 222 2200 22000 3

2200

As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs. Question options: 0 1 2 4 36

2

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle must occur ________ time(s) per glucose molecule. Question options: 1 2 3 4 5

2

How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis? Question options: 2 3 4 6 8

2

During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true? Question options: The electrons move from carriers that have more affinity for them to carriers that have less affinity for them. Molecular oxygen is eventually oxidized by the electrons to form water. The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one carrier to another. The carrier molecules are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.

Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.

It has been argued that cutting old-growth forests and replacing them with plantations of young trees would help to alleviate the threat of global greenhouse warming. What important fact does this argument ignore? Question options: Forests play too minor a role in global CO2 dynamics, which are affected far more by marine algae Young trees fix carbon at a lower rate per unit mass than old trees. Most of the biomass of the cut trees would be added to the atmosphere as CO2 within a few years. Most of the young trees would die within a few years. Young trees emit ozone-destroying gases at a higher rate than old trees and would thus worsen the ozone-hole problem while alleviating global warming.

Most of the biomass of the cut trees would be added to the atmosphere as CO2 within a few years.

At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in Question options: CO2. pyruvate ATP. NADH. FADH2.

NADH

The end products of glycolysis include Question options: FADH2. NADH. acetyl CoA. citric acid)

NADH.

In fermentation, ________ is ________. Question options: NADH . . . reduced NAD+ . . . oxidized NADH . . . oxidized pyruvate . . . oxidized ethanol . . . oxidized

NADH...oxidized

Which step in cellular respiration requires oxygen? Question options: Glycolysis Fermentation Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Photosynthesis

Oxidative phosphorylation

The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to Question options: a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs. a canoe going over a waterfall. a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a flight of stairs in one jump. playing Ping-Pong.

a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.

Plants use sugars as Question options: a fuel for photophosphorylation. a fuel for photosynthesis. a starting material for the Calvin cycle a source of electrons for chemiosmosis. a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules.

a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules.

The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like Question options: a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom. a recycling company, collecting paper and using it to manufacture new products. a hamster in its exercise wheel, running quickly but not getting anywhere a kid jumping up and down on a trampoline throwing a baited hook into a lake and catching a fish.

a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom.

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? Question options: aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration alcoholic fermentation lactic acid fermentation All produce approximately the same amount of ATP per molecule of glucose

aerobic respiration

In yeast cells, Question options: lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration. lactic acid is produced during glycolysis. alcohol is produced during the citric acid cycle alcohol is produced after glycolysis. glucose is produced during photosynthesis.

alcohol is produced after glycolysis.

In a photosystem, clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments function most like Question options: an electrical generator. an antenna. a propeller on a motorboat. a windmill. a spring.

an antenna

A redox reaction involves the transfer of Question options: a hydrogen ion. oxygen. water. an electron. carbon dioxide

an electron

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is Question options: an oxygen atom. a molecule of carbon dioxide a molecule of water. ADP. ATP.

an oxygen atom.

When proteins are used as a source of energy for the body, the proteins Question options: are converted into glucose molecules, which are fed into glycolysis. are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle are hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids; electrons are stripped from the amino acids and passed to the electron transport chain are hydrolyzed to glycerols and then converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is fed into glycolysis. are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle

are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

The energy yield from the complete aerobic breakdown of a single molecule of glucose Question options: is equivalent to the yield from alcoholic fermentation. is always 38 ATP. increases as the supply of oxygen increases. can vary with the mechanism used to shuttle NADH electrons into the mitochondrion. is less than the yield from anaerobic respiration.

can vary with the mechanism used to shuttle NADH electrons into the mitochondrion.

Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from Question options: carbon monoxide carbon dioxide hydrocarbons. methane ribose

carbon dioxide

By-products of cellular respiration include Question options: oxygen and heat. carbon dioxide and water. carbon dioxide and ATP. FADH2 and NADH. NADH and ATP.

carbon dioxide and water.

If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after completing electron transport but prior to chemiosmosis, you would find the pH of a mitochondrion to be at its lowest Question options: on the outer membrane on the inner membrane in the cytoplasm. in the mitochondrial matrix. in the intermembrane space

in the intermembrane space

Chlorophyll b and carotenoids Question options: are best at absorbing the energy of green light. are found at the reaction center. are located on the inner membrane of the chloroplast. pass absorbed energy to chlorophyll a. catalyze the incorporation of carbon atoms into RuBP.

pass absorbed energy to chlorophyll a.

Clusters of light-gathering pigments in a photosystem Question options: pass energy to the reaction center. are found in the roots of plants. absorb electrons. do not absorb photons. break down H2O.

pass energy to the reaction center.

Photosystem II Question options: has P700 at its reaction center. is reduced by NADPH. passes electrons to photosystem I. does not have a reaction center. releases CO2 as a by-product.

passes electrons to photosystem I.

Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are Question options: chemosynthetic autotrophs. photoautotrophs. consumers. fungi. heterotrophs.

photoautotrophs.

A packet of light energy is called a Question options: quantum. pigment. photon. phaser. wavelength.

photon

The energy that excites P680 and P700 is supplied by Question options: electrons passing down the electron transport chain. the breaking of glucose bonds. ATP. photons. NADPH.

photons.

The addition of oxygen to RuBP by rubisco to form a two-carbon product that is then broken down by the cell to carbon dioxide and water defines Question options: cellular respiration. photorespiration. chemiosmosis. photophosphorylation. aerobic respiration.

photorespiration

The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is called Question options: glycolysis. photosynthesis. fermentation. cellular respiration. photorespiration.

photosynthesis

The ultimate source of all the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe is Question options: cellular respiration. chemiosmosis. photosynthesis. glycolysis. anaerobic metabolism.

photosynthesis.

What is the likely origin of chloroplasts? Question options: mitochondria that had a mutation for photosynthesis photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells a combination of mitochondria and Golgi bodies prokaryotes with photosynthetic mitochondria eukaryotes that engulfed photosynthetic fungi

photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells

ATP and NADPH Question options: play a role in glucose synthesis by plants. are products of the Calvin cycle are inputs to the photosystems. production is associated with events taking place on the inner mitochondrial membrane are used in the electron transport chain to pump H+ into the thylakoid space

play a role in glucose synthesis by plants.

A concentration gradient is a form of Question options: kinetic energy. life an exergonic reaction. potential energy. entropy.

potential energy.

Humans use about ________ of their daily calories for involuntary life-sustaining activities such as digestion, circulation, and breathing. 10% 25% 50% 75% 90%

75%

The summary equation for photosynthesis is Question options: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O. the same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse 6 CH2O + 5 O2 + sunlight → CO2 + 2 H2O.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? A.Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. B. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts. C. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. D. Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. E. Neither cellular respiration nor photosynthesis occurs in either mitochondria or chloroplasts.

A. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? A. They produce ATP. B. They produce glucose C. They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide D. The energy is coupled to oxygen. E. They store it as thermal energy.

A. They produce ATP

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false? Question options: ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during respiration. Photosynthesis is ultimately powered by light energy and respiration by the chemical energy of fuel molecules. Photosynthesis consumes CO2; respiration consumes O2. Photosynthesis produces O2; respiration produces CO2. The principal electron carrier in photosynthesis is NADPH; the principal electron carrier in respiration is NADH.

ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during respiration.

During chemiosmosis, Question options: energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase energy is generated by coupling exergonic reactions with other exergonic reactions. a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor

ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase

Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? Question options: glucose, ADP, NADP+ glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2 ADP, NADP+, O2 ATP, NADPH, O2 ATP, NADPH, CO2

ATP, NADPH, O2

Endergonic reactions Question options: Are exemplified by burning wood Release energy to the environment ("energy out") Are exemplified by cellular respiration Absorb energy (including heat) from the environment All of the above

Absorb energy (including heat) from the environment

Molecules spreading out to form a solution in dynamic equilibrium is an example of Question options: Diffusion The second law of thermodynamics A system gaining entropy A system gaining in disorder All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and carbon dioxide is false? Question options: Plants require carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make glucose Burning fossil fuels release carbon dioxide that was removed from the atmosphere millions of years ago. Because of their short growth period and self-regeneration, willows are more viable as a source of potential power than the trees in most natural forests. Most of the food humans eat can be traced back to photosynthetic plants. Burning wood contributes more to acid rain than burning fossil fuels.

Burning wood contributes more to acid rain than burning fossil fuels.

ATP is made most efficiently Question options: By glycolysis in the cytoplasm By the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria By the electron transport chain in mitochondria By the Calvin cycle (dark reactions) in plants By fermenting organisms

By the electron transport chain in mitochondria

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy. C6H12O12 + 3 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

The enzyme _______ and its cofactor NAD separate electrons from hydrogen atoms. Question options: Dehydrogenase B Hydrogenase C) Catalase D) Peroxidase E) Electronase

Catalase

Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false? Cellular respiration consumes glucose Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step. Cellular respiration produces water. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide Cellular respiration releases heat.

Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step.

Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true? Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline Cellular respiration converts all of the energy in glucose into high-energy ATP bonds. Cellular respiration converts the kinetic energy of glucose into chemical energy. The heat produced during cellular respiration is only a tiny fraction of the chemical energy available in a glucose molecule Most energy conversion systems are more efficient than cellular respiration.

Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline

Why are most plants green? Question options: Chlorophyll a reflects green light. Chlorophyll a absorbs green light. Chlorophyll b primarily uses green light as the source of energy for photosynthesis. Green helps plants blend into their environment as a sort of camouflage All photosynthetic pigments are colored green.

Chlorophyll a reflects green light.

ATP Question options: Stands for adenosine monophosphate Powers chemical work in the cell but not mechanical or transport work Is made directly from AMP plus phosphate Is a neutral (with no positive or negative charges) molecule Contains 3 phosphates that strongly repel each other

Contains 3 phosphates that strongly repel each other

How do the reaction centers of photosystem I and II differ? Question options: Chlorophyll a is found in photosystem I and chlorophyll b in photosystem II. Each preferentially absorbs slightly different wavelengths of light. Photosystem I functions first in the sequence of steps that make up the light reactions. Only photosystem I is found in the thylakoid membranes. Photosystem II does not transfer electrons from photons.

Each preferentially absorbs slightly different wavelengths of light

Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false? Question options: Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule The pyruvate molecules are oxidized and two NAD+ are reduced Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH.

Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH.

In which location is the energy of electrons used to make most of the ATP. Question options: Glycolytic pathway Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Calvin cycle Chloroplast membrane pathway

Electron transport chain

If you consume 1 g of each of the following, which will yield the most ATP? Question options: fat glucose sucrose protein starch

Fat

Which of the following statements regarding food is false? Question options: Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that make molecules for cellular repair and growth. Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce molecules that are not actually present in the original food Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can use "intermediate" compounds from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to make food Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce sugar by a process that is the exact opposite of glycolysis. Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that consume ATP.

Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce sugar by a process that is the exact opposite of glycolysis.

Pyruvate *A) forms at the end of glycolysis. B) is the molecule that starts the citric acid cycle C) is the end product of oxidative phosphorylation. D) is the end product of chemiosmosis. E) is a six-carbon molecule

Forms at the end of glycolysis

The Calvin cycle constructs ________, an energy-rich molecule that a plant cell can then use to make glucose or other organic molecules. Question options: G3P ATP NADH NADPH carbon dioxide

G3P

Which molecule stores the most potential energy in its chemical bonds? Question options: ATP Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

Glucose

In glycolysis, _____ is oxidized, and _______ is reduced Question options: NAD+; glucose Glucose; oxygen ATP; ADP Glucose; NAD+ ADP; ATP

Glucose; NAD+

Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false? Question options: Less than 50% of the chemical energy available in glucose is converted to ATP energy. Each FADH2 molecule yields 2 ATP molecules and each NADH molecule generates 3 ATP molecules. Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule may yield 32—34 ATP molecules. Glycolysis and the "grooming" of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle

Glycolysis and the "grooming" of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle

Which of the following statements regarding glycolysis is false? Question options: Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it does not require oxygen. Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is not located in a membrane-bound organelle Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it occurs universally. Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is the most efficient metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because glucose is the universal substrate for glycolysis

Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is the most efficient metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis

The three steps of cellular respiration, in order of glucose breakdown, are: Question options: Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, citric acid cycle Photon acceptance, ATP production, glucose formation Glucose formation from CO2, glucose metabolism, ATP production

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport ________ from the ________ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ________. Question options: electrons . . . grana . . . H+ H+ . . . grana . . . electrons H+ . . . stroma . . . H+ electrons . . . stroma . . . H+ H+ . . . stroma . . . ATP

H+ . . . stroma . . . H+

In an experiment, a mouse breathed radioactively labeled oxygen. In which molecule would the labeled oxygen first show up? Question options: ATP Glucose (C6H12O6) NADH CO2 H2O

H20

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced by electrons from Question options: CO2. ATP. H2O. NADPH. photosystem I.

H2O.

Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? Question options: Photosynthesis involves only reductions, while respiration involves only oxidations. Photosynthesis involves only oxidations, while respiration involves only reductions. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is oxidized to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is reduced to form carbon dioxide In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide Photosynthesis involves both reduction and oxidation, while respiration involves only oxidation.

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? Question options: It is reduced in glycolysis as glucose is oxidized It provides electrons to the electron transport chain It combines with the carbon removed during the citric acid cycle to form CO2 It is required for the production of heat and light. It accepts electrons from the electron transport chain

It accepts electrons from the electron transport chain

________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis. Question options: Companion Mesophyll Sclerenchyma Tracheid Collenchyma

Mesophyll

The kind of energy that is stored by an object or molecule as a result of its location or structure is _______ energy. Question options: Bond Kinetic Potential Chemical Work

Potential

In cellular respiration, what product of glycolysis enters the mitochondrion? Question options: Glucose ATP Carbon dioxide Pyruvate Oxygen

Pyruvate

When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? Question options: The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecule The conversion yields one FADH2 per pyruvate molecule The conversion is needed to regenerate the NAD+ consumed during glycolysis. A buildup of pyruvate in the surrounding environment would be too toxic

The conversion is needed to regenerate the NAD+ consumed during glycolysis.

Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true? Question options: The greenhouse effect is reduced by deforestation. The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels. The greenhouse effect is inversely related to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2. The greenhouse effect will decrease the average temperature of the planet. The greenhouse effect has no direct relationship with the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s.

The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels.

Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false? Question options: ATP synthase is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate Electron carriers are associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane The inner mitochondrial membrane is involved in chemiosmosis. A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate

Which of the following statements about the absorption of photons by pigment molecules is true? Question options: It takes several minutes for the pigment electrons to become excited Photons raise electrons in pigments to the ground state Pigments only lose energy in the excitation process. Excitation of the electrons is a very stable state The release of energy by the excited electron can be as heat, light, or fluorescence

The release of energy by the excited electron can be as heat, light, or fluorescence

What is the main adaptive advantage of the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C3 strategy? Question options: They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions. They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently under conditions of low atmospheric CO2. They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently in dim or cool conditions. They make it possible for the plant to use the Calvin cycle at night. They allow the plant to avoid photorespiration by producing a four-carbon sugar in place of glucose

They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions

Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of oxygen radicals with Question options: NADPH. mitochondria. chlorophyll. carotenoids. ATP.

carotenoids.

Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP. Question options: chemical . . . food . . . light food . . . light . . . chemical light . . . food . . . kinetic nuclear . . . light . . . food food . . . light . . . nuclear

chemical . . . food . . . light

Which of the following has been a major source of ozone destruction over the past 50 years? Question options: chlorofluorocarbons ethylene glycol carbon dioxide chemiosmosis cellular respiration

chlorofluorocarbons

In most green plants, chloroplasts are Question options: concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll. concentrated in the stomata. concentrated in a portion of the leaf called the stroma. found throughout the leaf tissue found throughout the plant.

concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll.

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? Question options: conversion of FAD to FADH2 production of CO2 conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule conversion of NADH to NAD+

conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that Question options: cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol is a reaction uncoupler cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient from building up, while dinitrophenol blocks the passage of electrons through electron carriers. cyanide inhibits the production of ATP by inhibiting ATP synthase, while dinitrophenol causes mitochondrial membranes to become less permeable to H+ ions. cyanide increases the rate of H+ crossing to the intermembrane beyond the capacity to synthesize ATP, while dinitrophenol blocks the transfer electrons from NADH.

cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol is a reaction uncoupler

Which of the following is an example of a photoautotroph? Question options: cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems grizzly bears in Alaska bacteria in our mouth fungi growing in the refrigerator mushrooms growing on the side of a dead tree

cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems

In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is Question options: glucose dehydrogenase oxygen. water. ATP.

dehydrogenase

During cellular respiration, NADH Question options: is converted to NAD+ by an enzyme called dehydrogenase is chemically converted into ATP. is reduced to form NAD+. delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule is the final electron acceptor.

delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule

Which of the following photosynthetic pigments can be found at the photosystem reaction center? Question options: chlorophyll b chlorophyll a a carotenoid phycocyanin eosinophyll

donation of excited electrons by chlorophyll a to a primary electron acceptor

Sunlight is a type of ________ energy. Question options: electromagnetic potential stored kinetic nuclear

electromagnetic

The full range of electromagnetic energy is called the ________ spectrum. Question options: wavelength visible electromagnetic energy ultraviolet

electromagnetic

Energy is contained in ________ bound up in covalent bonds in organic compounds. Question options: Protons Neutrons Electrons Photons Waves

electrons

During redox reactions, Question options: the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction. a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule the reduction of a substance does not need to be coupled to the oxidation of another substance

electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance

Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? oxygen and carbon dioxide energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide oxygen and glucose oxygen and energy to make ATP glucose and carbon dioxide

energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide

Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are Question options: strict anaerobes. strict aerobes. facultative anaerobes. facultative aerobes. producers of lactic acid

facultative anaerobes.

Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy. food water sunlight minerals carbon dioxide

food

Which of the following is part of the light reaction? Question options: carbon fixation reduction of carbon addition of electrons and protons to carbon regeneration of NADP+ formation of waste products in the form of O2

formation of waste products in the form of O2

Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle? Question options: glucose, ADP, NADP+ glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2 ADP, NADP+, O2 ATP, NADPH, O2 ATP, NADPH, CO2

glucose, ADP, NADP+

A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. As the bacteria metabolize the glucose, radioactivity will appear first in Question options: carbon dioxide NADH. glucose-6-phosphate pyruvate) ATP.

glucose-6-phosphate

When a cell uses fatty acid for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fats to Question options: glycerol and amino acids. glycerol and fatty acids. fatty acids and sugars. sugars and amino acids. sugars and glycerol.

glycerol and fatty acids.

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? Question options: the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation chemiosmosis glycolysis electron transport chain

glycolsis

During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? Question options: glycolysis the citric acid cycle "grooming" of pyruvate oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order? Question options: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Chloroplasts contain disklike membranous sacs arranged in stacks called Question options: cristae thylakoids. grana. vacuoles. stroma.

grana

Of the following wavelengths of light, which would you expect to be reflected or transmitted by chlorophyll a? Question options: blue green yellow orange red

green

Which of the following colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis? Question options: blue red violet orange green

green

Plant cells Question options: lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts. have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts. have mitochondria and chloroplasts. have chloroplasts and vestigial mitochondria.

have mitochondria and chloroplasts.

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that Question options: the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function. the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvate the muscles require extremely large amounts of carbon dioxide to function.

he muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise

The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that Question options: permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix. allows other ions (like Na+) to build up when H+ ions are not available

increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

Pyruvate is considered a(n) ________ aerobic cellular respiration. Question options: source of O2 for end product of intermediate in cofactor in enzyme in

intermediate in

Photorespiration Question options: is an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low and did not interfere with rubisco. is of benefit to the plant since it breaks down rubisco. is attributable to high CO2 levels. produces glucose produces ATP.

is an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low and did not interfere with rubisco

In photosynthesis, the chemiosmotic production of ATP Question options: requires oxygen. is analogous to the production of ATP in mitochondria. is done by the Calvin cycle requires the input of NADPH. is a result of the oxidation of glucose

is analogous to the production of ATP in mitochondria.

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose... becomes stored in molecules of ammonia. is used to manufacture glucose is released all at once is carried by electrons. can be used to oxidize NADH.

is carried by electrons

Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.

is gas exchange...produces ATP

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? Question options: light electromagnetism cellular respiration ATP glucose

light

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________. Question options: gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons loss of oxygen . . . gain of oxygen gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen gain of protons . . . loss of protons

loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons

The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is lost in the form of heat. created in the form of heat. used to create light. destroyed when the chemical bonds of glucose are made saved in the chemical bonds of water, CO2 and O2.

lost in the form of heat

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the Question options: intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. outer mitochondrial membrane mitochondrial matrix. inner mitochondrial membrane matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane

matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane

Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called Question options: obligate anaerobes. obligate aerobes. facultative anaerobes. aerotolerant anaerobes. microaerophiles.

obligate anaerobes.

carbon fixation occurs when carbon and oxygen from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule powers the process of glucose synthesis by supplying the cell with ATP. occurs during the light reactions. provides the cell with a supply of NADPH molecules. uses noncyclic electron flow to capture energy in glucose

occurs when carbon and oxygen from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule

A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria? Question options: oxidative phosphorylation alcoholic fermentation the citric acid cycle glycolysis biosynthesis

oxidative phosphorylation

Photoautotrophs Question options: make sugar by using organic raw materials. produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules. eat other organisms that use light energy to make food molecules. include only the green plants. are only found on land

produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules.

What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and the food for the biosphere? Question options: chemotrophs heterotrophs manufacturers synthesizers producers

producers

Ozone Question options: formation is promoted by CFCs. is broken down by carbon dioxide is a source of oxygen for cellular respiration. levels in the atmosphere have been steadily increasing in the past century. protects Earth from UV radiation.

protects Earth from UV radiation.

The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except Question options: CO2. pyruvate ATP. NADH. FADH2.

pyruvate

Between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, Question options: pyruvate is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH. a carbon atom is added to make a four-carbon compound coenzyme A is cleaved off the four-carbon compound coenzyme A is removed from pyruvate a CO2 molecule is added to pyruvate

pyruvate is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

The greenhouse effect is Question options: reduced by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere made worse by photosynthesis, which adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere reduced by the burning of fossil fuels, which removes oxygen from the atmosphere reduced by the addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, since carbon dioxide removes excess heat from the Earth's surface and reflects it back into space of little concern, since it is part of the normal cycle for the planet.

reduced by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

The electron transport chains of the light reactions Question options: are located in the stroma. are very different from those of cellular respiration. shuttle electrons along in a series of redox reactions. provide energy for the Krebs cycle are found on the inner membrane of chloroplasts.

shuttle electrons along in a series of redox reactions.

To produce one glucose, the Calvin cycle needs to be run through ________ time(s). Question options: one two four six eight

six

The glycolytic pathway will ________ after a large meal and ________ during a long period of exercise. Question options: speed up . . . speed up slow down . . . slow down slow down . . . speed up speed up . . . slow down not change . . . not change

slow down....speed up

CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via Question options: stomata. thylakoids. grana. stroma. central vacuoles.

stomata

In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the Question options: stomata. thylakoid matrix. stroma. mesophyll.

stroma

Energy for life ultimately comes from the _______. Question options: Ground Sun Chemical bonds Electron transport chain Glucose

sun

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem I are replaced by electrons from Question options: CO2. ATP. H2O. the top of the electron transport chain. the bottom of the electron transport chain.

the bottom of the electron transport chain.

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit Question options: the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation. glycolysis. the formation of alcohol. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Photophosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that Question options: it involves an electron transport chain. energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration difference regeneration of ATP is driven by a flow of protons through an ATP synthase the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen. its enzymes are membrane-bound

the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen.

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that Question options: the mixture needs more sugar, because yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol. the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen. the mixture needs more oxygen, because yeast need oxygen to break down sugar and get enough energy to produce alcohol the mixture needs less sugar, because high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration. the yeast used the alcohol as a carbon source

the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to Question options: an excess of ATP that builds up during vigorous exercise the presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells. the large amount of carbon dioxide that builds up in the muscle the accumulation of alcohol from anaerobic respiration. the excess buildup of carbon monoxide due to inefficient respiration.

the presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells.

A kilocalorie is defined as the quantity of glucose needed to increase the body temperature by 1°C the quantity of water heat needed to solubilize 1 g of glucose the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C the quantity of food used to maintain normal bodily functions the quantity of food consumed during a given type of exercise

the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because Question options: they will no longer be able to perform anaerobic respiration. high levels of fermentation products will build up in their bodies. they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP. they will no longer be able to absorb water and will become dehydrated they will no longer be able to perform chemiosmosis.

they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.

Ozone consists of ________ oxygen atom(s). Question options: zero one two three four

three

Where is chlorophyll found in a plant cell? Question options: stroma thylakoid membranes matrix cytoplasm cristae

thylakoid membrane

The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________. Question options: stroma . . . thylakoid membranes stroma . . . nucleus cytoplasm . . . stroma cytoplasm . . . thylakoid membrane thylakoid membranes . . . stroma

thylakoid membranes . . . stroma

The chloroplast ATP synthase Question options: is a nucleic acid complex. transports H+ ions from the stroma to the thylakoid space couples the flow of H+ to the phosphorylation of NADP+. is embedded in the inner membrane of the chloroplast. helps transport H+ against the concentration gradient

transports H+ ions from the stroma to the thylakoid space

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from Question options: water. glucose) carbon dioxide chlorophyll. mitochondria.

water.

Which of the following organisms can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide? Question options: bear mushroom wheat crayfish honeybee

wheat

The term anaerobic means? A. Without bacteria B. Without ATP C.Without CO2 D. With O2 E. Without O2

without O2