exam 4

Oppositional defiant disorder Prevalence (chapter 14) (found in book and web)

: 10 % of children qualify for a diagnosis of this. Treatment can help, but this condition can't be cured Can last for years or be lifelong More commo in boys than in girls before puberty but equal in both sexes after puberty

Rubella (chapter 14)

A contagious viral infection preventable by vaccine and best known by its distinctive red rash. A maternal infection during pregnancy- that may cause childhood problems that include intellectual disability.

Alogia (chapter 12)

A decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia. Also known as poverty of speech.

autism spectrum disorder (chapter 14)

A developmental disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities.

galantamine (chapter 15 page 518)

Another name is Razadyne. . One of the drugs that is currently prescribed for Alzheimer's patients. It is designed to affect acetylcholine and glutamate, and neurotransmitters that play important roles in memory.

Pick's disease (chapter 15 page 517)

Another name is frontotemproal neurocognitive disoder. Is a rare disoder that affects the frontal and temporal lobes. It has a clincial picture simialr to alzheimer's disease ,but the two disease can be distinguished at autopsy.

Neurocongitive disorder: creutzfledt-jakob disease

Another name it is called is neurocognitve disoder due to prisondisease Has symptoms that include spasms of the body. This disoder is caused by a slow-acting virus that may live in the body for years before the disease develops. Once launched, however, the disease has a rpaid course.

reducing dopamine activity. (chapter 12)

Antipsychotic drugs work by:

generalized anxiety disorder (chapter 15)

Anxiety disorders are common among the elderly. Which diagnosis in this family of illnesses is the MOST common for those over the age of 65?

Aftercare (chapter 12)

A program of post hospitalization care and treatment in the community.

day center (chapter 12)

A program that offers hospital-like treatment during the day only. Also known as day hospital.

sheltered workshop (chapter 14)

A protected and supervised workplace that offers job and opportunities and training at a place and level tailored to people with various psychological disabilities.

Schizophrenia (chapter 12)

A psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities.

Delirium (chapter 15)

A rapidly developing, acute disturbance inattention and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner.

second-generation antipsychotic drugs (atypical antipsychotic drugs) (chapter 12)

A relatively new group of antipsychotic drugs whose biological action is different from that of the traditional antipsychotic drugs.

halfway house (chapter 12)

A residence for people with schizophrenia or other severe problems, often staffed by paraprofessionals. Also known as a group home or crisis house.

Zinc (chapter 15)

Certain substances found in nature may act as toxins, damaging the brain, and contribute to the development of alzheimer's disease. (others environmental substances are lead, )

psychosis. (chapter 12)

Chantal has lost contact with reality. She is experiencing what is known as:

Alzheimer's disease. (chapter 15)

Cheryl's elderly grandfather is deteriorating. At first he seemed only mildly forgetful, but lately he has had trouble recalling the names of close relatives and cannot remember where he is. He used to be very loving and patient, but now he is very unpleasant and his condition is worsening. He is MOST likely experiencing:

health-maintenance approach (chapter 15)

Clincial scientist suggest that the current genration of young adults should take )))) or wellness promotion, appraoch to their own aging process. In other words, they should do things tha tpromote phsycial and mental health-avoid smoking, eat well balanced and healthfyl meals, exercise regularly, engage in psoitive social relationships, and take advantage of psychoeducational, stress managemnt ,adn other metnal health programs. There is a growing beleif that older adults willa dapt more readily to changes and negative events if their pshycial and psychological health is good.

ardive dyskinesia (chapter 12)

Extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements that some patients have after they have taken conventional antipsychotic drugs for an extended time.

milieu (chapter 12)

Hector is hospitalized to treat chronic schizophrenia. When he entered a facility, he was treated with respect, and viewed as a person capable of making decisions. He was told that he would have input into his daily schedule and would be part of a therapeutic community. This therapeutic approach is called _____therapy.

with her adult children (chapter 15)

Jean is an 80-year-old, African American woman who has begun to develop increasing health problems. She is more likely to live _____ than her white American counterpart.

enuresis (chapter 14)

Nine-year-old Charlie is having social and academic problems in school. In addition, his parents have been fighting several nights a week. Despite being punished for this behavior he continues to wet himself on most nights. He is very embarrassed by the situation but cannot seem to stop. Charlie is likely to be diagnosed with:

Other facts on Intellectual disability (chapter 14)

Severe and profound levels of ________ often appear as part of larger syndromes that include severre phsycial handicaps. Th phsycial problems are often even more limiting than the idnviduals low intellectual functioning and in some cases can be fatal

young (chapter 15)

Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, and the Internet in general, are often thought of as the province of the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. young.

Deinstitutionalization (chapter 12)

The discharge of large numbers of patients from long-term institutional care so that they might be treated in community programs.

Echolalia (chapter 14)

The exact echoing of phrases spoken by others. The individuals repeat the words, but with no sign of understanding or intent of communicating.

Hallucination (chapter 12)

The experiencing of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.

Geropsychology (chapter 15)

The field of psychology concerned with the mental health of elderly people

allergies. (chapter 12)

The first antipsychotic medications were originally developed with the intention to use them to treat:

expressed emotion (chapter 12)

The general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family. People recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse if their families rate high in _____ _____.

Neurocontivitive disoder: parkinson's disease (chapter 15)

The slowly progessive neurological disoder marked by tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness, can result neurocongitive disoder due to ___ _ _______. Particularly in older people or those whoses cases are advanced.

Parkinson's disease (chapter 15)

The slowly progressive neurological disoder marked by tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness, can result in in neurocognitive disoder due to ____ ___ , particularly in older people or those whose cases are advanced.

dopamine hypothesis (chapter 12)

The theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

neurofibrillary tangles (chapter 15)

Twisted protein fibers that form within certain brain cells as people age. People with Alzheimer's disease have an excessive number of such tangles.

interpret these changes as positive. (chapter 14)

Xilovo is currently going through puberty, which is causing numerous changes to her body. Her hips have widened and her weight has increased despite her maintaining a healthy diet and exercising. Although this is normal for a female going through puberty, Xilovo is NOT likely to:

cognitive therapy

a relatively short term form of psychotherapy based on the concept that the way we think about things affects how we feel emoitonally. focuses on present thinking, behavior, and communication rather than on past experiences and is oriented toward problem solving.

culture (chapter 13)

according to the current criteria of DSM-5, apattern diagnoses as a personality disoder must "deviate markedly from the expectations of the idnividual"s

Remembmer

add notes from phone from quiz for chapter 12. all of them is right but one so double check the answers also add study guide chapter 15 to this.

26, 3 (chapter 12)

an estimated __ million people world wide are afflicted with schizophrenia, including __ millions in the US.

2; 8 (chapter 14)

as many as ______percent of children and_____ percent of adolescents experience a majore depressive disorder

what is the the big five and the order of the big five (chapter 13

basic structure of personality may consist of five super traits or factors. each of these factors consists of a number of subfactors such as anxiety and hostility are subfactos of the neuroticism facots. 1. neuroticism 2. extroversion 3. Openess to experiences 4. agreeablenss 5. conscientiousness

2,000, 600,000 (chapter 12)

between 1845 and 1955, nearly 300 state hospitals opened in the US, and the number of hopitalized patients on any given day rose from ________ in 1845 to nearly __________ in 1955

points of view (chapter 13)

cogntiive theoriests propse that people with antiosical personality disoder have genuim difficulty recogngizing different:

171 (chapter 12 page 414)

currently, about _____ billion in public funding is devoted each year to popelw with mental disoders.

key central feature of antisocial example of the key feature

deceitful, controlling/ manipulative part of the cluster of the dramatic Behavior Richard was loud, like to cause trouble, and enjoyed hanging out in large groups in the streets. He was careless with his money, and frequently fail to pay his deb e. he acted impulsively, taking action without thinking, and quick to srtart fights.

intelligence quotient (IQ) (chapter 14)

i A score derived from intelligence tests that theoretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity.

blunted affect- restircted affect chapter 12

many people with schizophrenia have a ____ ____. they show less anger, sadness, joy , and other feelings than most people

what does a psychiatrist do

is a medical doctor (an M..d or D>O ) who specializes in mental health, including substance use disorders. they are qualified to asses both the mental and physical aspects of psychological problems.

what is electorcovulsive theapy (appraoch)

is a medical treatment commonly used in patients with severe major depredssion or bipoloar disoder that has not responded to other treatments. It involves a brief electrical stimulation of the brain while the paitnet is under anesthesia.

what is cogntive behavioral therapy

is a pscyho social intervention that aims to improve mental health. it focuses on challenging and changing unhelpful congitive distortions and behaivors, improving emoitnal regulations ,adn the development of persoan coping strategies that target solving current problems.

schizophrenia: (chapter 12)

key features various psychotic symptoms ,such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restircted or inappropraite affect ,and catatonia duration: 6 months or more. lifetime prevalance: 1.0

an abrupt (chapter 12)

larry was a self0sufficent good student prior to his first episode of schizophrenia that occurered suddently when he was 19 year old. similarly, Kahn was well-liked perfromed will in school and was self sufficent before he develop schizophrena. however, unlike larry, Kahns disoder appeard graudlly. according to statsitics, larry would be more likelyto have afuller recovery than kaln because larry onset was ____

key central feature of histrionic share an example of this key feature.

grandiose/ egocentric part of the cluster of the dramatic beavhiro Richard felt he was alwasy on stage, and would use theatrical gesutes and mannerism. he wanted to impress others, and would do sucidial actions just to get people attention. He wanted approval and praise, and hated critisims.

substance/ medication-induced psychotic disoder

hallucinations ,delusion, or disorganzied speech caused by a medical illness ro brain damage. duration: no minmun length lifetime prevalenc: unknwon

delusional (chapter 15)

psychotic disoders are actually more common in the elderly than they are younger people, but paradoxically the rates of shcizophrenia in older adults are acutally lower. which types of psychotic disoders rates in the elderly that would make the overall rate of psychotic disoders higher in this popuatlion?

vascular neurocognitive disorder (chapter 15 page 517

r A type of neurocognitive disorder. It follows a cerebrovasuclar accident, or stroke, during which blood flow to specific areas of the brain was cut off, thus damging the area. (many cases, the patients may not even be aware of the stroke)

schizophreniform disorders

same symptoms as schizophrenia as well a major depressive episode or a manic episode duration: 1 to 6 months lifetime prevalence: 0.2%

3 to 2 (chapter 15)

older women outmumber older men by almost:

control (chapter 12)

ollie believed that the newscaster on the evening news was speaking to him personally. this would be categorized as a delusion of:

schizophrenia (chapter 13)

people who suffer from one of the persoanlity disoders categorized withinthe "odd"cluster often display symptoms that are realted to but are not as sebere as:

temporal and frontal (chapter 12 page 397)

studeis suggest that some patients with schizophrenia also have smaller ______ lobes than other people

Help slow the cognitive decline of residents (chapter 15)

studies sugges tthat day-care facilities and assisted-living faclitilies for alzheimers patients often:

The psychodynamic approach (chapter 13)

suggests that people with avoidant personality disorder experience an early trauma associated with ridicule, and this may lead to a negative self-image and distrust of others' love.

delusional disoder

symptoms: persistnet delusion that are not biarre addn nto due to schziophrenia: persecutory, jealous, grandiose, and somatic delusions are common. duration: 1 month or more lifetime prevalence: 0.1%

Year (chapter 12)

tardice dyskinesia does nto usually develop until a conventional antipchotic drug has been taken for at least an

flat affect (blunted affect)- restricted affect (chapter 12)

smome people with schizophrenia show almost no emotins at all. their faces ares till, their eye contact is poor, and their voices are monotonous.

schizotypal (chapter 13)

someone with which personality disoder may claim tof eel some sort of external force around his or her body?

psychoticism. (chapter 13)

unusual beliefs, eccentricity, cognitive/perceptual dysregulation These emotions/behaviors would be seen in someone with personality disorder—trait specified (PDTS)

enlarged ventricles (chapter 12)

using brain scans, researchs have found that many people with schizophrenia have

lead (chapter 15)

which chemical is NOT needed for the production of memory linked proteins?

they tend to be healthier than white elderly people. (chapter 15)

which is Not a reason why an elderly member of a racial or ethnic minority group does not seek psychical or mental health services?

misuse of prescription drugs (chapter 15)

which is the leading substance abuse problem in the elderly?

disorder due to Huntington's disease (Chapter 15)

which neurocognitive disoder that has body mood difficulties AS a symptom is INHERTIED?

extrapramidal effects (chapter 12)

which of the following are unwanted movements, such as severe shaking, bizarre grimaces, twisting of the body, and extreme restlessness, sometime produced by conventional anti-psychotic drugs?

amphetamines (chapter 12)

which were the first gorup of antipsychtic medications discovered int he 1950s?

detachment. (chapter 13)

withdrawal, anhedonia, intimacy avoidance These emotions/behaviors would be seen in someone with personality disorder—trait specified (PDTS)

Asian American (chapter 15)

an elderly __ personis Most likely to live with his or her family

Enuresis(chapter 14)

A childhood disorder marked by repeated bed-wetting or wetting of one's clothes.

check list for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (chapter 14)

1. for at least a year, individual repeatedly displays severe outbursts of temper that are extremely out of proportion to triggering situations and different from one displayed by most other people of his or her age. 2. the outbursts occur at least 3 times per week and are present in at least two settings (home, school, with peers). 3. indivdiual repeatedly display irritable or angry mood between the outbursts. 4. Individual received initial diagnosis between 6 and 18 years of age.

Symptoms of ADHD (chapter 14)

1. inattention: Unable to properly attend to details, or frequently makes careless errors Finds it hard to maintain attention Fails to listen when spoken to by others Fails to carry out instructions and finish work Disorganized Dislike or avoid mentally effortful work Loses items that are needed for successful work Easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli Forgets to do many everyday activities. 2. hyperactivity and impulsivity: Fidgets, taps hands or feet, or squirms Inappropriately wanders from seat Inappropriately runs or climbs Unable to play quietly In constant motions Talk excessively Interrupts questions during discussion Unable to wait for turn Barges in on others' activities or conversations.

· Describe the childhood mood problems of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. (chapter 14)

2% t of children and 8% of adolescent expereince depression. In recent year, the TADS study and the FDA "Black box"ruling have raised questions about the most appropriate treatments for teens with depression. Ina ddition, the past two decades ahve witnessed an enourmous increase in the number of children and adolescnet who recieve diagnoses of bipolar disorder. Such diagnoses are expected to decrease now that DSM -5 has addead a new childhood cateogry, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Very young children lack some of the cognitive skills- a genuine sense of the future, for example- that help produce clinical depression. Nevertheless, if life situations or biological predispositions are significant enough, even very young children sometimes have severe downward turns of moods. _____in the young may be triggered by negative life events (particularly losses), major changes, rejections, or ongoing abuse. Commonly features such symptoms as headaches, stomach pain, irritability and a disinterest in toy and games. Clinical ______ is much more common among teenager than among young children. Adolescence is, under the best of circumstances, a difficult and confusing time, marked by angst, hormal and bodily changes, mood changes, complex relationships, and new explorations. For some teens these "normal" upsets of adolescne cross the line into clinciald epression. Suicidal thoughts and attempts are particularly common among adolescnets- one ine eight teens persistently thinks about suicide each year- and depression is the leading cause of such thoughts and attempts. Interestingly, while there is no difference between the rates of depression in boys and girls beofre the age of 13, girls are twice as likely as boys to be depressed by the age of 16. Several factors (of the reasons why) have been suggested, including hormonal changes and the fact that females increasingly experience more stressors than males. One explanation also focusees on teenage girls growing dissatisfactio with their bodies. Wheras bosy tend to like the increase in muscle mass an other body changes that accompany puberty, girls oftend etest the increase in body fat and weight gain that they expereince during puberty and beyond. Raised in a society that value extreme thineess as the aesthetic female, ideal, many adolescent girls feel imprisioned by their own bodies, have low self-esteem ,adn becomedepressed. Many also develop eating disorders. A review of national diagnostic trends found that the number of children-often very young children- and adolescent diagnoses and treated for bipolar disorder in Us increased 40 fold from 1994 to 2003.

Treatment of ADHD (chapter 14)

80% of all children and teen recieve treatment Disagreemetn in the field about which kind of treatment is most effecitve. The most commonly used approaches are drug therapy, behaivoral therapy, or a combination of the two. Millions are currently treated withmethylphenidate, a stimulant drug that has been available for decades, or with certain other stimulants. (known to the public by its most famous trade name, ritalin) As researchers have confirmed Ritalins 'queiting effect on children with ADHD and its ability to help them focus, solve complex task ,perform better at school, and control aggression, use of the drug has increased enormously ,accourding to som estimates, at least a threefold increase since 1990 alone. Behaivoral therapy has been used to help treat many people. Parents and teachers learn how to reward children for their attentivenss or self0control, often by using a token economy program. Such operant conditioning treatment have been helpful for a number of hcildren, espeically when combined with stimulant drug therapy. Combining behavioral and drug therapies is also desirable because, according to research, children who receive both, require lower levels of medications, meaning, of course, that they are less subject to the medications possible side effects.

sheltered workshop (chapter 12)

A _____is a supervised workplace for people who are not yet ready for competitive jobs.

token economy program (chapter 12)

A behavioral program in which a person's desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically throughout the day by th awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for food or privileges.

Syphilis (chapter 14)

A certain maternal infection during pregnancy that may cause childhood problems that include intellectual disability. a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact that starts as a painless sore.

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (chapter 14)

A child client presents with symptoms of severe outbursts of temper with an irritable mood in between outbursts. Given the changes in the DSM-5's publication, what would the MOST likely diagnosis of the client be?

Encopresis (chapter 14)

A childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places such as one's clothing.

Encopresis (chapter 14) F

A childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one's clothing.

Enuresis (chapter 14)

A childhood disorder marked by repeated bed wetting or wetting of one's clothes.

Neurocigitnve disoder define and explain (chapter 15)

A disoder marked by a significant declien in at least one area of cogntivie functioning Significant decline in at least one (often more than one_ area of cogntivie functioning ,such as memory and learning, attention, visual perception, plnaning and decision making, language ability, or social awareness. Those who have certain types of disoder may also undergo personality changes--they may behave inappropriately, for example- and their symptoms may worsen steadily. Major diagnosis : if the person's cognitive declien is substantial and interferes significantly with his or her ability to be indepenent. Minor diagnosis: if the decline is modest and does not interfere with independent functioning. There are currently 44 million poele with this type of disoder around the world, with 4.6 million new cases emerging each year. The number of cases is expected to reach 135 million by 2050 unless a cure is found. The occurrance of this disoder is closely related to age. Among people 65 of age, the prevalance is around 1 to 1%, increasing to as much as 50% among those over the age of 85. Most common is alzheimer's disease

formal thought disorder (chapter 12)

A disturbance in the production and organization of thought.

Severe ID intellectual disability (chapter 14)

A level of intellectual disability (IQ between 20 and 34) AT WHICH PEOPLE REQUIRE CAREFUL SUPERVISION AND CAN LEARN TO PERFORM BASIC WORK IN STRUCTURED AND SHELTERED SETTINGS. They typically demonstrate basic motor and communication deficits during infancy. Many salso show signs of neurological dysfunction and have an increased risk for brain seizure disoder. In school, they may be able to string togehter only two or three words when speaking. They usually require careful supervision, profit somewhat from vocational training, and can perform only basic work task in sturctured and sheltered settings. Their understanding of communication is usually better than their speech. Most are able to function well in the community if they live in group homes, in community nursing homes, or with their families.

severe ID (chapter 14)

A level of intellectual disability (IQ between 20 and 34) at which people require careful supervision and can learn to perform basic work in structured and sheltered settings.

mild ID (chapter 14)

A level of intellectual disability (IQ between 50 and 70) at which people can benefit from education and can support themselves as adults.

augmentative communication system (chapter 14)

A method for enhancing the communication skills of people with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or cerbral palsy by teaching them to point to pictures, symbols, letters, or words on acommunication board or computer.

mild neurocognitive disorder (chapter 15)

A neurocognitive disorder in which the decline in cognitive functioning is modest and does not interfere with a person's ability to be independent.

dependent personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience,fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

histrionic personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Once called hysterical personality disorder.

avoidant personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

schizotypal personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities.

schizoid personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion.

borderline personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior.

personality disorder—trait specified (PDTS) (chapter 13)

A personality disorder currently undergoin study for possible inclusion in a future revision of DSM-5. People would recieve this diagnosis if they had asignificant imapriment in their fucntioning as a reuslt of one or more very problematic traits.

narcissistic personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder marked by a board pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

antisocial personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people;s rights.

paranoid personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (chapter 13)

A personality disorder marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

play therapy

A treatment approach that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, playing with toys, and making up stories.

community mental health center (chapter 12)

A treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care for psychological problems and coordinates treatment in the community.

schizophrenogenic mother (chapter 12)

A type of mother-supposedly cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her children-who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child.

personality disorder (chapter 13)

AN enduring rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person's sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy.

tau protein (chapter 15)

Abnormal activity by this protein is key to the excessive formation of tangles.

ApoE-4 (chapter 15)

About 30% of the population inherit this form which promotes the excessive formation of beta-amyloid proteins, helping to spur the formation of plaques and, in turn, the breakdown of the tau protein, the formation of numerous tangles, the death of many neurons, and ultimately, the onset of alzheimer's disease.

2.4 (chapter 13)

About _____ percent of adults have avoidant personality disorder, men as frequently as women. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

75 (chapter 13)

About _____ percent of people who are diagnosed with borderline personality disorder are female.

Conduct disorder: symptoms (chapter 14)

Aggressive behavior Desturctive beahvior Deceitful behavior Violation of rules Aggressive and may be physically cruel to people or animals, deliberately destroy other people's property, skill school, steal, or run away from home. Many threaten or harm their victims, committing such crimes as firesetting, shoplifting, forgery, breaking into buildings or cars, mugging, and armed robbery. As they get older, theri acts of physical violence may include rape, or in rare cases, homicide. Use dangerous weapons Forcing someon into sexuala ctivity Frequent lying Stealing items of value under non confrontational circumstances Frequent staying out beyond curfew Running away from home overnight at least twice Frequnet trauancy from school starting before the age of 13.

sheltered living. (chapter 12)

All of the following are interventions provided by the community health approach EXCEPT:

Neurocontivie disoder: picks disease (chapter 15)

Also called frontotemproal neurcognitive disoder Is a rare disoder that affects the frontal and temporal lobes. It has a clincial picture similar to alzheimers diseases, but the two diseases can be distinguished at autopsy

atypical antipsychotic drugs (chapter 12)

Also called second-generation antipsychotic drugs.. A relatively new group of antipsychotic drugs whose biological action is different from that of the traditional antipsychotic drug.

dependent (chapter 13)

Alyssa suffered from separation anxiety disorder as a child, the symptoms of which were never fully addressed and never fully went away. According to the text, Alyssa is MOST likely to develop _____ personality disorder as an adult.

Presenilin (chapter 15 page 514)

Alzheimers disease can be caused by abnormalities in the genes reposnbile for the production of two proteins. (the other other one one is beta-amyloid precursor protein)

Disider if substance misuse in later life part 1 (chapter 15)

Are significant probelms for many other persons, the prevalence of such patterns actually appears to decline after age 65, perhaps because of declining health or reduced income. The majoirty of older adults do not misuse alcohol or other ________, despite the fact that aging can sometime be a time of considerable stress and in our society people often turn to alcohol and drugs durign times of stress. Accurate data about the rates of ____ abuse because many elderly people do not suspect or admit that they have such a problem. Surveys find that 3 to 7% of older poeple, particularly men, have alcohol use disoders in a given year. Men under 30 are four times as likely as men over 60 to display a behavioral problem associated with excessive alcohol use, such as repeated falling, spells of dizziness or blacking out, secretive drinking, or soical withdrawal. Older popel who are insititutionalzied, however, do display high rates of problem drinkings. For example, alcohol problems among older pople admitted to gernal and mental hosptials range from 15% to 40% , and estimates of alcohol-related problems among patients in nursing homes range from 10% to 20% d

6. Histrionic : gradndiose/ egocentric, and overly emotions Facts

Are extremly emotional- they are typically descired as "emotinally charged" - and chontinually seek to be the center of attention. Theri exaggerated moods and neediness can complicate life consideragly Are always on stage, using thetrical gesutres aadn mannerisms and gradiose language to describe ordinary everyday events. They keep changing themselves to attract and impress an ahdience, and in their pursuti they change not only their surfact charcteristic- according to the latest fads- but also their opinions and beliefs. In fact, their speech is actually scanty in detail and substance, and they seem to lack a sense of who they really are. Approval and priase are their lifebool. They must have other present to witness their exaggerated emotinal states. Vain, self-centered, demanding, and uanble to delay gratificaiton for long, they overreact at any minor events that gets in thew ay of thei quest for attention. Some make sucide attempts, often to manipulate others. May dreaw attention to themselve by exaggerating their phsycial illnesses or fatigues. They may also behabbe very provocatively and try to achieve their gosl theou sesucal seduction. Most obsess overhow they look and how others will percieve them, often waring bright,eyec-atchign clothes. They exaggerate the depth of their relationships, considering themselve to be the intimate friend of people who see them as no more than causal acqueitances. Often they becoem invovled with romanitic partenrs who may be exciting but who do not treat them well. Disoder was once bleived to be mroe ocmmon in women than in medn, and clincians long descirbed the "hysterical wife" research however, has recealed gender bias in past diagnoses. When evualating case studies ofpeople with a mxiture of histronic and antisocial tratis, clincians inseveral studies gave adaingosis of histronic personality diosder to women more than men. Surverys guesst that 1. 8% of adult have this personality disoder, with males and females equally affected. Psychodynamic perspecitve awas orginally developed to help explain cases of hysteria. Most psychodynamic theroist believe that as children pole with this disoder had cold and controllign parents who left them feeling unloved and afirad of abadnomenet. To defend sagianst deepseated fears of loss, the children learned to bhave dramatically, inventing cries that would reuqire other poeple to act protectively. Cognitve explantion look instead at the lack of substance and extreme suggestibility that people with this disoder have. Congitive theorists see these peole as becoming less and less interested in knowing about hte world at large because they are so self focused and emotinal. With no detailed memories of what they never learned, they msut rely on hunches or on other people to provide them wit direction in life. Some therist also beleive that peole with this disoder hold a genral assumption tha they are helpless to care for themselves, and so they constnatly seek out others who willmeet their needs. Sociultural, particularly mulitcultural theorist believe that this disoder is produced in part by cultrual norms and expectation. Until recently, our society encourged girls to hold on to chihood and dependcy as they grew up. That this disoder may acutally be an exaggeration of femininity as our culture once defined it. Sinilar some clincial observers clain taht this disoder is diagnosed less often in asian and other cultures that discourage overt sexualization and mroe often in hispanci american and latin american culture that are more tolerant of overt sexuizlation. treatmetn : more likely than other with personality disoder to seek out treatmetn on their own. Can be really difificult to work with, because of the demands, tantrums, and deductiveness they are likely to deplay. Anothe problem is that these clients may pretend to have important insights or to change during treatment merely to please the therapist. Cognitive therapist ahve tired to help to change their beleif that they are helpless and to develop beter, more deliberate ways of thinking and solving problems. Psychynamic theapy and various froup format have also been used. In all these aprpoaches, therpaist altimuely aim to help the client recognize their e excessive dependency, find inner satifsfactiona dn beocme more self reliance. Drug therapy appear less successfule xcept as a mean of releiving the depressive symptoms that some aptients have

a sister (chapter 12)

Based on family pedigree studies, which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be MOST at risk for developing the disorder?

Discrimination (chapter 15 page 522-523)

Based on race and ethnicity has long been a probelm in the US, and many people suffer as a result, particularly those who are old. To be both old and a member of a minority group is considered a kind of "double jeopardy" by many observers. For older women in minority groups , the diffuclties are sometimes terms "triple joepardy " as many mor eolde rwomen than older men live alone, are widowed ,and are poor. Clincians must take into the acoount of their olde rpatients race, ethnicity, and gender as they try to diagnsoe and treat their metnal health problems. Based on race and ethnicity has long been a probelm in the US, and many people suffer as a result, particularly those who are old. To be both old and a member of a minority group is considered a kind of "double jeopardy" by many observers. For older women in minority groups , the diffuclties are sometimes terms "triple joepardy " as many mor eolde rwomen than older men live alone, are widowed ,and are poor. Clincians must take into the acoount of their olde rpatients race, ethnicity, and gender as they try to diagnsoe and treat their metnal health problems.

Behavioral interventions treatemtnt for alzheimers disease and other neurocgitnive disoders (chapter 15)

Been somewhat successful in helping patients. It has become increasingly clear across many studies that psychial exercise helps improve cognitive funcitoning-for people of all ages and states of health. There is evidence that regular physical exercise may also help reduce the risk of developing this disease and other types of neurocogntive disoder. Correspondingly, physical exercise is often a part of treatment programs for people with the disorder _______ _______ Of a different kind have been used to help improve specific symptoms displayed by patients. The appraoches typically focus on changing everday patient behavior that are stressfulf or the family, such as wandering at night, loss of bladder control, demands for attention, and inadequate personal care. Therapists use a combination of role-playing exercises, modeling, and practice to teach family membershow and when to use reinforcement in order to shape more psotivie behaviors.

psychotherapy (chapter 12)

Before the discovery of antipsychotic drugs, _____was not a viable option for people with schizophrenia.

Delusions of control in people with schizophrenia

Believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people.

normon (chapter 14)

Conner is being dropped off for his first day of kindergarten. Although he seemed excited to go to school, when the moment arrived for him to actually get out of his mother's car he became very upset and cried, refusing to exit the vehicle and clinging to his mother when she lifts him out. Conner's reaction is _____.

Oppositional defiant disorder treatment (chapter 14)

Consist of therapy (individual and family therapy) Cognitive behavioral terapy, counseling psychology, family therapy, applied behavior analysis, and group psychotherapy

Discuss the "Big Five" theory of personality as it relates to personality disorder (chapter 13)

Consists of five "supertraits" or factors; they are neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Each of these factors consists of a number of subfactors. Anxiety and hostility, for example, are subfactors of the neuroticism facto, while optimism and friednliness are subfactors of the extroversion factors. Theoretically,everyone's personality can be summarized by a combination of these supertraits. One person may display high levels of neuroticism and agreeableness, medium extroversion, and low conscientiousness and opens to experiences. In contrast, another person may display high levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness, medium neuroticism and extraversion, and low openness to experiences. And so on. Many proponents have argued further that it would be best to describe all people with personality disorders as being high, low, or even between on teh five supertraits and to drop the use of persoanlity disofers categories altogehter. Thus a particular person who currently qualifies for a diagnosis of avoidant persoanlity disoders might insrtead be described as displaying a high degree of neurotricism, medicum degress of aggreeableness and conscientiousness, and very low degree of extroversion andopnees to new experiences. Similarly, a paerson currently diagnosed with narcisstic personality disoder might be descibed in this appraoch as displaying very high degrees of neuroticism and extorversion, mediumd egree of conscientiousness and opness to new expeirences, and a very low degree of aggreeableness.

Mellaril (chapter 12)

David has been taking antipsychotic medication for 3 years for schizophrenia. Lately, David's hands have been involuntarily shaking. He has been experiencing restlessness and muscle rigidity and walks slowly with a shuffling gait. Which medication is MOST likely to cause these side effects?

Summarize milieu therapy (chapter 12)

Define: a humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the premise that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity. In 1953, Maxwell Jones, a londonn psychitrist, converted a ward of patients with various psycholgical disoders into a therpeutic community. Help patients by creating a social climate, o that promotes productive activiity, self0respect, and idnvidiaulr esponsiblity. In such settings, patients are often given the right to run their own lives, and make their own decisons. the y may participate in community goverment, working with staff members to set up rules and decide penalities. Patients may also take on special prhjects, jobs, and recreationala ctiviites. In short ,their daily schedule is designed to resemble life outside the hosptials.

Explanation of the Antisocial personality disorder. (chapter 13)

Define: a personality disorder makred by a general pattern of disregard for and violoation of other people's rights One of the dramatic personality disorder Aside from substance use disorders, this is the disorder most closely linked to adult criminal behaivor DSM-5 stipulates that a person must be at least 18 years of age to recieve this diagnosis; however, most people with antisocial personality disorder display some patterns of misbehaivor before they were 15, including truancy, running away, cruelty to animals or people, and destroying property. People with antisocial personlity disorder lie repeatedly. Manyh cannot work consistently at a job; they are absent frequently and are likely to quit their jobs althogether. Usually theya re also careless iwth money and frequently fail to pay their debts. They are often impulsive, taking actionwithout thinking of the consequences. Correpondingly, they may be irritable ,aggressive, and quick to start fights. Many travelfrom place to place. Recklessness is another common trait; people with antisocial personlity disorder have little regard for their won asafetyor for htat of others, even their hcildren. They are self-centered as well, and are likely to have troubled maintaining close relationships. Usually they devel a kanck for gainign personal profit at the expense of other people. Because the pain or damage they cause seldom concernthem., clinicans commonly say that they lack a moral conscience. They think of their victims as weak and deservign of being conned, robbed, or even physically harmed. Surveys indicate that 3.6% of adults in the US meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder. The disorder is as much as four times more common among men than women. Because popel with this disorder are often arrested, researchers frequently look for people with antisocial patterns in prison population. It is estimated that at least 40% of people in prison meet the diagnostic criteria for this disorder. Among men in urban jails, the antisocial personality pattern has been linked strongly to past arrests for crimes of violence. The criminal behaivor of many people with thsi disorder decliens after the age of40; some, however, continue their crinial their crininal acitivies throughout their lives. Studies and clinical observations also indicate that people with this disorder have higher rates of alcoholism and othe r substance use disorder than do the rest of the population. Perhaphs intoxication and substance misuse help trigger the development of this disorder by loosening a person's inhibitions. Perhaps this personality disorder somehow makes a person more prone to abuse substance.s or perhaps this disorder and substance use disorders both have the same cause,such as a deep-seated need to take risks. Interestingly,drug user with thsi disorder often cite the recreational aspects of drugs use of their reason for starting and continuing it.

Describe effective community care of patients with schizophrenia. (chapter 12)

Define:people recovering from this and other severe disodrders need ;medication, psychotherapy, help in handling daily pressure and responsibilites, guidance in making decisions, social skills training, residential supervision, and vocational couseling- a bombination of services. Those whose communities help them meet these needs make more progess than those living in other cummunities. Some of the key features are 1. Coordination of patient services, 2. Short-term hospitalization, 3. Partial hospitalization, 4. Supervised residencies, and 5. Occupational training.

avoidant (chapter 13)

Dr smith is evaulating his client, julia, using the superraits of the Big Five model of personality. He determines that julia is high degree of neurotrcism, medium degrees of aggreebleness and conscientiousness, and very low degree of extroversion and opnesses to new epxereince. Accoridng to your textbook, idnvidauls with this combination of personaity traits are Most likely to have ___ PErsonality disoder

cognitive(chapter 12)

Dr. Blue believes that people with schizophrenia take a "rational path to madness." According to the text, she is MOST likely a _____ theorist.

cognitive (chapter 12)

Dr. Goldman believes that the strange and unreal sensations that occur in schizophrenia are triggered by biological factors. When her patients attempt to understand their symptoms, additional features of it emerge, leading them to manifest a bias in interpretation by jumping to conclusions. Dr. Goldman is MOST aligned with a _____ view of schizophrenia.

brain abnormalities (chapter 15)

Dr. Jamison studies major neurocognitive disorders. Based on the available evidence about the causes of these conditions, he is MOST likely interested in learning more about _____.

humanistic (chapter 15)

Dr. Walker has selected a therapy to help her treat depression in her severely depressed elderly patients. Based on the evidence for therapeutic effectiveness, which therapy is she unlikely to include in her treatment plan?

much the same as he treats it in his younger patients. (chapter 15)

Dr. Wernicke has a number of elderly and young patients with alcohol-abuse disorder. He uses Antabuse as well as group therapy and other commonly used treatments as needed. From this description one can ascertain that he treats alcohol abuse disorder in his elderly patients:

antipsychotic drugs (chapter 12)

Drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking

autistic children have an unusually well-developed and differentiated self-concept. (chapter 14)

Each of the following is true of autism spectrum disorder EXCEPT:

Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (chapter 14)

Extreme unresponsiveness to other people Severe communcation deficits Highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities. Deficiencies in carious areas of communication and social interaction including the following: soical-emoitonal reciprocity, nonverbal communicationn, development and maintenance of relationships. Display significant restriction and repetition in behaivors, interests, or activiies, including two or more of the following: exaggerated and repeated speech patterns, movmenets, or object use, inflexible demands for same routines, statements, and behaviors, highly restricted, fixated, and overly intesne itnersts, over-or under reactions to snesory input form the environment.

Somatic hallucinations in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Feel as if something is happening inside the body, such as a snake crawling inside one 's stomach

Discuss the problems with community care and potential solutions. (chapter 12)

Fewer than half of all the people who need them recieve apropriate community mental health services. In fact, in any given year, 40 to 60% of all epoele with schizophrenia and other severe mental disoders recieve no treatment at all. Two factors are primarily responsbile: poor coordination of services and shortage of services.

62 (chapter 15)

For every 100 women aged 80 years or more, there are __ medn of the same age.

day-care facilities (chapter 15 page 520)

For patients with neurocognitive disorders have been developed, providing treatment and programs and activities for outpatients during the day and returning them to their homes and families at night.

Social withdrawal in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

From their social enviornment and attend only to their own ideas and fantasies. Becuase their ideas are illogical and confused, the withdrawal has the effect of distancing them still further from reality. Seems also to lead to a breakdown of social skills, including the ability to recognize other people's needs and emotions accurately.

provide a social circumstance where interactions with other people can be practiced, and where support can be both given and received. (chapter 13)

Group therapy formats are of particular use to those who suffer from avoidant personality disorder because they:

conventional antipsychotics. (chapter 12)

Haldol, Mellaril, and Prolixin are all:

electrocovusilve therapy If it is used it is use with care) (chapter 15)

Happily, there are many effective treatmetns for helping rededuce the symptoms of depsresison in the eldelry. which is NOt one of those treatments

Restricted affect in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Have a blunted affect-they show less anger, sadness, joy, and other feelings than most people. Some show almost no emoitons at all, a condiiton known as flat affect. Their faces are still, their eye contact is poor ,and their voices are monotonous. In some cases people with these problems may have anhedonia, a general laock of pleasure or enjoyment. In other cases, however ____ _____ may reflect an inability to express emotions as others do. One study had participants view very emotinal film clips. The participants with this showed less facial expression than the others; however, they reported feeling just as much positive and negative emotions and in fact displayed more skin arousal.

2. Narcissistic Facts (self absorbed, grandiose/ egocentric

Generally grandioses, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others Convined of their own great success, power, or beaty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those aroudn them. Gradiose sense of self impaortant: exaggerate theri achievements and talents, ecpecting others to recognize them as superior and often appear arrogant. Choosy about their friends and associates, beleiving that hteir problems are unqieu and can be approcate by other spcial high status peole Make facorable first impressions, yet rarly maintain longterm relationships. Seldom interested in the feelings of others. Many take advantage of other people to achieve their own ends. Some react to criticism or furstration with bouts of rage, humiliation or embitterment. Other may react with cold indifiference. Other become extremly pessimistic and filled with dperession. 75% of thos are men. Psychodynamic: cold rejecting parents. Spend their lifve defending agisnt feeling unsatified, rejected, unworthy, ashamed, and wary of the world. They do so by repeatedly telling themselve that they are actually perfect and desireable, and also by seeking admiration from others. Cognitive beahvioral theroist propose that narcissitic may develop when people are tretaed too positively rather than too negaitvely in early life. Hold that certain children acquire a superior and gradndiose atteude when their patents teach them to overvalue their self worth, repeatedly rewardign them for minor accomplishments or for no accomplishmetn aqt all. Sociacultural theoriest see a link betwen this disoder and ears of narcissims in soicety. Suggest that familyvalues and social idelas incertain socieites periodically breakd down aproducing genrations of young peole hwo are self-centered and materialistic and have short attention spams. USh ad the higest narcissim scores, followed in descending order, by those form europe,canada, asia, and the middle east.

10. Borderline: Emotionally unstable, relationship problems Facts:F

Great instability, including major shirft in moods, an unstable self image, and impulsivity Make their relaitonships very unstabne as well Swing in and out of very depressive, anxious,and irritable states that last anywerher from a few hours to a few days or more. Their emoitns seem to be always in conflict with the world around them. Prone to bouts of anger, which sometimes result in physicla aggression and violence. Just as often, they direct their impulsive anger inward and inflict boidky harm on themselve Many seem troubled by deep feelings of emptimess.suicidal threats and actions are also common. Studies sugges that around b75% of people with this disoder attempt suicide at least once in their lvies; as many as 10% actually commit suicide. Comon for people to enter clincial treatment by way of the emergency room aftera sucide attempt. Complex diosder, one of the more commone conditions seen in clincial practice Impuslvie self destructive activites may range form alcohol, and substance abuse to deliquency, unsafe sex, and reckless driving. Engage in self injurieous or self mutilation behaivors, sucha s cutting or burning themselve or banging their heads. They find as if the phsycial discomfort offers releif from their emeotional suffering. It may serve as a distraction from their emoitonal or interpersonal upsets, "snapping" them out of an "emoitnal overlaoud" Many try to hurt self as a way of dealing with their chronic feelings of emptiness, boredeom, and identify confucion. Scars and brusises also may provide them with a kind of concrete evidence of their emotinal distress. Suicidal threats and actions are also common. 75% of people attempt it at least once in their lives; as many as 10% actually commit it. Form intense conflict ridden relationships in which theri feelings are not necessarily shared by the other persons. They may come to idealize another person's qualiteis and abilities after just a briedf first encounter. They alsy may viollate the boudaries ofrelatioships. Thdey quickly feel rejected and may become furious when their expecatioatns are not met, yet they remain very attached tot he relationships. In fact, they have recurrent fears of impedndingabadndoment and frequently engage in frantic efforts to avoid real or image separations from importanti people in their lives. Sometimes they cut themselves or carry out other self destrucitve acts to prevent partners form leaving. Have dramatic identify shifts. Due to this unstable sense of self, theri goals, aspriations, friends, and even sexual orientation may shift rapidly. They may at times have no sense of themselves at all, leading to the feelings of emptiness described earlier. Surveys, 5.9% of the adult popualtion display this disoder. Close to 75% of the the patients who reicieve the diangosis are women. Psychodynamic have looked once again to early parental relationships. Object relations theorists, propse that an early lack of acceptance by parents may lead to a loss of self-esteem, increased dependence, and an inability to cope with sepration. Research has foudn that htis is consitent with the early childhood of people with this disoder. Vast majority of popel w of histories of phsycial,suexual, or psycholgical abuse do not go on to develop this disoder. Linked to certain biological abnormeis, such as an overly reactive amygdala, the brian structure that is closely tired to fear and other negaitve emoitns, and underactive preforntal cortex, the brian regionlinked to planning, self control, and decison making. Impulsive[ those who attempt sucidie or are very aggressive toward others- apparently have lower brain serotonin acitivity. Close relatives of those with this disorder are five times more likely than the general popbiosicoal therapy to explain this disoder. According to this view, the disoder result from a combinaulationof itnernal forces (difficulty identifying and contorlling one's emotins, social skills deficits, abnormal nt reactions) and extrernal forces (enviornment in which a child emotins are punished, ignored, trivialized, or disregarded) patents may, for instance, misinterpret their child's intense emotins as exaggeration or attmepts at amnipulation rather than as serious expression of unsettle internal states Accoridng to th biosoical theoriy, if children have intrincisic difficulty identifying and controlling their emotins, and if theirparetns teach them to ignore their intense feelings, they may never learn how properly to recognize and control their emoltinal arousal or how to handle remotinal distress. Such children will be at risk for the development of this disoder. Some sociocultural theorist susuges that it is likely to emerge in cultures that cnage repidly. As a culture loses it stability, tit inevitably leaves many of its members iwth problems of identify, as ense of emptiness, hgih anxiety and fears of abadnomement. Family units may come apart, leavingpeople with little sense of belonging. Changes of this kind in society today may explan gorwing reports of the disoder. Psychotherapy can eventually lead to some degree of inmproviement. Extrordinarly difficult for a therapist to strike a balance between empathizing with a clients dependcny and anger and challenging his or her way of thinking. Dialectical behaivor therapy (DBt) (homwork assignemtns, clear goal setting, reinforcement for appropraite behavior and coollaborative examinations by the clients and therapist of the clients ways of htinking.) Borrows heavily from the humanistic and contemproary psychodynamic appraoch, placeing the client therapist relaitonship itselt at the center of treatmetn interaction, acceptance, and validation of the client. DBT is often supplemental by the clients particuaption in social skill building groups. Able to tolerate more stess, develop new, more appropriate social skills, respond more effectively to life sitautions, and develop a more stable identify. Fewer siucidial behaviora and requrie fewer hopsitization. Antidepressant, antibiplor, antianxiety, and antipsychotic drugs have helped calm the emotinal and aggressive storm in some people with this disoder.

Neurocongitive disorder: huntington's disease (chapter 15)

Ia an inherited progressive disease in which memory problems, along with personality changes and mood difficulties, owrsen over time, People have movement problems too, such as severe twithching and spasm. Children of epoepel with this disease have a 50% chance of developing it.

Mild neurocognitive disoders (chapter 15)

Idnvidiauls display modest decliens in at least oen of the following areas of cognitive function: memory and larning, attention, perceptiual-mtor skills, planning and decision making, language ability, or soical awareness Congitive deficits do not itnerfere witht he idnfviduals everdya independence.

Genetic causes of alzheimers disease part 3 (chapter 15)

In recent years, however ,some researchers ahve come to believe that abnormal taue probtein activity is not always the result of these abnoal beta=amyloid protein buildups. These researchers have identified other gene forms in patients that seem to be directely associated with taue protien abnormalies and tangle formation. Thus it may be that there are multiple genetic causes for the formation of numerous tangles and the onset of alzheimer diseases: 1.. Gene form that start the ball rolling by first promoting beta-amylihd protien formationand plaques and 2. Genes formt hat more directily promote tau protion abnormities and tangle formations.

dialectical behavioral therapy (chapter 13)

In the past 20 years, one integrative approach to treating borderlin epersonalitydisoder has emerged as the treatment of choice. It is called....

bipolar disorder. (chapter 12)

In the past, people suffering from psychosis were automatically diagnosed as schizophrenic. In the twenty-first century, psychosis is also seen as a part of:

Comorbidity (chapter 13)

It is common for a person with a personality disorder to also suffer when another disorder.

prodromal (chapter 12)

Kylie has begun to withdraw from her family and friends. She also communicates with vague speech and expresses very little emotion. Kylie is MOST likely in the _____ phase of schizophrenia.

mild neurocognitive disorder (chapter 15)

Lee has been feeling sad, anxious, and drinking more than usual following his retirement. His brother Todd has been having some recent challenges with memory, concentration, and thinking. Todd is MOST likely experiencing _____ disorder, which is not among the disorders that are common among all age groups.

Conduct disorder: causes (chapter 14)

Linked to genetic and bilological factors. In addition, a nuber of cases have been tied to drug abuse, poverty, traumatic events, and exposure to violent peers or community violence. Most often, this disorder has been tied to troubled parent-child relationships, inadequate parenting, family conflict, marital conflict, and family hostility. Children whose paretns reject, leave, coerce, or abuse themor fail to provide appropriate and consistent supervision are apparently more likely to develop conduct probme. Children also seem more prone to this disorder when their parents themselves are antisocial, display excessive anger,or have substance use, mood, or schizopheric disorder.

atypical (chapter 12)

Lou and Salvador are both diagnosed schizophrenics. Lou's clinical presentation includes more positive symptoms, a combination of hallucinations and delusions. Salvador's clinical presentation include more negative symptoms. Salvador would MOST likely be treated with a(n) _____antipsychotic

avatar therapy. (chapter 12)

Malcolm is undergoing therapy for schizophrenia. As part of his treatment, a computer generates a sinister looking representation of his hallucinations. Malcolm is encouraged to fight back against this computer-generated representation of his hallucination. Malcolm is engaging in:

Parkinsonian symptoms (chapter 12)

Malik has been taking Haldol, a conventional antipsychotic drug, as a treatment for schizophrenia. He began taking the drug last week, and has begun shaking involuntarily, experiencing discomfort in his limbs, muscle rigidity, and displaying involuntary movements of the face. Malik has developed which side effect of the drug?

delirium (chapter 15)

Martin is 90 and has a disorder of cognition. He MOST likely has been diagnosed with _____.

Disorganized thinking and speech in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

May not be able to think logically and may speak in peculiar ways; these formal thoughts disoders can cause the ghe sufferer great confuions and make communication extremely difficult. Often such thoughts disoders take the form of psoitive symptoms (pathologcial excesses), as in loose associations, neologisms, perseveration, and clang. People who have loosw associations, or derailment, the most common formal thought disoder rapidly shift from one topic to another, believing that their incoherent statements make sense. A signle, perhaps unimportant word in one sentence become the foucs of the next. Example: a men who were asked about his itch arms responded: the problem is insect. My brother used to collect inseects. He's now a man 5 feet 10 inches. You know, 10 is my favorite number. I also like to dance, draw, and watch tv.

Visual hallucinations in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

May produce vague perception of colors or clouds or distinct visions of people or objects.

Tactile hallucinations in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

May take the form of tingling, buring, or electric shock sensations

play therapy (chapter 14)

Morse is undergoing treatment for anxiety. His therapist uses a variety of techniques including having Morse draw pictures and tell stories to help him deal with his separation issues. What treatment technique is Morse's therapist using?

Delusions of persecution in schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Most common Believe they are being plotted or discriminated against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attached, or deliberately victimized. Example: laura beleived that her neighbors were trying to irritate her and that other people were trying to harm her and her husband.

Summarize institutional care of the past (chapter 12)

More than half of the twentieth century, must people diagnosed with schizophrenia were instititutionalized in a public mental hospital. Because patients with schizophrenia did not respond to traditional therapies, the primary goals of these hospitals were to restrain them and give them food, shelter, and clothing.s Patients rarely saw therapists and generally were neglected. Many were abused. Oddly enoygh, this state of affiars unfolded in an atmosphere of good intentions. The move toward institutionalization in hospitals began in 1793 when french physician pinel "unchains the insane" at La Bicetre asylum and began the practice of "moral treatment" For the first time in cneturies, patients were severe disturbances were viewed as humans beings who should be cared for with sympathy and kindness. As Pinal's ideas spead throughout europe and the US, they led to the creation of large mental hosptials rather than asylums to care for those with severe mental disoders. These new mental hospitals, typically located in isolated areas where land and labor were cheap, were meant to protect patients form the stresses ofdialy life and offer them a healthfuyl psycholigcal environment in which they could work andclosely with therapists. States thougohout the US were even required by law to establsih publisc mental institions, state hosptials, for patients who could not afford private ones. Between 1845 and 1955, the state hospital became overcrowed, and the quality fo care they provided, change over those 110 year.s the enphaiss shifted from giving humanitarian care to keeping order. ( difficult patients were restrained ,isolated, and punished; individuala ttention dispapeared. Patents were transferred to back wards, or chronic wards, if they failed to improve quickly. The back wards wer ehuamn warehouse filled with hopelesness. Staff members relied on straight jackets and handcuffs to deal with dififcult patients. Treatments include Lobotomy (consisted of drilling tow holes in either side of the skull and inserting an instrument resembling an ice pick into the brain tissue to cut or destroy nerve fibers- in hope to get ride of the pathway that carried abnormal thoughts) In the 1950's clinicians develop two institutional approaches that finally brought some hopes to patients who had lived in institutions for years: miliu therapy a, based on humanistic principles, and the token economy program, based on behavioral principles. These approaches particiulary helped imprved the persoanl care and self image of pateints, problems areas that ahsd been worsened by institiutionalization. The approaches were soon adapted by many institiutions and are now standard features of isnitional care.

10 percent; 10 percent (chapter 15)

Of 100 typical elderly patients entering a hospital for a general medical condition, about how many would initially be diagnosed with delirium, and about how many more would develop delirium while in the hospital (in that order)?

The psychological problems of elderly people may be divided into two groups.

One groups consists of disoders that may be commone among people in all age groups but are often connected to the process of aging when they occur in an edlerly person. These include depression,anxiety, and substance use disorder. The other group consists of disoders of cognition, such as delirium ,mild neurcognitive disoders, and major nruoeconitvie disoders that result from brian abnormalies. Elderly people with one of these psycholgoical problem s often display other such problems,. For example mamnay who suffer from neurocogvgntive disoders also may dieal with depresion and anxiety. These brain abnormalites are most often tied to aging, but they also can sometimes occur when peopleare younger.

Explanations for the "anxious personality disorders (chapter 13)

People with these pattern typically display anxious and fearful behavior. Although many of the symptoms of these personality disorders are similar to those of the anxiety and depressive disoders, research have not usually found direct links between this cluster and those disoder. As with most of the other personality disorders, rewsearch support fo ththe various explanations is very limited. At the same time, treatments for these disoder to be modestly to moderately helpfl-considerably better than for other personality disorder.

Explination of the bordeline personality disorder (chpater 13)

One of the dramatic personality disorder Define: a personality disorder charcterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships m,self-image ,and mood and by impulsive behavior. Characteristics combines to make their relationships very unstable as well. People with borderline perosnality disorder weing in and out of very depressive, ancious, and irritable states that last anywehre from a few hours to a few days or more. Their emotins seem to be always in conflict witht he world around them. They are prone to bouts of anger ,which sometimes result in physicla aggression and violence. Just as often, however, they direct their impulsive anger inward and inflict bod9ily harm on thesmelves. Many seem troubled by deep feelings of emptiness. Is a complex disorder, and it is fast becoming one of the more common condiitions seen in clincial practice. Self harm, unsafe sex, substanfce abuse, self destruvtive activiities , self0injurieous behaviors. Such behaviors cause immense physical suffering, but those with borderline personality disorder often feel as if the phsycial discomfort offers relief from hteir emotional suffering. It may serve as a distraction from their emoitonal or interpersonal upsets, "snapping" them out of an "emotional overload" Suicidal throeats and actions are also common. Studies suggest htat around 75% of people with borerline personaility disorder atempt suicdie at least once in their lives; as many as 10% actually commit suicide. It is common for people with this disorder to enter clinical treatment by way of the emergency room after a suicide attempt. People with borderline personlity disorder freQuently form intense, conflict=ridden relationships in which their feelings are not neccessarily shared by the othe rperson. They may come to idealize another person's qualities and abilties after just a brief first encounter. They also may violate the boundaries of relaitonships. They quickly feelrejected and may become furious when their expectiations are not met, yet they remain very attached to the relationships. In fact, they have recurrent fears of impending abadnoment and frequently engage in frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined seperations from important peple in their lives. Sometimes they cut themselves or carry out other self-destrustive acts to prevent partenr from leaving. According to serveys, 5.9% of the adult population display this disorder. Close to 75% of the patients who recieve the diagnosis are women.

personality traits (chapter 13)

Our particular characteristic,leads us to react in fairly predictable ways as we move through life. Yet our personalities are also flexible. We learn from experience.

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) (chapter 13)

Over the past towo decades, an integrative treatment for borderline personality disoder, has been recieiving considerable research support and is now considered the treamtnet of choice in many clincial circles. Developed by psychologist Marsha Linehan.

What main key(s) features do those disorders have?

Paranoid: susipicous/distrustful Schizoid: relationship problems and aloof/ isolated Schizotypal: relationship problems and Cognitive/ perceptual eccentricities. Antisocial: Decietful and Controlling/ manipulative Borderline: emotionally unstable and relationship problems Histronic: OVERLY emotion and Gradndiose/ egocentric Narcissistic: self-absorb and gradndioseegocentirc Avoidant: relationship problems, sensitive Dependent: relationship problems, self-critical. anxious/ tense Obsessie compulsive: controlling manipualtive

Types of sociocultural treatment for conduct disorder. (chapter 14)

Parent-child interaction therapy (use for preschoolers): therapists teach parents to work with their child positively, to set appropriate limits, to act consistently, to be fair in their discipline decisions, and to establish more appropriate expectations regarding the child. The therapists also try to teach the child better social skills. Video modeling (another related family intervention for very young children): work toward the same goals with the help of video tools Parent management training (school age): parents are again taught more effective ways to deal with their children, and parents and children meet together in behaivor-oriented family therapy. Typically, the family and therapist target particular behaivors for change then the parents are taught how to better identify problem behaivors, stop rewarding unwanted behaviors, and reward proper behaviors in a consistent manner. Residential treatment in the community and programs at shchool, have also help some children improve. In one such approach, treatment foster care, delinquent boys and girls with this disorder are assigned to a foster home in the community by the juvenile justice system. Uwhile there, the children, foster parents, and birth parents all recieve traing and treatment, followed by more treatmetn and support for the children and their biological parents after the childre leave foster care. In contrast to these sociocultural interventions, instititutionalization in soc-called juvenile trainign centers has not met with much success. In fact ,such institutions frequently serve to strengthen delinquent behavior rather than resocialize young offenders.

Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs (chapter 12)

Second genration ___drugs have beend eveloped in r recent decades. These icnlude clozapine, reperidone, olanzapine, quatiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole. As noted earlier, these drugs are received at fewer dompanine D=2 recptors and more D-2, D-5, and serotonin recptors than the converntional drug. Appear to be more effective than the convertional drugs. Unlike the converntional drugs, the new drugs reduce not only the psoitive symptoms of schizophrenia ,but also the negative ones. Another major benefit is that they cause fewer extra pyramidal symptosm and seem less leikly to produce tardive dyskinesia, althoguh some of them produce signifciant undersided effects of their own. Half of all medicated patents with schizophernia now take the second-gernation drugs, which are considered the first line of treatment for the disoder. Many patients with bipolar or other severe mental disorder also seem to be helped by several of these drugs.

7. Dependent: self-critical, relationship problems, anxious/ tense Facts:

Pervaisve, excessive need to be taken care of. As a result, they are clinging and obedient, fearing seperation from their parent, spaouse or other person with whom they are in a close relationshiup. They rely on others so much that they can't make the smallest decision for themselve. Constantly need assitance with even the simplest matters and ahve extreme feelings of inadequency and helplessness. Afirad that they cna't care for themsleve, they cling depersately to firneds or realtives. Difficulty with seperation. They feel competly helpless and devastated when aclose relationship ends, and they quickly seek out another relationship to fill the void. Many clign persistently tor elationships with partners who phsycial or psycholgically abuse them Deldomd isagree with others and allow evenimportant decison to be made for htem. Fear rejection, they are ovelry sensitve to disapproval and keep trying to meet other pole wishes and expcetations, even if it means volunnerring for unpelasnt or demeaning task. Feeld istressed, .only, and sad, ; often tehy dislike themselves. Risk for depressive, aniety and eating disoder. Fear of sepration and thei rffeelign s of helplessness may leave them particualy prone to sucidial thoguhts, especially when they beleive that a current relationship is abou tto end. Survey suuges that fewer than 1% of the population expeirnce dependencey persoanlity disoder. For years clicnais have bleive that more woemen than mend display this pattenr ,but some research suggest that the disoder is just as common in men Psychodynamic explaiantion for dependent personality are very similar to those for depresison. Freudian therirst argue, for example, that unresolved conflcit during the oral stare of development can give rise to a lifelong need for nurtureance, thus heightening the likelihood of this disoder. Simialry, object relations theorist say that early parental loss or rejection may prevent normal expeirences of attachment and seperation, leaving soem children with fears of abandomenet that persist through their lives. Still other psychodynamic thoerist suggest, that, to the coutraty, many parent s of people with this disoder were overinvovled and overprotiective, thus increasing their chioldren dependency, insecuirty, and sepration anxiety. Behaviorsit propose that paretns of peole with this disoder, unintentially rewarded their clhildren's cligning and loayl behviao while at the same time punishing acts of independence, perhpas though the withdrawla oflove. Alternatively soem eprante ownd ependent bheaivoral may ahve served as models for their childrne. Cognitive theorsit idcentify two maladaptive attidtues as helping to produce and maitnain this disoder :1. I am inadquate an dhelpless to dela witht he world, and 2. I must find a person to provide protection so I can coap. Dichotomous thinking may also play a key role: if I am to be dpeendent, I must be compeltly helpfless, "or "if I am to be idndpenend, I must be alone. Such thinking prevent suffers from making efforts to be independent tratment: peole with this disoer usualy place allr epsonability for hteir treatment and well being on the clicnai. Thus a key task fo therapy is to help aptients accept repsonbility for themselve.s because of domineering behaviors ofa psouse or parent may help foster a patients symtposm some clicnain suggest couple or family therapy as well, or even seprate therapy for the partner or parent. Treamtent can be at least moderly helpful Psychodynamic therapy for this pattern focus on many of the sM ISSUES OF THERAPY FOR DPESSRED PEOPLE, INCLUDING THE TRASNFERENCE OF DEPENDCY NEEDS ONTO THE THERAPIST. COGNITIVEBEHAVIORAL THERAPIST COMBIEN BHEAIOVAL AND CONGITIVE ITNERVENTIONS TO HELP THE CLIETN TAKE control of their lives. Ont ehbehaioval end, the therpaist often provide assetrigvenss train to help the idnvidaul better express their own wishes inrelationships. On the cognitive end, the theprist also try to help the client clhallenge and chang theri assumptoms of incompetence andhleplessnes. Antidepressant drug theapy has been helpful for people with this disoder that is accompanied by depression. Groupt herapy format can be helpful because it provide oportutnies for a cleint to reiceve supprot froma number of peers, rather than from a signel dominagtn person. In addition, gorup members mayserves as models for one another as they pratice better ways to express feeligns and solve problems.

Obsessive compulsive (controlling/ manipulative) Facts

Preoccupeid with order, perfectiona, control that htey lose all flexibility, opennes,and efficeincy. Set unreasonably high standard for themselves and others. Never be satisfied with their performance, but they typaicallr efuse to seek help or to work with a team, conviced tha tothers are too careless or imcompetent to do the job right. Afraid of making mistakes, they may be reluctant to make decisions. Rigid and stubborn, particularly in their morals, ethics and values. Strict personal code, and use it as a yardstick for measuring sothers. Trouble expressing muct affection, and their relaitonships are sometiem stiff and superfical. Stingy with thei ritme or money. Some can't even throw away object htat are worn otu or usless. Psychodynamic explantion deminate and research evidnece is limted as in the other personality disoder.s Freudian theorist suggest that peole with this are anal retentive: that is becuase of overly harsh toial training during the anal stage, they became filled with anger and fixated at this stage. To keep their anger under contorl, they persistentlyreisst both their anger and their instinct to have bowle movements. In trun, they become extremly orderly and restrined; many become passionate collectors. Other psychodynamic theorist susgest that any earilystruggles with parents over control and independece may ignite the aggressive impusles at the root of this disder. Congitive theoriest have little to say about the origins of this disode,r but they do propose that illigcla thinking processes help keep it going. For example: all of nothing thinking, which may prodcue rigidity and perferctiosim. They ntoe that people with this disoder tend to misread or exaggerate the potenital outcomes of mistakes or erros. Do well with psychodynamic or congitve therapy. Psychodynaic therapist try to help these cleint recognize, experience and accept their underlying feeligns and insecutires and perhaps take risks and accept their personal limtiations. Congitive therpasit focus on helpign the client to change their dichotomous thinking, perfectioism, indecisivieness, procrastination, and chronic worryring. A number of clincias report that poeple with this disoder liek OCD, Respond well to serotonin enhancing antidepressant drugs,. Closely realted to ocd, but more likely to suffer form major depressive disoder, genralize ed anxiety disoder, or substance use disoder than from obsessive ocmpulsive disoder. Researchers have not yet found a link between OCD and this disoder.

. Discuss the side effects of conventional drugs. (chapter 12)

Produce disturbing movement problems, such as severe shaking, bizarre-looking grmances, twisting of the body, and extreme restlessness(called extrapyramidal effects ) Is called that because the drug impact on the extrpyramindal areas of the brain, areas that help cotnrol motor acitivity. Most common effect are parkinsonian symptom: muscle tremors and msucle rigidity, may shake, move slowly, shuffle their feet and hsow little facial expression. Or related symptom such as movement of the face, meck, tongue, and back, and a umber expereinces signifcant restlessness * reaction called tardive dyskine does not usualy unfold until after a person ahs taken this drug for more than a year. The reactiob may include involuntary writhing or ticklike movements of the tongue, mouth, face, or whoel body; involutnary chewing, sucking, and lip smakcing; and jerky movements of the arms, legs, or entire body. It is believed that more than 10% of the peoiple who take conventional drugs for an entended time develop this to some sort of degree, and the longer the drug are taken, the higher the rsk becoems. Patients over 50 years of age seem to be at greater risk. Can be difficutl, somtiems impossible, to elmiate.

geropsychologists.(chapter 15)

Psychologists who work with the elderly and help them with mental health problems are:

state hospital (chapter 12)

Public mental hospitals in the US, run by the individuals states.

before the age of 13 (chapter 14)

Rates of depression among boys and girls are equal _____.

drug treatments may need to be altered because drugs are broken down differently in the older body. (chapter 15)

Regarding treatment of depression in the elderly, studies show that:

Describe the abnormal brain structures seen in some cases of schizophrenia. (chapter 12)

Researchers Has linked those two factors during the past decade. Using brain scans, they have found, that many people with this disoder have enlarge ventricles-the brain cavities that contain cerbropinal fluid. It may be htat enlarged ventricles are actually a sign that nearby parts of the brain have not developed properly or have been damaged, and perhaps these problems are the ones that help produce this disoder. In fact ,studies suggest that some patients with schizophrenia also have smaller temproal and frontal lobes than othe rpopele, smaller amonts of cortical white and gray matter, and perhaps most importantly, smabnormal blood flow-either redcued or heightended -in certain areas of the brain. Still other studies have linked this disoder to abnormalities of the hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus, among other brain structures. Example: identical twins: One of schizophrenia, while the other doesn't. Magnetic resonance imaging, clafires that the brain of the twin with schizophrenia is smaller overall than his brothers' and has larger ventricles, which can be indicated by the dark, butterfly-shaped spaces.

persecution. (chapter 12)

Rob believed that people were plotting against him and his family even though there was no evidence that this was true. This is known as a delusion of:

by having feelings of humiliation, anxiety, or dislike for school (chapter 14)

Ryell is being bullied in school. How is he MOST likely to respond?

normal; the average elderly individual takes about this amount of drugs. (chapter 15)

Samuel, who is over 65, reports taking six prescription drugs in addition to regularly taking two over-the-counter drugs. Among the elderly, Samuel is:

control (chapter 12)

Shontelle accuses her mother of stealing her thoughts and replacing them with someone else's thoughts. Shontelle has a delusion of:

cold and unnurturing (chapter 12)

Sigmund Freud proposed that when parents have been _____, or when individuals have experienced severe traumas, some people regress to the earliest point in their development in which they recognize and meet only their own needs.

acceptable (chapter 13)

Some multicultural theorists have argued that the features of borderline personality disorder may be _____ in some cultures.

·Describe the disorders of cognition. (chapter 15)

Sometimes, however, peole have meory and other cognitive changes that are far more extensive and problmatic (unlike rushing out the door without the keys, or meeting with a familiar person and cannot remember her/ his name, or forget that you have seen a particular film: due to aging or stress) Prlbmes in meory and related cognitive processes can occur without biological cuases, in the form of dissociative disoders. More often, though, significant ________ problems do invilve biological factos, particiularly when they appear late in life. The leading such disoders among the eldelry are delirium, major neurocognitive disoders, and mild neurocogntive disoders.

senile plaques (chapter 15)

Sphere[shaped deposits of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between certain brains cells and in certain blood vessels as people age. People with alzheimer's disease have an excessive number of such plaques

use antipsychotic drugs to control the behaviors of those who don't show psychotic symptoms. (chapter 15)

Studies have shown that misuse of medications in U.S. nursing homes occurs MOST often when staff members:

temporal and frontal (chapter 12)

Studies suggest that some patients with schizophrenia have smaller _____ lobes than other people.

positive (chapter 12)

Summer has Type I schizophrenia, while April has Type II schizophrenia. One would expect Summer's behavior to be dominated by _____ symptoms.

14 and 25 (chapter 14_

Surveys suggest that between _____ percent of all children and adolescents experience an anxiety disorder.

negative symptoms (chapter 12)

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

positive symptoms (chapter 12)

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be excesses of or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

vitamin E (chapter 15 p 518

Taking _____ , either alone or in combination with one of these drugs (for those with alzheimers) also seems to help slow down cognitive decline among people in the milder stages of alzheimer's disease.

· Discuss the issues involved in classifying personality disorders (chapter 13)

That these assumptions are frequently contradicted in clinical practice. In fact, the symptoms of the personality disorder listed in DSM-5 overlap so much that clinicians often find it difficult to distinguish one disorder from another, resulting in frequent disagreements about which diagnosis is correct for a person with a personality disorder. Diagnosticians sometimes even determine that particular people have more than one personality disorder. This lack of agreement has raised serious questions about the validity (accuracy) and reliability *consistency) of the 10 DSM-5 personality disorder categories. Given this state of affiars, many theorists have challenged the use of a categorical paproach to personality disorders. They believe that personality disoferders differ more in degree than in ty[e of dysufunction and should instead be classified by the severity of persoanlity traits rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits- a procedure called a dimensional approach. Dimensional approach: each trait is seen as varying along a continuum extending from nonproblematic to extremly problmatic. People who a personality disorder are those who display extreme degrees of problematic traits0 degrees not commonly found in the general population.

Categorical (chapter 13)

The DSM's listing of 10 distinct personality disorders. (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive compulsive.) Like a light switch that is either on or foff, this kind of approach assumes that (1) problematic personality traits are either present or absent in people, (2) a personaility disorder is either displayed or not displayed by a person and (3) a person who suffers from a personality disorder is not markedly troubled by personality tratis outside of that disoder.

Liz (chapter 12)

The Olsons both have schizophrenia and they have three children: Todd, a 16-year-old, and Liz and Lena, identical twins. Lena has schizophrenia like her parents. Mr. Olson's parents live with the family and his mother struggles with mood swings. Based on family pedigree studies, who in the family is at the GREATEST risk for developing schizophrenia?

multicultural (chapter 13)

The _____ approach suggests that borderline personality disorder may be attributable more to social inequalities (including sexism, racism, or homophobia) than to psychological factors.

Disorder of depression in later life part 1 (chapter 15)

The most common mental health problem of older adult. Features of this are the same for elderly people as for younger peole, including feeling of profound sadness and emptiness; low self-esteem, guklt na dn pessimism; and loss of appetite and sleep disturbances. Particularly common among those who have recently undergoen a trauma, such as the loss of a spouse or close friend, or the development of a serious pshsyical illness. Overall, as many as 20% of people become depressed at soem point during old age. The rate is hishest in older women. This rate among the elderly is about eh same as that among younger adult. Its climbs mush higer (as high as 32% ) anibg aged people hwo live in nursing homes, as opposed to those in the community. Several studies suggest that _____ raises an elderly persons' chance of developing significant medical problems. (example: older ____ people with high blood pressure are almost threetimes as likely to suffer a storke as older non____ people with the same condition. ) Elderly peole who are ____ rerecover more slowly and less completly from heart attacks, hip fractures, pneumonia, and other infections and illnesses. Among the elderly, increases in clincial _____ are tied to increases in the death rate.

phenylketonuria (PKU) (chapter 14)

The most common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual disability. It strikes 1 of every 14,000 children.

Alzheimer's disease (chapter 15)

The most common type of neurocognitive disorder, marked most prominently by memory impairment.

Individuals with the disorder simply do not accept the notion that anything is wrong with them, and so are not motivated to seek or participate cooperatively with treatment. (chapter 13)

The treatment for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is complicated by one major factor; this factor is also problematic in treating narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders. What is the factor that so impedes successful treatment for these problems?

forgetting the name of a person one had previously been introduced to. (chapter 15)

The type of forgetfulness that is a normal feature of aging includes:

schizophrenia spectrum disorders (chapter 12 page 386)

There are a number of schizophrenia-like disorders listed in DSM-5, each distinguished by particular durations and set of symptoms. Because these psychotic disorders all bear a similarity to schizophrenia, they- along with schizophrenia itself- are collectively called _______ _______ _____. Examples are, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, substance/ medication-induced psychotic disorder

More information about DBT (dialecticial behavioral therapy) (chapter 13)

Therpists regularly empathize with their borderline clients and with the emotinal turmoil they are expereincing, locate kernels of truth in the clients complains or demands, and examine alternative ways for themto address valid needs. Is often supplementaed by the clients' particpation in social skill-building gorups. In these gorups, clients practice new ways of relating to other people ina safe environment and recieve validation and support from other group members. Has recieve more research supprot than any other treatment for borderlin personality disorder. Many clients who recieve this treatment become more able to tolerate sterss; develop new, more appropriate , social skills;repsnd more effecitve to life situations,; and develop a more stable identity. They also have significantly fewer suicidal behaivoral and requrie fewer hospitailziations than those whor eiceive othe rform of treatments. More likely to remain in treatment and to report less anger, more social gratification, improved owrk performance, and reductions in substance abuse.

Delusions of reference in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

They attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events. Example: Richard interpreted arrows on street signs as indicators of the direction he should take.

Neurocognitive disoder: alzheimer's disease part 3 (chapter 15)

This disease is currently repsonbile for close to 84,000 deaths each year in the US, which makes it the sixth leading cause of death in the country, the third leading cause among gthe elderly. Most cases, this disease can be diangosed with certainty only after death, when structual changes in the person's brain, such as excessive senile plagues and neurofibillary tangles, can BE FULLY EXAMINED. SCIENTISTS DO NOT FULLY UNDERSTAND WHAT ROLE EXCESSIVE NUMBERS OF PLAGUES AND TANGLES PLAY IN THIS DISEASE, BUT THEY SUSPECT THEY ARE VERY IMPORTANT. TODAY LEADING EXPLANATIONF OR THIS DISEAS CENTER ONTHESE PLAGUES AND TANGLES AND ON THE VARIOUS FACTOS THAT MAY CONTIRBUTE TO THEIR FORMATION. (PEOPLE with this disease when they die, there are found an extrordinary number of neurofibrillary tangles, more than any other group of people)

behavor (chapter 12)

Token economies focus on changing:

Explanation for treatments for antisocial personality disorder (chapter 13)

Typically ineffecitve Major obstacles include the individuals lack of conscience, desire to change, or respect for therapy. Most of those in therapy have been forced to participate by an employer, their schoo, or the law, or they come to the attention of therapists when they also develop another psychological disorder. Come cognitive therpaists try to guid eclients with this disorder to think about moral issue and the needs of other people. In similar vein, an number of hospitals and prison have tired to create a therapeutic community for people with this disorder, as structured environment that teaches repsonsbility toward others. Some patients seem to profit from such approaches, but it appears that most do not. In recent years, clincians have also used ssychotropic medications, particularly atypiacal antipsychotic drugs, to treat people with this disorder. Some report that these drugs help reduce certain features of the disorder, but systematic studies of this claim are still needed.

Oppositional defiant disorder cause (chapter 14 found in web)

Unknown but likely involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors

extrapyramidal effects (chapter 12)

Unwanted movements, such as severe shaking, bizarre-looking grimaces, twisting of the body, and extreme restlessness, sometimes produced by conventional antipsychotic drugs.

late-onset Alzheimer's disease (chapter 15)

Vast majority cases develop after the age of 65 and do not run in families. Appears to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The genetic factor at play is called apolipoprotein E (APOE or APOE-4)

Sturcutural causes of alzheimers disease (or other causes) part 1 (chapter 15)

Web: scientists beleive that for most popele, this disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyels and enviornmental factos that affect the brain over time. Less than 1% of the time, this disease is caused by specific genetic changes that virutally guratnee aperson willd evelop the disease. Late-onset: vast majority of this disorder develop after the age of 65 and do not run in families. This late on-set form of the diseas appears to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyles factors. Although the APoE-4 gene form appears to be a major contributor to the development of this disease, it is important to recognize that not everyone with this form of the gene develop the disease. Other factos-perhaps environemtnal, lifestyle, or stress0realted-may also have a significant impact in the development of late-onset ___

The cognitive decline interferes with independent functioning in major neurocognitive disorder. (chapter 15_

What is a primary distinction between major and mild neurocognitive disorder?

clang. (chapter 12)

When Charlie's therapist asked him how his day was going, Charlie responded, "Here's the deal, I ate a meal, I wanted veal, do not break the seal." This is an example of:

the child's parent. (chapter 14)

When children are the victims of abuse, the abuser is usually:

What is a coordinated services feature of effective community care? (chapter 12)

When community mental health centers are available and do provide these services ( medication, psychotherapy, and inpatient emergency care to people with severe disturbances, as well as therapy, and inpatient emergency care of people with severe disturbances, as well as coordinate the services offered by other community agenices), patients with this disoder and others severe disoders often make significant progress. This is particularly important for so-called mentally ill chemical abusers or dual diagnosis patients, idnvidiuals with psychotic disoders as well as substance use disorders.

Short-term hospitalization feature of effective community care (chapter 12)

When people develop severe psychotic symptoms, today's clinicans first try to treat them on an outpatient basis, usually with a combination of antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy. If this approach fails they may try this- in a mental hosptial or a general hosptials' psychiatric unit=that lasts a few weeks (rather thanmonths or years) Soon after the patients improve, they are relased for aftercare, a genral term for follow up care and treatment in the community.

exposure to online pornography (chapter 14)

Which concern rates the highest among parents of children regarding online activity? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. exposure to violence online

a genuine preference to be alone that is not tied to suspicion or fear of people (chapter 13)

Which distinguishes schizoid personality disorders from the other disorders in the "odd" cluster?

Schizoid personality disorder has its roots in an unsatisfied need for human contact. (chapter 13)

Which explanation accurately states the object relations view of the causes of schizoid personality disorder?

white Americans (chapter 14)

Which group is LEAST likely to experience worry about their child's online activity?

an inability to feel guilt and remorse for their aggressive actions toward others (chapter 13)

Which is NOT a symptom of borderline personality disorder?

focused attention (chater 13)

Which is NOT a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral therapists seek to help patients with schizophrenia understand the unconscious source of their hallucinations. (chapter 12)

Which is NOT true of how cognitive-behavioral therapists seek to treat schizophrenic symptoms?

mild neurocognitive disorder (chapter 15)

Which of these does NOT belong to the group of disorders in the elderly that are common among all age groups but are often connected to the process of aging when they occur in the elderly?

brain abnormalities (chapter 15)

Which of these is the MOST likely cause of major neurocognitive disorders?

paranoid personality disorder (chapter 13)

Which personality disorder in the "odd" cluster is marked by a pattern of distrust and suspicion of other people?

_____________ often goes undiagnosed, and thus the underlying cause can become fatal. (chapter 15)

Which statement is a reason why there may be a higher death rate for older people suffering from delirium?

cognitive (chapter 13)

Which theoretical model proposes that harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead certain people to assume that other people in their environment will always judge them negatively, and may lead to avoidant personality disorder?

the belief that others are conspiring against them with the intent of cheating or wronging them (chapter 15)

Which type of delusional thought patterns are MOST common in elderly individuals?

irresponsibility, distractibility, risk taking

Which type of emotions/behaviors would MOST likely be seen in someone with negative personality disorder—trait specified (PDTS) disinhibition traits?

children who have parents that set reasonable behavioral limits with reasonable consequences for misbehavior (chapter 14)

Who are NOT likely to develop childhood anxiety?

boys in early to late childhood (chapter 14)

Who is MOST likely to be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder?

Kanner (chapter 14)

Who referred to parents of autistic children as "refrigerator parents?"

Cognitive techniques treatment for alzheimer's disease and other neurocognitive disorders (chapter 15)

With some temporary success. In japan, for example, number of people with the disease meet regularly in classes, performing simple calculations and reading essays and novels aloud. Proponents of this approach claimt hat is serves as a metnal exercise thathelp rehabilitate those parts of the brain linked to memory, reasoning, and judgement. Similarly, some research suggests that cognitive acitiviites, including computer-based congitive stimulation programs, may help prevent or delay the onset of this _______ dusease One study of 700 speople in their 80s found that those research participatns who had prusued cognitive activiites over a fie-year period (for example writing letters, following the news, reading books, or attending concerts or play_ were less likely tod evelop this disease than were mentally inactive participants.

oppositional defiant (chapter 14)

Zeikel's behavior towards his mother and other adult authority figures is excessively defiant. He will intentionally pick fights and generally disobey even the simplest of requests made by anyone. Zeikel MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder

Distinguish between short-term memory and long-term memory. (chapter 15)

___ _____ memory: is the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active readily available state for a short period of time. Uexampple: remember a phone number that has just been recited. ___ ___ memory: is the stage in which informative knowledge is held indefinitely.

personality traits (chapter 13)

____ are a set uniquely expressed charactertics that influence our behavior, emoitns, thoughts and interactions.

what does a case manage do

also called social and human service asisitns, they help people who are in difficult sitatuion with advice, figure out what kind of help they need, help them find the sercices they need, create plans for treatment or recovery, work wiht other health and human service providers and keep tabs on clients treatmetn plan is a managed care technique within the health care coverage system of the US. t invovles an integrated system that manages the delivery of comprehensice healthcare services for enfolled patients. are employed in almost every aspect of health care and these employ differnet approaches in the control of clincial action

theory of mind (chapter 14

an awarenes that other people base theri beahviors on their own beleifs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information that they have no way of knowing.

generalized anxiety disoder (chapter 15)

anxiety disoders are common among the elderly. which diagnosis in this family of illnesses seems to be the Most common for those over the age of 65

1, 100 (chapter 12) page 386)

approximately __ of every __ people in the world suffers from schziphrenia during his or her life.

social therapy

are highlye ducated and trained specialsit s hwo help their clients face and cope effectively with such issues as relationships, depression, and anxiety, marital discord,stress,giref, trauma ,and the like. is usally a trained and licensed mental health couselor

long term care (chapter 15) part of Describe the issues affecting the mental health of the elderly

at any given time in the US, only about 4% of the entire elderly population actually live in nursing homes (2.5 milion people0 ,but as many as 20% of people 85 years and older do eventually wind up being placed in such facilities. thus many older adults live in fear of being "Put away" they fear having to move, lsoing independence, and living in a medical environment. many also worry about the cost of long term care facilities. (costs continue to rise, expensive, and insurance plans avialble today do not adequately cover the costs of long term or permanent placement) worry ove rthese issues can greatly harm the mental health of older adults, perhaps leading to depressionand anxiety as well as family conflict.

likelihood and differences between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disoder

both: flat affect, disorganized speech odd behavior, odd social behavior, and strange belief both may have substance use disorders. Biological factors found such as a high activity of the nt dopamine, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temporal lobes, and loss of gray matter. family issues/ conflict. (one is describe as cold mothers or family dysfunctioning , the other describe as conflict in family) primary differences: hallucinations and delusions vs none. rarely co-occurs with mood disoder vs often cooccur with mood disoders treatmetn is antipsychotic medication vs. treatmetn is antipsychtic medication and mood stablizers.

Drug treatment for alzheimers disease and other neurocgitnive disoders (chapter 15)

designed to affect actylcholine and glutamate, the neurtrasmitters that play important roles in memory. Such drugs includ donepezil (aricept_, rivatigmine( exelon, galantamine(razadyne), and memantine (Namenda) the short term meory and reasoning ability of some patients who take these drugs improve slightly, as do their use of language and theri ability tocope under pressure. Although the benefits of the drugs are limited andd their side effects can be prbolematic, these drugs have been aproved by the FDA. Clinicans beleive that they may be of greatest us to people in the earlier, milder stages of this diseas. Another approach, taking vitamin E, either alone, or in combination with one of these drugs, also seems to help slow down cognitive declien among peole in the milder stages of this disease. Other possible drug treatments are being investigated currently Studies sugges that certain substnaces now aviaoble on the marketpalce for othe rkinds of problems may help prevent or delay the onsent of this diease. For example, some studies have foudnt hat women who took estrogen, the female sex hormane, for years afte menopause cut their risk of developing this disease in half. Other studies have suggestedd that the long term use of nonsterodal anti inflamaotry drugs such as ibuptofen and naprosyn (drugs found inadvil, mortrin, nurpin, and other pain releivers) may help reduce the risk of this disease ,althoughrecent findings on this possiblity have been mixed

treatments for Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (chapter 13)

do not usually beleive there is anything wrong with them; therfore are not likely tos eek treatment unless they are also suffering form another disorder, most frequently an anxiety disorder or depression, or unless someone close to them insists that they get ttreatment. Respond well to psychodynmaic or cogntiive therapy. Psychodynmaic therpaists typically try to helpt hese clients recongize, experience, and accept theri underlying feelings and insecurities and perhaps take risks and accept theri persona limitations. Cogntiive therapists focus on helping the clients to change their dischotomous thinking, perfectionism, indecisiveness, procrastination, and chronic worrying. A number of clincians report that people with this disorder, like OCD, repsonde well to serotonin=enhancing antidepressant drugs,; however, reesearcerh have yet to study this issue fully.

treatment for veteran (chapter 5)

drug therapy, behavioral exposure techniques, insight therapy, family therapy, and group therapy.

(prodromal phase (chapter 12 page 391)

during which phase do symptoms of schizophrenia are not obvious, but the person is beginning to deteriorate?

residual phase (chapter 12)

during which phase do symptoms of schizophrenia lessen, but the negative symptoms may remain?

active phase (chapter 12 page 391) sometimes triggered by stress or trauma in the person life

during which phase symptoms of schizophrenia become apparent to others? what can cause it?

Negative affectivity (one of the traits in the personality disorder approach ) (chapter 13)

experience negative emotions frequently and intensely. They exhibit one or more of the following traits: emotional lability (unstable emotions), anxiousness, seperation insecurity, perseveration (repetition of certain behaviors despite repeated failures), submissiveness, hosititlity, depressivity, suspiciousness, and strong emotional reactions (overreactions to emtoinally arousing sitatuions)

discrimination based on race and ethnicity (chapter 15) part of Describe the issues affecting the mental health of the elderly

has long been aprbolem in the US, and many people suffer as a result, particularly those who are told. to be both old and a meber of a minority gorup is considered a kind of "double jeopardy" by many observers. for older women in minority groups, the difficulteis, are sometimes terms "triple jeopardy", as many more older women than older men live alone, are widowed, and arepoor. clincians must take into account their older patients race,ethniacity ,and gender as they try to diagnose and threat their mental health problems.

insight therapy

is a type of treatmetn that help you see the reasons for your negative behaviors, thoughts, beleifs, and feelings. the idea is that once you know that you are the one controlling all of these things, you will be able to amek the necessary changes. sigmund frued began using insight therapy back int eh early 1900s at the psychoanalysit school of psycholgoy. therpsits may try to get to the root of yor uissues by talking about hour pst or your hcildhood to deteime what may be the trigger to these feelings. indirect type of theapy that lets you do most of the talking rather than having the therapist ask the questions and lead yout ow here they beleive hte problem might be, like with behavioe therapy. ]] is more like a friendly chat rather than a therapy session and many pep9le fele more comfrotable with this type fo therapy. even though it is still a form of psychotherapy, ti lets you discover how your past influences yoru current actiosn and behavuors.

what does a nurse practiioner do

is an adbanced practice registered nurse who has additional repsonsbilities for administering patients care than RNs. they can rpescribe medicaiton, examine patients, diagnose illnesses, and provide treatment, much like physicians do. \ more authority than RN s, they must have a medical docto sign on certain patient care dicision.s

psychosis

is characterized as disruptions to a persons thoughts and perceptiosn that make it difficult for them to recongize what is real and waht isnt'. these disruptions are often experienced as seeing , hearing, and believing things that arent real or having strange, persistent thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, while everyone experiences is different, most people sya psychosis is frightening and confusing. is a symptom ,not an illness, and it is more common than you may think. U.S , approximately 10000 people will ahve an episode at some point in their life.

Little of the additional money is going to community treatment programs; much of it goes instead to prescription drugs, monthly income payments such as social security disability income, , services for people with mental disorders in nursing home and general hospitals, and community services for people who are less disturbed (chapter 12 page 414) .

issue of the public funding ithat is devoted each year to people with mental disoders is that +

antagonism. (chapter 13)

manipulativeness, deceitfulness, callousness. These emotions/behaviors would be seen in someone with personality disorder—trait specified (PDTS) antagonism.

Dimensionals Personality disorders (chapter 13)

personality disorders differ more in degree than in type of dysfunction and should instead be classifed by severity of personality trait rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits.

Key central features of schizoid share an example of an idnvidal with this

relationship problems, and aloof/ isolated part of the cluster of the odd and or eccentric behavior RIchard would chat to others online, but never in person, decline invitations, and removed himself from others.

Key central feature of schizotypal

relationship problems, cognitive /perceptual eccentricities part of the cluster of the odd and or eccentric behavior Richard had a hard time keeping close relationships as well as had unusual thoughts and behaviors from his peers. He had no expression on his face, and wear odd clothing.

key central feature of borderline

relationship problems, emotionally unstable part of the cluster of the dramatic behavior richard emeoitn swing in and out of very depressvie, anxious, and irritable states that would last anywehre from a few hours to a few days or more. He would feel bouts of anger, and have self-destrucitve activities such as self injuring himself.

key central feature of narcissistic share an example of this key feature

self-absorbed, grandiose/ egocentric part of the cluster of the dramatic behavior. Richard exaggerating his own achievement, as well as criticize others achievements or talents. He was full of himself. he saw himself above others.

anhednia- restircted affect chapter 12

some cases, people with schizophrenia have a genral lack of pleasure or enjoyment

borderline (chapter 13)

some multicultural theoriests beleive that ____ personality disoder may be attributable more to soical inequalities than to to psychological factors.

Social labeling cause schizophrenia (chapter 12)

that the features of this disoder are influenced by the diagnosis itself. In their opinion, society assigns the label" schizophrenic" to people who fial to conform to certain norms of behavior. Once the label is assigned, justified or not, it becomes a self-fuilfilling prophecy that promotes the development of many schizophrenic symptoms. In the famous Rosenhan study (1973), eight normal people presented themselve ar barious mental hosptitals, complaning that they had been hearing voices utter the words, "empty, " "hoolow, " and "thud." they were quicly diagnosed as schizophrenic, and all eight were hospitalized. Although the pseudopatients then dropped all symptoms and behaved normally, they had dgreat difficulty getting rid of the label and gaining relased from the hospital... they felt powerless, bord, tired, and uninterested. The investigation does demonstrate, however, that the label "schizophrenic" can itself have a negative effect not just on how people are viewed but also on how they themselves feel and behave.

23; 28 (chapter 12)

the average age of schizophrenia onset for men is ___ years, compare with __ years, for women

summing up "odd" personality disorder

three of the personalityh disorders in DSM-5 are makred by the kinds of odd or eccentric behaivors often seen in schizophrenia, although they are not as extensive as those ofund in schizophrenia. some clincians beleive that these personalityd isorders are related to schizophrenia. People with paranoid personality disorder display a borad pattern of distrust and suspiciousness . those with schizoid personality disorder persisitently avoid social relaitonships and show little emotional expression. People with schizotypal personality disoreder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relaitonships, very odd forms of thinking, and behaivor, and various behavioral eccentricities. People with these 3 kinds of disorder usually are resistant to treatment ,and treamtent gains tend to be modest at best.

sociocultural (chapter 13)

which theorists believe that histrionic personality disoder is produced in part by our society's past encouragement for girls to hold on to childhood and depedency as they grew up?

Paranoid personality disorder facts suspicious/ distrustful

· Deeply distrust other people · Everyone intend them harm, they shun close relationships · Trust their own ideas and abilities- but excessively. · Remain cold and distant to avoid getting hurt. · Not delusional or bizarre, but inaccurate and inappropriate · Critical of weakness and fault in others, particularly at work · Unable to recognize their own mistakes, and are extremely sensitive to criticism. · Blame others for the things that go wrong in their lives, and repeatedly bear grudges. · Psychodynamic theories: trace the pattern to early interaction with demanding parents, rigid fathers, and over concognitive theoriests controlling, rejecting mothers. mistreatment during childhood and lack of love. They must always be on the alert because they can't trust others. Congitive theorists suggest the people hold maladaptive assumptions, such as "people are evil and people will attack you if given the chance Biolgical therapist propse that it has genetic causes: that if one twin was excessively suspicious, he other had an icnreased likehood of also being suspicious. Thought it may be because the twins are in the environment and have same environemtnal experiences

hormonal (chapter 14)

of the following, which has not been investigated as a contirbutor to austims spectrum disorder?

others things to study more on if I can

* read about who the therapy or approach is best use for so when you read an example of a reason and to if it ask what approach or therapy they should receive, you will know. * every little detail on schziphrenia (there will be a lot of questions on this and the treatmetn * also know the type of problems, and if they biolcoail, cognitive, etc, and what the best appraoch to use for that. * DSM-5 study about not only the different therapy and approachs, but what type of patients are best for those type of treatments?

Prevalence of ADHD (chapter 14)

: Disorder usually persists through childhood, but many children show a lessening of symptoms as they move into mid-adolescence. Around 4-9 percent of schoolchildren display ADHD, as many as 70 percent of them boys. •Between 35 percent and 60 percent continue to have ADHD as adults.

Encopresis facts

: a childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one's clothing. It is also less well researched. This problem seldom occurs at night during sleep. It is usually involuntary, starts at the age of 4 or older, and affect about 1.5 to 3% of all children. This disorder is much more common in boys than in girls. -Causes intense social problems, shame, and embarrassment Cause: Stress, constipation, improper toilet training, or a combination of all three ·Behavioral and medical approaches, or combinations of the two Treatment may include biofeedback training to help the children better detect when thei bowels are full; trying to eliminate the children's constipation; and stimulating regular bowel functioning with high-fibers diets, mineral , oaxatives, and lubricants. Family therapy has also proven helpful.

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (chapter 14)

A childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts and a persistent irritable or angry mood.

external (chapter 12)

A cognitive explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia suggests that individuals try to make sense of hallucinations and conclude incorrectly that the source is _____. The misinterpretations of their origin are essentially the delusions that they suffer.

assertive community treatment (chapter 12)

A combination of services for people recovering from schizophrenia and other severe disorders that includes medication, psychotherapy, help in handling daily pressures and responsibilities, guidance in making decisions, social skills training, residential supervision, and vocational counseling.

case manager (chapter 12)

A community therapist who offers a full range of services for people with schizophrenia or other severe disorders, including therapy, advice, medication, guidance, and protection of patients' rights

antisocial personality (chapter 14)

A diagnosis of conduct disorder in children is very similar to a diagnosis of _____ disorder in an adult.

conduct disorder (chapter 14)

A disorder in which a child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others and displays significant aggression.

oppositional defiant disorder (chapter 14)

A disorder in which children are persistently argumentative, defiant, angry, irritable, and perhaps vindictive.

neurocognitive disorder (chapter 15)

A disorder marked by a significant decline in at least one area of cognitive functioning.

separation anxiety disorder (chapter 14)

A disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the person is separated from home, a parent, or another attachment figure.

intellectual disability (ID) (chapter 14)

A disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average. Previously called mental retardation.

Definition of ADHD

A disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (chapter 14)

A disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both.

Down syndrome (chapter 14)

A form of intellectual disability caused by an abnormality in the 21srt chromosome

apolipoprotein E (ApoeE) gene (chapter 15)

A gene is normally reponsbile for the production of a protein that help carry various fats into the blood stream. This genes comes in various of forms.

fragile X syndrome (chapter 14)

A genetic condition causing intellectual disability.

Phenothiazines (chapter 12)

A group of antihistamine drugs that became the first group of effective antipsychotic medications.

neurodevelopmental disorders (chapter 14)

A group of disabilities in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood and affect a person's behavior, memory, concentration, and/or ability to learn.

fetal alcohol syndrome (chapter 14)

A group of problems in a child, including alower intellectual functioning, low birth weight, and irregularities in the hands and face, that result from excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy

milieu therapy (chapter 12)

A humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the premise that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self respect, responsible behaviour, and meaningful activity.

moderate ID (chapter 14)

A level of inteellectual disability (IQ between 20 and 34) at which people require careful supervision and can learn to perfrom basic work in structured and sheltered settings.

profound ID (chapter 14)

A level of intellectual disability (IQ below 20) at which people need a very structured environment with close supervision.

Profound ID intellectual disability (chapter 14)

A level of intellectual disability (IQ below 20) at which people need a very structured environment with close supervision. This level is very noticable at birth or early infancy. With training, people with profound ID may learn or improve basic skills such as walking, some talking, ad feeding themselve. They need a very structured environment ,with close uspervision and considerable help, including a one-to=one relaitonship with a caregiver ,in order to develop to the fullest.

autoimmune theory (chapter 15)

Another explanation for Alzheimer disease. On the basis of certain irregularities found in the immune system of people with alzheimer disease, several researchers have speculated that changes in aging brain cells may trigger an autoimmune response (that is, a mistaken attack by the immune system against itself_ that help lead to the disease. )

viral theory (chapter 15)

Another explanation for alzheimer's disease. Because alzheimer's disease resumebles creutzfeldt=jakob disease which is caused by a slow-acting virus, , some researchers propose that a similar virus may cause alzheimer's disease. To date, however, no such virus has been etected in the brains of alzheimer's victims.

Donepezil (chapter 15 page 518 for more information )

Another name is Aricept. One of the drugs that is currently prescribed for Alzheimer's patients. It is designed to affect acetylcholine and glutamate, and neurotransmitters that play important roles in memory.

Rivastigmine (chapter 15)

Another name is Exelon. One of the drugs that is currently prescribed for Alzheimer's patients. It is designed to affect acetylcholine and glutamate, and neurotransmitters that play important roles in memory.

Memantine (chapter 15)

Another name is namenda. One of the drugs that is currently prescribed for Alzheimer's patients. They are designed to affect acetylcholine and glutamate, the neurotransmitters that play important roles in memory.

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (chapter 15)

Another type of neurocognitive disorder that is known to be caused by a slow-acting virus. (Alzheimer's disease resembles this disease) other name: neurocognitive disoder due to prion disease. has symptoms that include spasm of the body. this disoder is caused by a slow-acting virus that may live in the body for years before the disease develop. Once launched, however, the disease has a rapid course.

Explanation of the "dramatic" personality disorder (chapter 13)

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic The behaviors of people with these problems are so dramatic, emotional, orrantic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying. More commonly diagnoses than the others. However ,only the antisocial and borderline personality disorders have received much study, partly because they create so many problems for other people. The causes of the disorder, like those of the odd personality disorders, are not well understood. Treatments range from ineffective to moderately effective.

avolition. (chapter 12)

Arjun sits at home on most days, watches television, smokes cigarettes, and sits on the couch. He does not feel like cooking, cleaning, or doing much of anything. This can MOST LIKELY be described as:

Describe the disoder of cogntiion: delirium part 2 (chapter 15)

Around 17% of patients admitted for surgery develop delirium. 60% of nursing home residents older than 75 years of age have some ___ , compared with 35% of similar people living independently with the assistance of home health services. Fever, certain diseases and infections, poor nutrition, head injuries, strokes, and stress (including the trauma of surgery) may all cause ____. So may intoxication by certain substances, suchas prescriptions drugs. Partly because older people face so many of these problems, they are more likely than younger ones to experience ___. If a clinicain accurately idetnifes ______, it can often be easy to correct- by treating the underlying infection, for example, or changing the patient's drug prescriotion. HOwever, the syndrome typically fails to be recognzied for what it is. One pioneering study on a medical ward, for expamle, foudnt aht admissiondoctors detected only 1 of 15 consectvie cases of ___> Incorrect diagnosses of this kind may contribute to ahigh death rate for older pople with _____>

He will continue to have a fear of spiders. (chapter 14)

As a child, Marko had a fear of spiders but because it really did not affect him or interfere with his life he was never treated for his phobia. What is MOST likely going to happen as he ages?

decreases. (chapter 15)

As people age, the incidence of alcohol abuse and other forms of substance abuse:

awareness of their limitations. (chapter 15)

As the neurocognitive symptoms intensify, people with Alzheimer's disease show less and less:

D-1, D-4, and serotonin (chapter 12)

Atypical antipsychotic drugs are received at fewer dopamine D-2 receptors and more _____receptors than the others.

Other causes of neurocogntive disoders (chapter 15)

By HIV infections, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, or various medical conditions such as meningitis or advanced syphilis.

schizoid (chapter 13)

people with ___ personality disoder are unable to give or recieve love and cope by avoiding all relationships.

delusion of reference (chapter 12)

people with schizophrenia may attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events. example: richard interpreted arrows on street signs as indicators of the direction he should take

delusions of control (chapter 12)

people with schizophrenia may beleive their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controleled by other people

delusion of grandeur (chapter 12)

people with schizophrenia may believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors, or other specially empowered persons.

psychological view of autism. (chapter 14)

people with this disoder have a central perceptual or cognitive disturbance that makes normal communication and interactions impossible. One influential explanation holds that those with the disoder fail to develop a theory of mind- an awareness that other pople base their behaviors on their own beleifs, intentions ,and othe rm ental states, not on information that they have no way of knowing. by 3 to 5 years of age, most normal children can take the perspective of another person into account and use it to anticipate what the person will do. In a way, they learn ot read others' minds. let us say, for example ,that we watch jessica place marble in a container and then we boserve. Frank move the marble to a nearby room while jessica is taking a nap. we know that later jessica will search first in the containers for the marble because she is not aware that frank moved it. we know that because we take jessica's perspective into account. a normal chikld would also antiicpate jessicas search correctly. an autistic child would not. He or she would ecvpet jessica to look in the nearby room becasue that is where the marble actually is. Jessica's own mental rprocesses would be umoimportant to the person. studies shows that people with this disoder do indeed have this kind of "mind=blinedness, " altough they are not th only kinds of idnvidaiusl with this limtiation. they thus have great difficulty taking part in maek=beleive play, using laguage in ways that include the persepctives of others, developing relationships, or participating in human interactions. some theroist beleive that they suffered early biological problems that prevented proper cognitive development.

Alzheimer dr. checklist (chapter 15)

Indivdiauls display the featues of major or mild neurocongitive disoder Meory impairtment is a prominent feature Genetic indications or familyh hisotyr of this diseas underscore diagnosis, butare not essential to diagnosis Sysmtpoms are not due to other typs of disoders or medical problems.

Major neurocognitive disoder checklist include (chapter 15)

Indivdiual display sustantiald eclien in at least one of the following areas of cogntiive fucntion: memory and larning, attention, perceptual motor skills, planning and decision making, language ability or soical awarenes s. Cognitive deficits itnerfere with the idnvidiuals everydya independence

behaviroal interventions (chapter 15)

role playing, exercises, modeling, and family training are all part of the ____ approach to treatment Alzheimer disease

Type of Child-focused treatment for conduct disorder (chapter 14)

s Focus primarily on the child with this disorder, particularly congitive- behavioral interventions, have been some success in recent years. Problem sovling skill traing: therapists combine modeling, practice, role0playing, and systematic rewards to help teach children ocnstrucitve thinking and positive social behaivors. During therapy sessions, the therpsit s may play games and solve tasks with the children and later help the children apply the lwesson and skills dereived form the games and tasks to real0life sutaitons. Coping powerpprogram: children with this problems participate in group sessions that teach them to manage their anger more effectively, view situation in persepctive, solve problems, become aware of their emotions, build social skills, set goals, and handle peer presure. Studies indicate that this approaches sucha s these do indeend help reduce aggressive behaivor and prevent substance us in adelscence. recently , psychotrophic medications have also been used for children. ( stimulant drugs may be helpful in reducing their aggressive behaivors at home and at school)

brief psychotic disorder (chapter 12)

same symptoms as schizophrenia. duration: less than 1 month lifetime prevalance: unknwon.

Catatonic posturing in schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Individuals assuming awkward, bizarre positions for long periods of time.

catatonic rigidity in schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Individuals maintain a rigid, upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved.

catatonic excitement in schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Individuals move excitedly, sometimes widely waving their arms and legs. A different form of ________.

catatonic stupor in schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Individuals stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless and silent for long stretches of times. Example: richard would lie motionless and and mute in bed for days.

mentally ill chemical abuser (MICA) (chapter 12)

Individuals with psychotic disorders as well as substance use disorders. Another name for this is dual diagnosis.

restricted affect (chapter 12)

Individuals with schizophrenia may reflect an inability to express emotions as others do. (but do feel those same emotions, and maybe even more skin arousal)

Describe and evaluate treatments and therapies for individuals with intellectual disability, including normalization programs and behavioral techniques. (chapter 14

Intervention programs try to provide comfortable and stimulating residences, social and economic opportunities, and a proper education Normalization: the principle that institution and community residence should provide people with intellectual disAIBLITES TYPE OF LIVING CONDITIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE ENJOYED BY THE REST OF SOCIETY. A tthe same time, the programs seek to improve the self-image and self esteem of thos e with intelelecutal disabilities. Once those needs are met, formal psychological or biological treatment are also help in some cases. Because early intervention seems to offer such great promise, educational programs for individuals with IDD may begin during the earliest years. At issue are special education versus mainstream classrooms.(a.) In special education, children with IDD are grouped together in a separate, specially designed educational program. (b) Mainstreaming places them in regular classes with students from the general school population. (c.) Neither approach seems consistently superior. Like anyone else, people with intellectual developmental disorder sometimes experience emotional and behavioral problems. Around 30 percent or more have a diagnosable psychological disorder other than IDD. Some suffer from low self-esteem, interpersonal problems, and adjustment difficulties. These problems are helped to some degree by individual or group therapy. Psychotropic medication is sometimes prescribed.

Oppositional defiant disorder symptoms (chapter 14) (web and book

Irritable mood, argumentative and defiant behavior, aggression, and vindictiveness that last more than 6 months and cause significant problems at home or school. Behavioral: aggression, antisocial behavior, impulsivity, irritability, screaming, or self-harm Mood: anger or anxiety Also common: depression or problem paying attention persistently augmentative or defiant, angry or irritable, and, in some cases, vindictive. they may argue repeatedly with adults, ignore adult rules and requests, deliberately annoy other people ,and feel much anger and resentment.

Treatments for Narcissistic personality disorder (chapter 13)

Is one of the most difficult personality patterns to treat because the clients are unable to acknowledge weaknesses, to appreciate the effect of their behavior on others, or to incorporate feedback from others. The clients who consult therpists usually do so because of a related disorder such as depression. Once in treatment, the clients may try to manipulate the therpists into supporting their sense of superiority. Some also seem to project their gradiose attitudes onto their therpsits and develop a love-hate stance toward them. Psychodynamic therpists seek to help people with this disorder recongize and work through their basic insecurities and defenses. Cogntiive therpists, focusing on the self0centered thinking of such indivdiuals, try to redirect the client's focus onto the opions of others, teach them to interpret criticism more rationally, increase their ability to empahtize, and change theri all-or nothing notions. None of the appraoches have had clear success, howeve.

Discuss the Behavioral views of schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Is the cause of enviornmental factors such as cognitive factos.. .It could be that the problems caused by low neurotrasmitters creates the cogntiive deficits (on the web)

Discuss the issues of old age and stress part 1 (chapter 15)

Is usually defined in our society as the years past age 65. By this account, around 43 millsion people in the US are "old, " repesenting 13. 6% of the toal population; this is a 14-fold increase since 1900. It has also been estimated that there willb e 70 million elderyly people in the US by the year 2030- more than 20% of the population. Not only is the overall popualtion of the eledery on the rise, but also the number of people over 85 will double in the net 10 years. Indeed, people over 85 represent the fastest-growing segment of the population in the US and in most coutnries around the world. Older women outnumber older men by almost 3 to 2. Like childhood, old age brings special pressures, unique upsets, and more prone to illness and injury as they age. About half of adults over 65 have two or three cornic illnesses, and 15% have for or more. In addition, eldery pople are likely to be contendign with the stress ofloss -the loss of spouses, firends, and adult children' of former activiites and roles; of hearing and vision. Many lose their sense of purpose after they reitre. Some also have to adjust to the loss of favored pets and possessions.

schizotypal (chapter 13)

Jessie is often described as a "weirdo" by his fellow workers in a fast food restaurant. He dresses strangely, has very unusual habits, and believes that he can cure diseases by using a variety of crystals. Jessie MOST likely has the symptoms of _____ personality disorder.

She believes her doctor is conspiring with her family to get her institutionalized. (chapter 15)

Joann, who is elderly, has developed a psychotic disorder. Which information would lead geropsychologists to determine that she has developed delusional disorder rather than schizophrenia?

social therapy (chapter 12)

Techniques that address social and personal difficulties in the client's lives. Clincians offer practical advice; work with clients on problem solving, decisions making, and social skills; make sure that the clients are taking their medications properly; and may even help them find work, financial assistance, appropriate health care, and proper housing.

Detachment (one of the traits in the personality disorder approach ) (chapter 13)

Tend to withdraw from other people and social interactions. May exhibit anyh of the follwoing tratis: restricted emotional reactivity (little reaction to emotionally arousing situations), depressivity, suspiciousness, withdrawal, anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure or take interest in things), and intimancy avoidance. You;ll note that two of the traits in this gorup-depressivity and suspiciousness-are also found in the negaitve affectivity group.

dopamine (chapter 12)

The _____ hypothesis states that schizophrenia is caused by an excess of a particular neurotransmitter.

transorbital (chapter 12)

The _____lobotomy was developed by Walter Freeman as a treatment for various mental illnesses.

tactile (chapter 12)

The belief that one can feel bugs tingling under a person's skin would be an example of a(n) _____ hallucination

biological. (chapter 15)

The causes of cognitive problems that appear late in life are MOST often:

Define "anxious" personality disorder (chapter 13)

The cluster include the avoidant, dependent,and obsessive-compulsive personlity disorder

Define "dramatic" personality disorder (chapter 13)

The cluster of this include the antisocial ,borderline, histrionic ,and narcissistic personality disorder.

recessive genes (chapter 14)

The metabolic disorder that affect intelligence and development are typically caused by the pairing of two defective ____ ____.

Disorder of psychotic disorder in later life (chapter 15)

. Have a higher rate of psychotic symptom than younger poeple. Among age people, these symptoms are usually caused by underlyingmedical conditions such as neurocongitive disoders, the disoders of cognition (memory and other cogntiive changes) Some eldelry people, though, suffer from schizophrenia or delusional disoder. Schizophrenia is less common in older people than in younger ones. In fact, many people with schizophrenia find that their symptoms lessen in later life. Improvvement can occur in people who have had schizophrenia for 30 or more years, particularly in such areas as social skills and work capacity, as we are reminded by the remarkable improvment of the nobel prize, recipent john nash, the subject of the book and movie a beautiful mind. Among theose whose schizophrenia does emerge for the first timed uring old age, women outnumber men by at least 2 to 1. Another kind of ___ ____found among the elderly is delusional disoder, in which people develop beliefs that are false but not bizaree. Thisdisoder is rare in most age gorup- around 2 of every 1, 000 persons= but its prevalence apprears to increase in the elderly population. Older poeple with a delusional disoder may develop deeply held suspicions of persecution; they beleive that other people-often family members, doctors, or friends- are conspiring against, cheating, spying on, or maligning them. They may become irritable, angry, or depressed or prursue legal action because of such ideas. It is not clear why this disoder increases among elderly people, but soem clincians suggest that the rise is related to the deficiencies in hearing, soical isolation, greater stress, or heightened pvoerty with which many elderly persons contend

Moderate ID: Intelligence disability (chapter 14)

A level of intellectual disability (IQ between 35 and 49) at which people can learn to care for themselves and can benefits from vocational training 10% of those with this function at a level of _____ (IQ 35-49) They typically recieve their diagnosis eariler in life than do individuals with mild ID, as they demonstrate clear deficits in language development and play during their preschool years. By middle school they further show significant dealys in their acquisition of reading and number skills and adaptive skills. By adulthood, however, many individual with moderate ID manage to develop a fair degree of communication skills, learn to care for themselves, benefits form vocational training, and can work in unskilled or semiskilled jobs, usually unders upervision. Most also function well in the community if they have supervision.

Poverty of speech in people with schizophrnia (chapter 12)

A negative symptom of this disorder. Often have alogia (or ____ __ ___) A reduction in speech or speech content. Some people with this negative kind of formal thought disoder think and say very little. Others say quite a bit but still manage to convey little meaning.

major neurocognitive disorder (chapter 15)

A neurocognitive disorder in which the decline in cognitive functioning is substantial and interferes with a person's ability to be independent.

Huntington's disease (chapter 15)

A neurocogntive disoder. Is an inherited progressive disease in which memory problems, along with personality changes and mood difficulties, worsen over times. Have movement problems too, such as severe twitiching and spasm. Children of people with this disease have a 50% of developing it.

Conduct disorder : treatments (chapter 14)

A number of interventions, from sociocultural to child-focused, have been developed in recent years to treatmet children with the disorder Several of these have the modest *and at times moderate) success, but clearly no one of them alone is the anser for this difficult problem. •Because aggressive behaviors become more locked in with age, treatments for conduct disorder are generally most effective with children younger than 13. •A number of interventions have been developed but none of them alone is the answer for this difficult problem. •Today's clinicians are increasingly combining several approaches into a wide-ranging treatment program. Sociocultural treatments and child focused treatments Therapist often use family interventions due to the importance of family factors in this disorders

What is catatonia and the types? (chapter 12)

A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include cataonic stupor, rigidity,or posturing.

Catatonia (chapter 12)

A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing.

relationships. (chapter 13)

A proposed key difference between social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder is that people with social anxiety disorder fear social circumstances, while people with the personality disorder tend to fear social:

Personality (chapter 13)

A set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence our behaivors, emotions, thoughts and interactions.

Psychosis (chapter 12)

A state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways.

state school (chapter 14)

A state-supported institution for people with intellectual disability.

methylphenidate (Ritalin) (chapter 14.

A stimulant drug known better the the trade name _____. Commonly used to treat ADHD

Delusion (chapter 12)

A strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.

sheltered workshop (chapter 12)

A supervised workplace for people who are not yet ready for competitive jobs.

take shape when individuals try to make sense of hallucinations and conclude incorrectly that the source is external; the misinterpretations of their origin are essentially delusions. (chapter 12)

According to the cognitive perspective, the symptoms of schizophrenia:

disinhibition (chapter 13)

According to the personality disorder-trait specified (PDTS) approach, a person with _____ exhibits problematic traits characterized by impulsivity, distractibility, and risk taking.

beta-amyloid precursor protein (chapter 15 page 514)

Alzheimers disease can be caused by abnormalities in the genes reposnbile for the production of two proteins. (the other other one one is presenilin protein)

neurocognitive disorders (chapter 15)

Among the elderly, psychotic symptoms are usually caused by underlying ____

Summarize the anatomy of memory (chapter 15)

Among the most important sturcutres in short term meory is the prefoutal cortex., located just behind the forehead; the temproal lobes (which include the hippocampus and amygdala); and the diencephalon *which includes the mammillary bodies, thalamus, and hypothalamus) Research indicates that alzheimers' disease involves damage to or improper functioning of one or more of these brain structures. Example: hypothalamus: selected neurons die) page 515

special education (chapter 14)

An approach to educating children with intellectual disability in which they are grouped together and given a seperate, specially designed education.

Cerebellum (chapter 14)

An area of the brain that coordinates movement in the body and perhaps helps control a person's ability to shift attention rapidly.

more slowly than average for both injuries and illnesses. (chapter 15)

An elderly individual has just been diagnosed with depression. In the future, that individual would be expected to recover:

major neurocognitive disorder. (chapter 15)

An individual with Alzheimer's disease is NOT able to function independently. The MOST appropriate label for this person's condition is:

Explanation of schizotypal personality disorder by theorists

Because of the symptoms of this disorder so often resemble those of schizophrenia, researchers have hypothesized that similar factors may be at work in both disorders. A wide range of studies have suppoerted such expectations. Investigators hace found that the symptoms, like schizophrenic patterns, are often linked to family conflicts and to psychological disorders in parents. They have also learned that defects in attention and short term memory may contribute to this disorder, just as they apparently do to schizophrenia. For example, research participants with either disorder perform poorly on backward masking, laboratory test of attention that requires a person to idneitfy a visual stimulus immediately after a previous stimulus has flashed on and off the screen. People with these disorder have a hard time shutting out the first stimulus in order to focus on the seconed. Finally, researcher have linked this disorder to some of the same biolgoical factors found in schizophrenia, such as high activiity of the neurotrasmitter dopamine, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temproal lobes, and loss of gray matter. there are indications that these biological factors may have a genetic base Although these findings do suggest a close relationship between this disorder and schizophrenia, the personality disorder also has been linked to disorders of mood. More than half of people with this disorder also suffer from major depressive disorder least some point in their lives. Moreover, relaitves of people with depression ahve a higher than usual rate of this personality disorder, and vice versa. Thus, at the very least, this personality disorder is not tied exclusively to schizophrenia.

early-onset Alzheimer's disease (chapter 15)

Before the age of 65 (only a relative few cases). Such cases typically run in families. This form of disease can be casued by abnormalities in the genes responsible for the production of two proteins- the beta-amyloid precursor protion (beta-APP_ and the presenilin protein. Apparently, some families tramit mutations, or abnoral forms, of one or both of these genes- mutations that lead ulimately to abnoral beta-amyloid protein buildups and, in turn, to plaque formation.

Dicuss the effect of psychotherapy on schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Before the disovery of antipsychotic drugs, psychotherpay was not really ano option for people with schizophrenia. Most were too far removed from relaity to profit form it. Today, however, psychotherapy is helpful to many such patients. By helping to relieve thoughts an d perceptual disturbance, antipsychotic drugs allow many people with shcizophrenia tolearn about their disdoer, aprticpate activly in therapy, think more clearly, make changes in theri behavior, and cope with stressors in theri lives. The most helpful forms of pscyhotherapy include cogntive-behavioral therapy and two sociocultural interventions=family therapy and social therapy. Often the various appraoches are combiend.

Disinhibition (one of the traits in the personality disorder approach ) (chapter 13)

Behave impulsively, without reflecting on potential future consequences. May exhibit any of the folowing traits: irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility, risk taking, and imperfection/ disorganization.

Antagonism (one of the traits in the personality disorder approach ) (chapter 13)

Behave in ways that put them at odds with other people. May exhibti any of the following traits: manipulativeness, deceitfulness, gradiosity, attention seeking, callousness, and hostility (hostility is also found in the negaitve affecity gorup)

Delusions of grandeur in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors, or other specially empowered persons.

sociocultural (chapter 12)

Bennett has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. The people around him begin to treat him as if he is "crazy," expecting and overreacting to odd behaviors that they might not even notice in others. This observation is MOST consistent with the _____ understanding of schizophrenia.

The research the fail to support the dompanine hypothesis (chapter 12)

Biggest challenge to it has come with the realtively recent disocovery of a new gorup of antipsychotic drugs, intitally referred to an atypical antipsychotic drug and now callec second-generation antipyschotic drug, which are often more effective than the traditional ones. th e new drugs bind not only to D-2 dopamine recptors, like teh traditional antipsychotic drugs, but also to many D-1 and D=4 recptos and to recpetors for othe rneurotrasmitters such as serotonin. Thus, it may be that schizophrenia is related to abnormla abvtiibvty or interaction of both dopamine and other neurotrasmitters, rather than to abnormal dopamine acitivity alone.

Causes of ADHD (chapter 14)

Biological factos have been idneitifed in many cases, particularly abnormal activity of the neurotrasmitter dopamine and abnormalities in the striatal region of the brain. Linked to high levels of stress and to family dysfunctioning Sociocultural therists have noted that symptoms and a diagnosis may themselves create social problems and produce additional symptoms in the child. That is, children who are hyperactive tend to be viewed negatively by their peers and by their parents, and they often view themselves negatively as well.

Support for caregivers treatmetn treatemtnt for alzheimers disease and other neurocgitnive disoders (chapter 14)

Can take a heavy toll ont he close raltives ofpe9ople with this disease and other types of disoders. Almost 90% of all people with this diease are cared for by their relatives. It is hard to take care of someone who isbecoming increasinglylost, helpless, and medically ill. And it is very painful to witness mental and phsycial declien in someone you love. One of the most frquent reasons for the institiuionalization ofpeople with this disease is that overwhelmed ___________ can no longer cope with the difficulties of keeping them at home. Many __-- experience anger and depression, and their own phsyical and mental health often decliens. Clincians now recongize that one of the most improtant aspects of treating ______ disease and othe types of ______________disoder is to focus on the emotinal needs of the ______, including their needs for regular time out,educaiton about the diseas, and psychotherapy. Some clincians also prvoide ____ supprot gorups.

Genetic factors that contribute to intellectual disability (chapter 14)

Chromosomal causes: the most common of the chromosomal disorders that lead to ID is Down syndrome: down syndrome occurs in around 2 of every 1,000 live births, but the rate increases significantly when the mother's age is over 35. Many older expectant mothers are now encouraged to undergo prenatal testing during the early months of pregnancy to identify down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities. It may be that down syndrome and early neurocognitive decline often occur together because the genes that produce them are located close to each other on chromosome 21. A second one is Fragile X syndrome. Children born with a fragile x chromosome (that is, an x chromosome with a genetic abnormality that leaves it prone to breakage and loss) generally display mild to moderate degree of intellectual dysfunctioning, language impairments, and in some cases, behavioral problems. Typically they are shy and anxious. The metabolic disorders that affect intelligence and development are typically caused by the pairing of two defective recessive genes, one from each parent. Although one such gene would have no influence if it were paired with a normal gene, its pairing with another defective gene leads to major problems for the child.

Describe the issues affecting the mental health of the elderly (chapter 15)

Clinicians have become concerned about three issues: the problems of elderly members of racial and ethnic minority groups, inadequacies of long term care, and the need for health maintenance by young adults. Write more about it on page 523

Treatment of autism disorder (chapter 14)

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (a). Treatment can help people with autism spectrum disorder adapt better to their environment, although no known treatment totally reverses the autistic pattern (b) Education and training in special education classes and programs (LEAP) (c.) Therapies are ideally applied when they are started early in the children's lives. Communication training (a) Even with treatment, half of people with autism spectrum disorder remain speechless. (b) Other forms of communication taught (c.) Sign language and simultaneous communication (d) Augmentative communication systems (e) Child-initiated interactions Parent training (a). Today's treatment programs involve parents in a variety of ways. (b). Behavioral programs train parents to apply behavioral techniques at home. (c,) Individual therapy and support groups help parents deal with their own emotions and needs. Community integration (a). Many of today's school-based and home-based programs for autism teach self-help and self-management, as well as living, social, and work skills.(b) n addition, greater numbers of group homes and sheltered workshops are available for teens and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. (c.) These programs help individuals become a part of their community and also reduce the concerns of aging parents.

Discuss cognitive-behavioral on schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Cognitve explanation for schizophrenia start witht eh premise that people with the disoder do indeed actually hear voices (or experience other kinds of hallucinaitons) as a result of biologically triggered sensations. According to this theory, the journey into schizophrineia takes shape when people try to make sense of these strange sensations and conclude incorrectly that the voices are coming fromexternal sources, that they are being persecuted, or another such notions. These misinterpretations are essentially delusions. An increasing number of clinicans now employs this treatment that seek to help change how people view and react to their hallucinations. The therapists believe that if peole can be guided to interpret such experiences ina more accurate way, they will not suffer the fear and confusion produced by their delsuinal misinterpretations .thus, the therpaist use a combination of behaivoral and cogntivie techniques. Techniques often help those individuals feel more control over their halluncinations and reduce their delusional ideas. Also new-wave cogntive behavioral therapist, as well as practioners of acceptance and comittment therapy belive that the most useful goal of treatment is often to help cleitn accept their stream of prblematic thoguhts rather than to jduge them, act on them, or try fruitflessly to change them. * For example: the therpists help idnvidiauls with anxiety disoder to become mindful of the worries that engultf their thinking and to accept such negative thoguhts as but harmless events of the mind. Similarly, in cases of this disoder, therapists try to help client become detached and comfortable observers of their hallucinations-merely mindful fo the unusual sensations and accepting of them-while otherwidse moving forward with the task sand events of their lives. Often this treatment is very help to clients., those who recieve such treamtents report that they feel less distressed by their hallucinaitons and theat they have fewer delusion. Rehospitalization decrease by 50% among clients treatment with cogntiive-behavioral therapy.

Disorder of anxiety in later life (chapter 15)

Common Many of 11% of indvidiua,s in the US experience at least one of the ________ disoders Surveys indicate that generalized ______disorder is particularly common affecting up to 7% The rate of _______ also increases thoughout age People over 85 years of age report higher rates of this than those between 64 and 84 years. These numbers may be low, as ________ in the elderly often goes unrecognized by healthcare professionals. Things that may heighten the _____ levels in aging are declining health, significant medical illnesses or injuries (more than those who have good health or injury free) Researchers have not, however, been able to determine why some pople who face such problems in old age become _____ while others in similar circumstances remain relatively calm. Older adults with ____ ____ have been treated with psychotheraPY OF VARIOUS kinds, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy. Many also recieve anti anxiety medications or certain antidepressant drugs, just as younger sufferers do. All drugs must be used cautiously with older people.

Define "odd" personality disorders (chapter 13)

Consists of the paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorder.

Her declining health and reduced income may affect the availability and ability to misuse substances. (chapter 15)

Constance, a former manager of a department store, retired at age 65 and is now on a fixed income. She also has developed arthritis and is not as mobile as she used to be. Although she previously used to drink regularly when socializing, she has since stopped drinking. Which reason likely explains why her use of substances has declined?

neuroleptic drugs (chapter 12)

Conventional antipsychotic drugs, so called because they often produce undesired effects similar to the symptoms of neurological disorders.

language (chapter 14)

Corey struggles with verbal communication. He has a difficult time learning new words and confines his speech to short sentences; however, he does not lack in other areas of development. Corey is displaying _____disorder.

4. Schizotypal : Cognitive/ perceptual eccentricities, relationship problems Facts:

Display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving and behavioral eccentricities. Anxious around others, they seek isolation and have few close friends. Some feel intensely lonely. More severe than the paranoid and schizoid personality disorders Example: entirely disconnected from himself and his surrounding, view empty warehouse, as nice and homey, remained aloof during interview, never once looking at the cousnelor, answering questions with either one word responses or short phrases, and usually waiting to respond until a second question is asked.he descirbed in short biazarre answers, appeared enitriely emotionless regarding any aspect of his life. Fade out, becoming blakd, losing conscious awarness, and turn off the pressure of the outer world. . strange sens e of nonbeing or nonexitence, as if his floating consicous awareness carired with it a depresonalized or identifyless human form. Symptoms may include ideas of reference- beleifs that unrelated events pertain to them in some important way- and bidily illusion sjuch as sensing an external force or presence. View themselve as havign special extrasensory abilites and some beleive they have magical control over others. Examples of eccentiricities include repeatedly arranign cans to aling their labels, organzing closets extensively, or wearing an odd assortment of clothing. Emotions may be inapproprate, flat, or humorless. Dififculty dkepeing their attention ocused., use loose association Linked to family conflict and to psychological disorders in parents. Learn that defects in attetion and short term memory may contribute to this disorder. Biological factors found such as a high activity of the nt dopamine, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temporal lobes, and loss of gray matter. Disorder of the mood. May suffer from depressive disorder at some point in their lives. Relatives of peoole with depression have ahigher tahn usual rate of schzioptypa;l personality disoder and vice versa. Most therapist agree on the need to hlep these client "reconnect with the world and recognize the limits of their thinking and theirpower. By setting limits. Other goals are increase psotiive social contacts, ease lonlineess, and overstiulation, and help idnivdiuals become mroe aware of their personal feelings. Congitive beahvioral therapist future combien congitive and behavioral thechiques to help popel function more effectively. Try to teach cleints to evualte their tunusal thoughts or perceptions objectily and to ignore the inapprioprate ones . Sociobehavioral methods such as speech lesson, social skilsl trainign ,ad tips on appropriate dress and manners. Antipyschotic drugs.

inappropriate affect (chapter 12)

Displays of emotions that are unsuited to the situation; a symptom of schizophrenia.

Summarize token economy programs (chapter 12)

Define: a behavioral program in which aperson's desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically throughout the day by the awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges. In the 1950's, bheaviorists disovbered that the symtematic use of perant conditioning techniqurd on hosptital wards could help chage the behaviors of patients. Patients are regarded when they behave acceptably and are not rewareded when they behave unacceptably. The immediate rewards for acceptable behaviors are often tokesn that can be later be exchanged for food ,jjcigarettes, hospital privileges and other desireable items. Some clincians have questioned the qulity fo the imprvoements made under tthis progrma. Are behaviorists chaigning a ptinet's pscyhotic thoughts and perceptions or ssimply improving the patients ability to imitate abnormal behavior? They are still used in many mental hosptials , usally along with meidcation, and in many community residences as well. The appraoch has also been applied to other clincial problems, including intellecutal disaiblity, delingquency, and hyperactivity, as well as in other fields, such as education and business.

Explanation for histrionic personality disorder (chapter 13)

Define: a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. . Once called hysterical personality disorder. One of the "dramatic" personality disorders. Ecaggerated moods and neediness can complicate life considerably Are always "on stage" using theatrical gestures and mannerisms and gradiose language to describe ordinary everyday events. Like chameleons, they keep changing themselves to attract and impress an audience, and in theri pursiut they change not only their surface charcteristics- according to the latest fads-but also their opinions and beleifs. In fact, theri speech is acutally scanty in details and substance, and they seem to lack a sense of who they really are. Approaval and praise are their lifeblood. Vain, self-centered, demanding, and uanble to delay gratification for long, they overreact to any minor events that gets in the ways of their quest for attention. Some makes sucide attempts, foten to manipulate others. May draw attention to themselves by exaggerating their phsycial illnesses or fatigues. They may also behave very provacatively and try to achieve their goals through sexual seduction. Obess over how they look and how others will percieve them, often wearing bright,eye-catching clothes. Exaggerate the depth of their relaitonships, considering themselve to be the intimate friends of people who see them as no more than causal acquaintance. Surverys suggest that 1.8 % of adults have this personality disorder, with males and females equally effected.

Explanation for schizotypal personality disorder (chapter 13)

Define: a personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities. Anxious around others, they seek isolaiton and have few close friends Some feel intensely lonely. The disorder is more severe than the paranoid and schizoid personality disorder; the thoughts and behaviors of people with this disorder can be notiaveably disturbed. These symptoms may include ideas of reference- beleifs that unrelated events pertain to them in some important way-and bodily illusions, such as sensing an external "force" or presence. A number of people with this disorder see themsleves as having speical extrasensory abilities, and some beleive that they have magical control over others. Examples of of ______ eccentricities include repeatedly arranging cans to align their labels, organizing closets extensively, or wearing an odd assortment of clothing. The emotions of these individuals may be inappropriate, flat, or humorless. People with this disorder often ahve great difficulty keeping their attention focused. Correspondingly, their conversations istypcially vague,even sprinkeled with loose associations. They tend to drift aimlessly and lead an idle, unproductive life. They are likely to choose undemanding jobs in which they can work below their capacity and are not required to interact with other people. Surverys suggests that 3.9% of adults-slightly more males than females-display schizotypcal personality disorders.

Explanation for narcissistic personality disorder (chapter 13)

Define: a personality disorder marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. one of the dramtic personality disorder Convinced of their own admiration, and feel no empathy with others. Convinced of their own great success, power, or beauty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those around them. Grandiose sense of self-importance; they exaggerate their achievements and talents, expecting others to reconzie them as superor, and often appear arrogant. Very choosy about their friends and associates, beleiving that their problems are unique and can be appreciated only by other "special," high status people. 'Because of their charm, they oftne make favorable first impressions, yet they can rarly maintain long-term relationships. Seldom interested in the feelings of others, they may neot even be able to empathize with such feelings. Many take adventage of other peopleto achieve their own ends, perhaps partly out of envy; at the same time they beleive others envy them. Some react to crticism or frustation with bouts of rage, humiliation, or embitterment. Other may react with cold indifference. And still others become extremly pessimistic and filled with depression. Many as 6.2% of adults display this disorder, up to 75% of them men. Those thype of bheaivors and thoughts are common and normal among teenagers and do not ususally lead to adult narcissism.

Discuss the proposed disorder of Personality disorder-trait specified (chapter 13)

Define: a personlity disoder currenlty undergoing study for possible inclusion in a future revision of DSM-5. People woudl recieve this diagnosis if they had significant impairment in their functioning as a result of one or more very problematic trait. In the meantime, (the big five trait may be the classification system for WHO) the DSM-5 framers have designed their own alternative dimensional appraoch for possible use in a future revision of the DSM. The ntotion that people whose traits significantly impair their functioning shoudl recieve a diagnosis called _________ When assigning this diagnosis, clinicans would also identify and list the problmatic traits and rate the severity of impairment caused by them. According to the proposal, five groups of problematic traits would be eligible for a diagnosis of PDTS: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. If a person is impaired significantly by any of the five trait gorups, or even by just 1 of the 25 traits that make up those gorups, he or she would qualify for a diagnosis of persoanlity disoer[trait specified. According to this dimensional appraoch, when clinicans assign a diagnosis of personality disoder=trait specficed, they also muyst rate the degree of dysfunctioning caused by each of the persons traits, using a five-point scale ranging from : little or no imapirement. This dimensional appraoch to personality disorder may indeed provide superior to dsm-5 current categorical pappraoch.

Describe the disoder of cogntiion: delirium part 1 (chapter 15)

Define: a rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention and orientation that makes it very difficult to concetrate and think in a clear and organized manner. Major disturbance in attetion and orientation to the environemtn. As the person's focus becomes less clear, he or hse has great difficulty concentrating and thinking in an organzied way, leading to misinterpretations, illusions, and, on occasions, hallucinations. Sufferers may beleive that it is morning in the middle of the night or that they are home when tactually they are in a hosptial room. This state of massive confuison tpically develops over a short period of time, usually hours or days. Delirium may occur in any age gorup, including children, but is most common in elderly people. Fewer than 0.5% of the nonelderly population experience this, compared with 1% of epople over 55 year of age and 14% of those over 85 years of age. When elderly people enter a hosptial to be treated for a general medical conditions, 1 in 10 of them shows the symptoms. At least another 10% develop delirium during their stay in the hospital.

Neurocognitive disoder: alzheimer's disease part 1 (chapter 15)

Define: the most commone type of ______ _____, marked most prominently by memory impairment. accounting for around ⅔ of all cases. Sometimes appears inmiddle age (early onset_, but in the vast majority of cases it occurs after the age of 65 (late onset), buand its prevalance increases markedly among people in their late 70s and early 80s. At least 17% of those with this also experience major depressive disoder. Is a gradually progressive disease in which memory imapirment is the most prominent cognitive dysfunction. Tehcinzally,sufferers recieve a dsm-5 diagnosis of mild neurocongitive disoder due to _____ ___ during the early and mild stages of the syndrome and morjor neurocogntiive disoder due to __ __ during the later, more severe stages. This disease is named after alois alzheimer, the german physician who formally identified it in 1907. Alzheimer first became aware of the sydrome in 1901 when a new patient, auguste D., was place under his care.

Discuss the dopamine hypothesis and evidence that both supports it. (chapter 12)

Define: the theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine Certain neurons that use the neurotransmitter dopamine fire too often and transmit too many messages , thus producing the symptoms of schizophrenia. Foundation for current biochemical explanations of schizophrenia. This theory is appealing because certaind opamine neurons are known to play a key role in guiding attention. People whose attention is several distubed by excessive domainie acitivity might wiell be ecpected to suffer from the problems of atttention, perceptions, and thought foujdn in schizphrenia.

5. Antisocial:deceitful and manipulative /controlling

Descirbed as psychopaths or sociopaths Diregard adn violate others rights most closely linked to adult crininal behaviors DSM-5 stipulates that a person must be at least 18 years of age to recieve this diagnosis; however most people with this disoder display some patterns of misbehavior before they were 25, including truamacy, running away, cruetlty to animals or people, and destroying property. They lie repeatedly Can't work consistently at a job; and absent frequently and are likely to quit their jobs altogether. Careless with money and frequently fail to pay their debts. Often impulsive, taking action withouth thinking of the consequences. May be irritable, aggressive, and quick to start fight. Many travel from place to place. Recklessness is another common trait.; have little regard for therio wn safety or for that fo thers, even their children. Self-centerd as well, and are likely to have toruble maintaining close relationships. ' Develop a knack for gaining eprsonal profit at the expense of other people. Becaus ethe apin or damage they cause seldom concern them, clincial commonly say that they lack a moralconsicience. Think of thie rvictims as wak, and deserving of being conned, robbed, or even phsically harmed. Surbeys indicate that 3.6% of adults in the US meet the critiea for this disoder. Diosder is as much as four time more common among men than women. 40% (at least) of people in prison meet the diagnsotic creiteria for this disoder. Usually this criminal behaivoal for this disoder declines after the age of 40; some , however continue their cirmainl activiite throughout thier lives This disoder have righer rates of alcoholism and other substance use disoder than do the rest of population. psychodynamic , behavioral, cognitive and biologial models have explantion for this disoder. Psychodynamic view is the lack of warmth of parents which cause those children to become emotionally distant, and they bond with other though the use of power and destructivenss. (researcehrs have found that people with this disoder are more likely than others to have thad significnat stress in their chilldhood, such as family pvoerty, family violence, child abuse, and parental conflict or divocrce. Behavioral theroist suggest that those symtpolms may be learned through moedling or imitation. Or unintentially teach antisocial behaivr by regularly rewarding achild aggersive behavior. Cogfnitve view say that people with this hold attidues that trivilaize the importance of other peole needs. Genuine difficulty recognizing points of view or feelings other than their own Biolgoical factos may play an important role in this disoder. May have lower serotonic acitivity than other people. (low serotonien acitivity have been linked to both impulsivity and aggression) Deficient functioning in their frontal lobes, particualy in the preforntal cortex. (this brain region help poele to palna nd execute realistic strateiges and to have personal charactertics such as sympathym judgemnt, and empathy. Feel less anxiety than othe rpoel ,and so lack a key ingredient for learning. (due to the low arousal of the brain, they can easily tune out threatening or emotinals sitatuion, and so are unaffected by them. Beacue of their phsycial underarousal, people with this would be likely more than other people to take risk and seek thriel. May be drawn to antisocial acitivity precisly beacause it meets an underlying biolgoical need for more excitment and arousal. (this disoder often goes hand in hahand with sensation seeking behavior 6. Histrionic: gradndiose/ egocentric, and overly emotions Treatment are typically ineffective. Obstacles are individauls lack of conscience, desire to change, or repsect fofr therapy. Congitive therapist try to guide client with this to thinka bout moral issue and about the neds of toher pole. Number of hosptial and prision shave tired to crea a therapeutic community for people with this disoder, a sturcutre enviornment that teaches responbility toward others. Some seem to profit but most do not. Recent years, clinciasn ahve also usesd psuychotropci medicatiosn ,particualy atypical antipsychotic drugs to rteat peole with this disoder. Some rport that these drugs help reduce certainfeature of the disoder, but systemaitc studies of this claim are still needed.

Discuss the issues related to the neglect of multicultural factors in personality disorders. (chapter 13_

Despite the field's growing focus on personality disorders, relatively little research has been done on gender and other ________influences. Nevertheless, many clinicians believe that )__________ factors may play key roles in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of personality disorders, and researchers have recently begun to study this possibility. Around 75% of all people who recieve a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder are female. Although it may be that women are biologically more prone to the disorder or that diagnostic bias is at work, this gender differnce may instead be a reflection of the extraordinary traumas to which many women are subjected as children. Recall, for example, that the childhoods of people with borderline personlity disorder tend to be filled with emotional trauma, victimization, violence, and abuse, at ttimes sexual abuse. It may be, a number of theoriests argue, that experiences of this kind are prerequisties to the development of borderline personality disoders, that women in our society are particularly subjectedto such expereinces, and that, in fact, the disoder should more preoperly be viewed and treated as a special form of PTSD. Some theroists believe that this disorder may be a reaction to persistent feelings of marginality, powerlessness, and social failure. That is, it may be attributAble more to social inequalities (including sexism, racism, or homophobia) than to psychological factors. Some theroist have aruged that the features of borderline personlity disorder may be perfectly acceptable traits and behaviors in certain cultures. In puerto rican culture, men are expected to display very strong emotions like anger, aggression,and sexual attraction. could such culture based charctersitics helps account for the higher rates of this disorder found among hispanic american clients? And could these cultural-based charactertics alsho help explain the fact that hispanic men and women demonstate similar rates of this disorder, in contrast to the usual 3 to 1 female to male ratio forund in other cultures groups?

Explanation of schizotypal personality disorder treatment (chapter 13)

Difficult just like the other personality disorders. Most therpists agree on the need to help these clients "reconnect' with the world and recongize the limits of their thinking and theri powers. The therapists may thus try to set clear limits- for example ,by requiring punctuality- and work on helping the clients recognize where their view s end and those of the therapists begin. Other therapy goals are to increase positive social contacts, ease loneliness, reduce over stimulation, and help the invidiuals become more aware of their personal feeligns. Cognitive- behaivoral therpaists further combien congitive and behavioral techniques to help people with this disorder function more effectively. Using cognitive itnerventions, they try to teach clients to evaulate their unusal thoughts or perceptions objectivley and to ignore the innapproprate ones. Therapists may keep track of clients odd or magical predictions, for exmaple, and later paoint out their inaccurancy. When clients are speaking and begin to digress, the therapists might ask them to sum up what they are trying to say. In addtion, specific behaivoral methods, such as speech lessons, social skills training, and ti[s on appripriate dress and mangger, have sometimes helped clients learn to blend in better with and be mroe confortable aroudn others. Antipsychotic drug have been given to people with this disorder, again becuase of the disorder's similarity to schizophrenia. In low doses the drugs appear to have helped some popel, usually by reducing certain of their thought problems.

9. schizotypal :Cognitive/ perceptual eccentricity, relationship problems Facts

Display a range of interpersonal problems marked by exterme discomfort in close relaitonhisp, very odd patterns of thinking and percieving, and behaivoral eccentricities. Anxious around others, they seek ioslation and have few close finred,s Some feel intensely lonely. More severe than the paranoid and schizoid disoder. Thoughts and behaviors can be noticably disturbed. These symptoms may include ideas of reference- beleifs that unrelated events pertain ot them in some important way- and bodily illusion, such as sensing an external "force" or presence. Number of people with this disoder see themselve as having speical extresensory abilites, and some believe that they have magical contorl over others. Eccentricities includ repeatedly arranging cans to align their labels, organizing closets extensively, or wearing an odd assotemtn of clothing. Emoitonls of these individuals may be inappripriate, falt, or humaorless. Difficulty keeping their atetention focused. Conversations is typically vague, even sprinkeled with loose assoications. Drift aimlessly and lead an idle, unproductive life. Undemaning jobs in which they can owrk below their capacity and are not requried to interact with otueh peoile. 3.9% of adults-slightly more males than femals dispaly this. Resemble those of schizophrenia. ( (Investigators have found)Are often linked to family conflict and to pshcyolgical disoders in parents. Learned that defects in attention and short term meory may contribute to this disoder, just as they apparently do to schizophrenia. Perform poorly on backward masking ( a test of attention that requires a person to identify a visual stimulus immediately after a prvious has flashed on and off the screen, people with this disoder have a hard time shutting out the first stimulus in order tofocus on the second. Some of the same bioligcal factos found in schizophrenia, such as high acitiviity of the nt dopamine, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temproal lobes, and loss of gray matter. Differ this disoder is linked to disoders of mood. Half of poele this disoder also suffer from amajor depssrive disoder at some point in their lvies. Relatives of people with depressive ahve ahgiher than usual rate of this disder and vice versa. This disoder is not tied exclusively to schizophrenia. Treatmetn is difficult. Therapist agree on the ned to help these clients "reconnect' with the world and recognize thelimits of hteir thinking and their powers. Therapist may thus try to set clear limits- for example ,by requring punctualizy and work on helping the clients recognize where their views end and those of the therpists begin. Other goals are to icnrease positive soical contacts, ease, loneliness, reduce overstimualtion, and help the idnvidiaul become more aware of their personal feelings. Congitive-bheaivor therpsuit further combine congitive and behavioral thechinqes to help people fucniton more effectively. Congitive interventions, they try to teach cleitns to evualate their unusal thoughts or perceptions objectivly and to ignore the inappripriate ones. Therapist amy keep track of clients odd or magical predicitions, and later point out ther inaccurancy When clients are speaking and begin to digress, ther therpsits might ask them to sum up what they are trying to say. Specific behavioral methods such as speech lessons, social skills training, and tips on appriprate dress and manners have sometimes helped clients learn to blend in better with and be more comfortable around others. Antipsychotic drugs thave been given to people with this disder again because of the idsoder similarity to schizophrenia. In low doses the drugs appear to have helped osmeo people, usually by reducing certain of their thought problems.

Big Five theory (chapter 13)

Each of these factors (neuroticism, extorversion, opneess to experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness), which are fruequentoly refereed to the ____ ____, consists of a number of subfacots such as anxiety or friendliness.

depression (chapter 15)

Earline is 68 and has a mental disorder that is common at all ages, but her condition is linked to her recent retirement, the loss of her social status, and her declining health. Earline MOST likely has _____.

Genetic causes of alzheimers disease part 2 (chapter 15)

Early onset: occur before the age of 65 in relatively few cases. Such cases typically run in families. Researchers have learned that this form of ___ ___ can be caused by abnormalities in the genes repsonbile for the production of two proteins= the beta-amyloid precursor protein and the presenilin protein. apparently , some families trasmit mitatopms. Apparently, some families trasmit mutations ,or abnormal forms, of one of both of these genes- mutations that lead ultimately to abnoral bete-amyloid protein buildups and, in turn, to palaque formation. Late-onset: vast majority of this disorder develop after the age of 65 and do not run in families. The genetic factos at play is different from those invovled in early onsets. A gene called the apolipoprotein E gene is normally responsible for the production of a protein that helps carry various fats into the bloods tream. This gene comes in various forms. about 30% of the population inherit the form called ApoE-4, and those people may be particualrly vulnerable to the development of this diease. Apparently, the APo=E-4 gene form promotes the excessive formation of beta-amyloid proteins, helping to spur the formation of plaques and , in turn, the breakdown of the tau protein, the formation of numerous tangles, the death of many neurons ,and ulitmately, the onset of this disease.

Disoder of depssresion part 2 (chapter 15)

Eldelry epopel are also more likely to commite sucidie than younger people, and often theri suicides are related to ________. Overall rate of suicdie in the US is 12.1 per 100,000 people; among the elderly it is more than 16 per 100,000. Both indivdiaul and group therapy formats have been used. More than half of elderly patient have improve withthese various treatments. Sometime it is difficult for older people to use antidepressant drugs effectively and safely because the body breaks the drugs down differently in later life. Antidepressant drugs have a higesr risk of causing some cogntivie impairment. Electroconvulsive therapy papleid with certain modifications, has been used for elderly epople who are severly depressed and unhelped by other approaches.

(chapter 14) Describe childhood anxiety disorders and their treatment.

Emotional and behavioral problems are common in childhood and adolescence. Particular concern among children is that of being bullied. Additions, at least 20% of all children and adolescents in the US have a diagnosable psychological disorder. Anxiety disorders are particularly common among children. This group of problems includes separation anxiety disorder, often panic, whenever a child is separated from a parent .various treatment have been used for children with anxiety disorder, including play therapy. Separation anxiety disorder: is common *but not unique to childhood, begins as early as the preschool years, and at least 4% of all children experience it. Sufferers feel extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are seperated from home or a parent. Jonah's symptoms began when he was a preschooler and continued into kindergarten. Seperation anxiety disorder may further take the form of a shcool phobia, or school refusal, a common problem in which children fear going to school and often stay home for a logn period. Many cases of schhol phobia, however, have causes other htan sepearation fears, such as social or academic fears, depression ,and fears of specific objects or persons at school Checklist: 1. individual displays fear or anxiety concerning separation from attachment figures, anxiety that is unreasonable or excessive for his or her age gorup. 2. Individuals' exvcessive anxiety features three or more of the following symptoms: (a). Repeated seperation-related upset (b). Repeated loss0related concern (c.) repeated ressitance to leaving home. (d) repeated resisitance to being alone. (e) repeated resistance to sleep aways. (f). Repeated seperation-focused nightmares. (g). Repeated seperation-triggered physical symptoms) 3. Individuals symptoms last 4 or more weeks for children and at elast 6 months for adults. 4. Significant distress or impairment. ⅔ is left untreated. psychodynamic ,cognitive- behavioral, family, and group therapies, seperately or in combination, have been used most often. Drug therapy, often in combination with psychotherapy. Play therapy (a treatment approach that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing ,playing with toys, and making up stories) :

Summarize evidence from biological studies that supports the genetic view of schizophrenia. (chapter 12)

Enlightening research on schizophrenia is the key roles of inheritance and brain activiity in the development of schizophrenia and have opened the door to important treatment changes. Points to genetic,bichemical, structural and viral causes. The genetic view is supported by studies of relatives, twins, adoptees, genetic linkage, and molecurlar biology. The leading biochemical explatnion holds that the brain of people with this disoder expereince excessive dopamine activiity. Brain-imaging techiques have also detected abnormal brain strcutres in mahny people with this disoder. Finally, some researchers beleive that this disoder is related to avirus that settls in the fetus.

enuresis facts

Enuresis: a childhood disorder marked by repeated bed wetting or wetting one's clothes: It typically occurs at night during sleep by may also occur during the day. Children must be at least 5 year of age to recieve this diagnosis. Cause: The problem may be triggered by stressful events, such as a hospitialization, entrance into school, or family problems. In some causes it is the result of physicla or psychologicla abuse. ·Psychodynamic theorists explain it as a symptom of broader anxiety and underlying conflicts ·Family theorists point to disturbed family interactions ·Behaviorists often view it as the result of improper, unrealistic, or coercive toilet training ·Biological theorists suspect a small bladder capacity or weak bladder muscles Treatment: MOST CASES OF ENURIESIS CORRECT THEMSELVES EVEN WITHOUT TREATMENT .however, THERAPY, PARTICULARLY BEHAVIORAL THERAPY, CAN SPEED UP THE PROCESS. iN A WIDELY USED CLASSICL CONDITIONING APPROACH, THE BELL AND BATTERY TECHNIQUES. A BELL AND A BATTERY ARE WIRED TO A PAD CONSISITING OF TWO METALLIC FOIL SHEETS, AND THE ENTIRE APPARATUS IS PLACED UNDER THE CHILD AT BEDTIME. A SIGNLE DROP OF URINE SETS OFF THE BELL, AWAKENING THE CHILD AS SOON AS HE OR SHE START TO WET. THUS THE BELL (UNCONDITONED STIMULUS) PARIED WITH THE SENSATION OFA FULL BLADDER *CONDITONED STIMULUS) PRODUCES THE REPONSE OF WAKING. EVENTUALLY, A FULL BLADDER ALONE AWAKENS THE CHILD. Another effective behavioral treatment method is dry bed training, in which children receive training in cleanliness and retention control, are awakened periodically during the night, practice going to the bathroom, and are appropriately rewarded.

Loss of volition in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Experience avolition, or apathy, feeling drained of energy and of interest in normal goals and unable to start or follow through on a course of action. This problem is particularly common in people who have had s_________a for many years, as if they have been word down by it. Similarly, poeple with s_________a may feel ambivalence, or conflicinting feelings,about most things. The avolition and ambivalence of richard, a young men, made eating, dressing, and undressing impossible ordeals for him.

Vascular neurcongitive disoder (chapter 15)

Follows a cerebrovascular accident, or storke, during which blood flow to specific areas of the brain was cut off, thus damaging the area. In many cases, the patient may not even be aware of the strok,e Like alzhimer disease, this disoder is progressive, but its symptoms begin suddenly rather than gradually. Moreover, the person's cognitive funcitoning may continue to be normal in areas of the brain that have not hbeen affected by the strike, in contrast to the braod congitive deficiences usually displayed by alzhimer's patients. Some people habe both this diseaswe as well as alzheimer's disease.

conduct disorder. (chapter 14)

Fourteen-year-old Andy was diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder when he was 7, but today he repeatedly displays aggression and has no concern for the rights of others. He has been arrested twice for destruction of property and physically assaulting girls at school. He skips school repeatedly and his parents believe he may be involved with selling drugs. No amount of discipline or consequences has put a stop to his behavior. Andy can be diagnosed with:

after care (chapter 12)

Fred, who suffered from a particularly bad schizophrenic episode, was just released from the hospital. He is now taking medication and receiving psychotherapy from a program that provides post-hospitalization support for the next 2 months. Fred is participating in a(n) _____program.

Psychoticism (one of the traits in the personality disorder approach ) (chapter 13)

Have unusal and bizarre experiences. May exhibit any of the following traits: unusal beliefs and expereinces, eccentricity, and cognitive and perceptual dysregulation (odd thought processes and sensory experiences)

Egas Moniz (chapter 12)

In 1935, _____performed the first lobotomy and subsequently won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1949.

only after death. (chapter 15)

In MOST cases, a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can be made:

Discuss the Psychodynamic views of schizophrenia (chapter 12)

In the middle of the twentieth centruy, noted psychodynamic clincian Frieda Fromm=reichmann (1948) elaborated on the earlier notions by gismund freudn that cold or unnurturing parents may set schizophrenia in motions. Fromm-reichmann described the mothers of people who develop the disoder as cold, domineering, and uninterested in their children's needs. She claimed that these mothers may appear to be self-sacrificing but are actually using their children to mee t their own needs. At once overprotective and rejecting, they confuse their children adn set the stage for schizophrenic fucntioning. She refer those mothers as schizophrenogenic mothers (schizophrenia-causing) Fromm-reichmanns' thoery has recieved little research support. In fact, the majority of people with schizophrenia do not appear to have mothers who fit the schizophrenogenic description.

returns to premorbid functioning. (chapter 12)

In the residual phase of schizophrenia, the individual:

major depressive disorder (chapter 14)

Manuel has recently learned that his favorite grandfather is sick and is going to die within the next 6 months. Although he is only 7 years of age, Manuel has started displaying some curious symptoms. He has frequent headaches and stomach pains with no physical explanation, he has become unusually moody and irritable, and he has lost interest in his favorite toys, video games, and television programs. Given what is known about the expression of mental illness in the young, which of the following is the MOST likely cause of Manuel's symptoms?

Disucss soical therapy and schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Many clincian beleive that the treatment of people with this disoder should include techniques that address ocial and peraonal diffculties in the client's lives. These clincians offer practical adice; work with clients on problem sovling, decision making, and social skills, make sure that the clients are taking their medicaitosn prperly; and may heven help themf ind work, financial assistance, appropriate health acare, and proper housing. Research find that this practical, active, and braod appraoch, called ___ __ or persoanl therapy, does indeed help keep peile out of the hosptial.

serotonin-enhancing antidepressants (chapter 15)

Many older adults with anxiety disorders are treated with benzodiazepines or _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. L-dopa

Supervised residences features of effective community care (chapter 12)

Many people do not requrie hospitalization but are unable tolive alone or with their families. Halfway houses, also knwonw as crisis houses or group homes, often serve indvidiuals well. Such residence may shelter between one and two dozon people. Live-in staff members usually are paraprofessionals-lay people who recieve training and ongoing supervision from outside mental health professionals. The houses are usally run with a milieu therapy philosphy that emphasizes mutual support, resident responsbility, and self-goverment. Research indiciates that halfway houses help many people recovering from schizophrenia and other severe disoders adjust to community life and avoid rehospitialization.

Avolition (chapter 12)

Many people with schizophrenia experience this, or apathy, feeling drained of energy and of interest in normal goals and unable to start or follow through on a course of action

Family dysfunctioning cause schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Many studies suggest that this disoder, like others mental disoders, is often linked to family stress. Parents of people with this disoder often, (1) display more conflict, (2) have more difficulty communicating with one another, and (3)are more critical of and overinvolved iwtht heir children than other parents. Family theoriests have long recognized that some families are high in expressed emotins- that is, members frequently express criticism, disapproval, and hostility toward each other and intrude on one another's privacy. People who are trying to recover from this disoder are almost four times more likely to ralapse if they live with such a family then if they live with one low in expressed emotin. It doesn't mean that family dsyfucnitoning helps cause and maintain schizophrenia. It is also the case the peole with this disder greatly disrupt family life. In so doing, they themselves many help produce the family problems that clincians and researchers continue to observe.

cognitive-behavioral (chapter 12)

Marc's therapist challenges his inaccurate ideas about the power of his hallucinations. Marc's therapist is MOST likely using _____therapy.

triple jeopardy. (chapter 15)

Maria is a 70-year-old, Latina immigrant who does not speak English. She has lived in the United States for two years. She lives alone and is struggling to make ends meet since her husband died last year. The BEST description that observers would use to describe Maria's difficulties is:

17 (chapter 12)

Martin has a fraternal twin who has developed schizophrenia. There is a _____ percent chance that Martin will develop it as well.

significant cognitive decline (chapter 15)

Marty just celebrated his seventieth birthday. Despite being in good health and mentally astute, his greatest fear is _____, a well-publicized condition associated with the elderly.

long-term care (chapter 15)

May refer variously to the services offered outside the family in a partially supervised apartment, a snenior housing complex for mildly impaired eldelry persons, or a nursing home where skilled medical and nursing care are avialable around the clock.

Oppostional defiant disorder prevention: (chapter 14 web)

Might be not possible to prevent Recognizing and acting on symptoms when the first appear can minimize distress to the child and family, and prevent many of the problems associated with the disorder.

negative events and the pressures of growing older. (chapter 15)

Monty never drank in his younger years, but since he entered his late 60s, he has begun to drink excessively. His unhealthy drinking patterns are MOST likely in response to:

Treatments for histrionic personality disorder (chapter 13)

More likely to those with other personality disorder to seek out treatment on their own. Can be difficult to work with them, because of the demands, tantrums , and seductiveness they are likely to deploy. Another problem is that these clients may pretend to have important insights or to change during treatment merely to please the therapist. To head off such problems, therpsits must remain objective and maintain strict preofessional boundaires. Congitive therapists have tried to help people with this disorder to change theri beleifs that they are helpless and also to develop better, more deliberate ways of thinking and solving problems. Psychodynamic therapy and various group therpay formats have also been used. In all these appraoches, therpists ultimately aim to help teh clients recognzie their excessive depednency, find inner satisfaciton,and become more self- reliant. Clincial case reports suggest that each of the appraoches can be useful. Drug therapy appears less successful accepts as a means of relieving the depressive symptoms that some paitent s have.

Discuss family therapy and schizophrenia (chapter 12)

More than 50% of those who are recovering form this disoder and other severe mental disoders live with their famileies; parents, siblings, spouses, or childrne. Generally speaking, people with this who feel psoitive toward their relaitontives do better in treatment. Recovered patients living with relatives who display high levels of expressed emotins-that is, rlatives who are very critical, emotinally overinvolved, and hostile-often ahve a much higher relaspe rate than those lving with more psoitive and supprotive relatives. Moreover, for their parts, family member may be very upset by the social withdrawal and unusal behaviors of a relative with this disoder. To address uch issue,s, clincians now commonly include family therapy in their treatment, provding mfamilymembers with guidance ,traingin, pracitcal advice, psychoeducation about the disoder, and emotinal supprot and empathy. Relatives develop more realistic expectations and become more tolerant, less guilt-ridden, and more willing to try new patterns of communciation. Also help the person with the disoder him or herself, cope with the pressure of family lfie, make better use fo family members, and avoid troublesome interactions. Research has found that family therapy-particularly when it is combined with drug therapy-helps reduce tesnions iwthin the family ahd so helps relapse rates go down. The families of people with severe mental disoder may also turn to family support groups and family psychoeducational programs for encouraginment and advice. In such programs, family members meet wikth others in the same situation to share their htoughts and emotins, provide mutual support,and learn about schizophrenia.

Auditory hallucinations in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Most common kind. Hear sounds and voices that see to come from outside their heads. The voices may talk directly to the hallucinatory, perhaps giving commands or warning of dangers, or they may be experienced as overheard. Research suggest that peoiple with this actually produce the nerve signals of sound in their brains, 'hear" them, and then beleive that external sources are responsbile. One study instructed 6 men with this disoder to press abutton whenever they had an auditory hallucination. PET scans revealed increased activiity near the surfaces of their brains, tin the tissues of the auditory cortex, the brains hearing center, when they pressed the button People who are hallucinating seem to hear sounds prodced by their own brains, but their brains cannot recognize that the sounds are actually coming from within.

late onset alcoholism. (chapter 15)

Mr. Kenner began drinking in his 60s and has developed a substance-use disorder. He has no additional psychological problems. His behavior would be characterized as:

oppositional defiant disorder. (chapter 14)

Nabil is a real pain in his teacher's neck. He doesn't seem to be willing to follow any rules, he constantly argues with even the most basic instruction, and he can be counted on to constantly do the exact opposite of what is requested of him. When he makes mistakes he is quick to blame others, and he seems overly hostile and aggressive. Nabil may suffer from:

persecution. (chapter 12)

Nathaniel believes his sister is planning to poison him, so he requires her to taste his food before he will eat it. Nathaniel MOST likely has a delusion of:

milieu therapy. (chapter 12)

Nefti is currently undergoing treatment for schizophrenia. Her therapist creates a climate that promotes self-respect and requires her to be responsible for her own behavior as well as maintain meaningful activity. Nefti is MOST likely using:

return to his prodromal functioning. (chapter 12)

Nicholas has moved through the active phase of schizophrenia and appears to be improving. In the residual phase of schizophrenia, he can be expected to:

Explanation for schizoid personality disorder

One of the "odd" disorders Definition: a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotions. Like people with paranoid personality disorder, they do not have close ties with other people. The reason they avoid social contact, however, ahs nothing to do with paranoid feelings of distrust or suspicion; it is because they genuinely prefer to be alone. Often descrived as "loners,' make no effort to start or keep friendships, take little interest in having sexualrelationships, and even seem indifferent to theri families. They seek out jobs that require little or no contact with others. When necessary, they can form owrk relatins to a degree, but they prefer to keep to themselves. Many live by themselves as well. Not surprisingly, their soical skills tend to be weak,. If they marry, their lack of interest in intimancy may create marital or family problems. People with this disorder focus mainly on themselves and are generally unaffected by priase or criticisim. They rarely show any feelings, expressing neither joy nor anger. They seem to have no need for attention or acceptance; are typically viewed as cold, humorless, or dull; and generally succeed in being ignored. This disorder is present in 3.1 percent of the adult population. Men are slightly more likely to experience it than are women, and men may also be more imapired by it. example: batman from the dark knight.

cognitive activities (chapter 15)

One study of people in their 80s found that those who prusued ___ over a 5-year period were less likely to develolp Alzheimer's dieases

Explanation for the "odd" personality disorder (chapter 13)

People with these disorders typically have ___ or eccentric behaviors that are similar to but not as extensive as those seen in schizophrenia, including extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and peculiar ways of thinking and perceiving things. Such behaviors often leave the person isolated. Some clinicians believe that these personality disorders are related to schizophrenia. In fact, schizotypal personality disorder is listed twice in DSM-5- as one of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders and as one of the personality disorders. Directly related or not, people with an ___ cluster ____ _______ often qualify for an additional diagnosis of schizophrenia or have close relatives with schizophrenia. Clinicians have learned much about the symptoms of this disorders, but have not been successful in determining their causes or how to treat them. In fact, people with these disorders rarely seek treatment. This include Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder

Explanation for paranoid personality disorder (chapter 13)

One of the "odd" personality disorders. Define: a personality disorder that marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others. Because they believe that everyone intends them harm, they shun close relationships. Their trust in their own ideas and abilities can be excessive. Ever on guard and cautious and seeing threats everywhere ,people continually expect to be the targets of some tircikery. They finde "hidden" meanings, which are usually belittling or threatening, in everything. In a study that required peole to role[play, participants with paranoia were more likely than control participants to read hositle inteions into the actions of others. In addition, they more often chose anger as the appripriate role[play response. Quick to chaallenge the laoyalty or trustworthiness of acquiantances, people with paranoid personality disorder remain cold and distant. A women might avoid confiding in anyohne, for example, for fear of being hurt, or a husband might, without any justification, persist in questioning his wife's faithfulness. Although inaccurate and inappropriate, their suspicions are not usually delusional; the ideas are not so bizarre or so firmly held as to clearly remove the individuals from relaity. People with this dieosrder are critical of weakness and fault in others, particularly at work. They are unable to recongize their won mistakes, though, and are extremely sensitive to criticism. They often blame others for the things that go worng in their lives, and they repeatedly bear grudges. As many as 4.4 percent of adults in the US experiences this disorder, which is apparently more common in men than in women.

Explanation of dependent personality disorder (chapter 13)

One of the anxious personality disorders Define: a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation ,and an ongoing need to be taken care of As a result, they are clinging and obedient, fearing separation from their parent, spouse, or other person with whom they are in a close relationships. They rely on others so much that they can't make the smallest decision for themsleves. Constantly need assitance with even the simplest matters and hae extremem feelings of inadequancy and helplessness. Afriad that they can't care for themselves, they cling desperatelyt to friends or relatives. They feel completly helpless and devastated when aclose relationship ends, andthey quickly seek out another relationship to fill the void. Many clings persistently to relationships with parnters who phsycially or psychologically abuse them Lacking confidence in their own ability and judgemnt, people with this disorder seldom disagree with others and allow even important decisions to be made for them. May ydepend on a parent or spouse to decide where to live, what job to have, and which neighbors to befirned. Becuase they so fear rejection, they are overly snesitive to disapproval and keep trying to meet other peopl;e wishes and expectations, even if it means volunteering for unpleasant demeanign tasks. Feel distressed, lonely, sad; often they dislike themselves. Thus they are at risk for depressive, anxiety eating disorder. Fear of separation and their feelings of helplessness may leave them paricilarly prone to suicidal thoughts, especially when they believe that a current relationship is about to end. Surveys suggest that fewer than 1 % of the population experience dependent personality disorder. For years, clinicans have believe that more women than men display this patterns, but some research suggest that the disorder is just as common in men .

Explanation for Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (chapter 13)

One of the anxious personality disorders Define: a personality disorder marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openees, and efficiency. Theri concern for doing everything "right" impairs their productivity. Concern with rules and order and doing things right, he/ she has trouble seeing the larger picture. When faced with a task, he and other who have this disorder may become so focused on organziation and detaisl that they fail to grasp the point of the activiity. As a result, theri work is often behind schedule (some seem unable to finish any job_, and they may neglect leisure activities and friendships. Set unreasonably high standards for themselves and others. Their behaviors extend well beyond the realm of conscientiousness. They can never be satisfied with theri performance, but they typically refuse to seek help or to work with a team, convinced that others are too careless or incompetent to do the job right. Because they are so afirad of making mistakes, they may be reluctant to make decisions. Tend to be rigid and stubborn, particularly int heir morals, ethics, and values. They live by as strict personal code and use it as a yardstick for measuring others. They may have trouble expressing much affection, and their relationships are sometimes stiff and superficial. jIn addition, they are often stingy with their time or money. Some cannot even throw away objects that are worn out or useless. According to surveys, as many as 7.9% of the adult population display this disorder, with white, eudcated, amrried, and exployed people receiving the diagnosis most often. Men are twice as likely as women to display the disorder. Many clincians believe that this disorder and OCD are closely related. Certainly, the two disofers share a number of features, and many people who suffer from one of the disoders meet the diagnostic criteria for the other disorder. However, it is worth noting hteat people with the persoanlity disorder are more likely to suffer from either majore depressive disofeder, generalized anxiety disorder, or a substance use disorder than from OCD. In fact, researchers have not conssitently found a specific link between this disorder and OCD.

Calcium (chapter 15)

One of the several chemicals that are responsible for the production of the memory linked proteins. Others are, glutamate, RNA, and acetylcholine. . Researchers have found that if the activity of any of these chemicals is distrubed, the proper production of proteins may be prevented and the formation of memories interrupted. Abnormal activity of these chemicals may contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Acetylcholine (chapter 15)

One of the several chemicals that are responsible for the production of the memory linked proteins. Others are, glutamate, RNA, and calcium. Researchers have found that if the activity of any of these chemicals is distrubed, the proper production of proteins may be prevented and the formation of memories interrupted. Abnormal acitivity of these chemicals may contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

ribonucleic acid (RNA) (chapter 15)

One of the several chemicals that are responsible for the production of the memory linked proteins. Others are, glutamate, calcium, , and acetylcholine. . Researchers have found that if the activity of any of these chemicals is distrubed, the proper production of proteins may be prevented and the formation of memories interrupted. Abnormal activity of these chemicals may contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Glutamate (chapter 15 page 516)

One of the several kind of chemicals are reponsbile for the prodcution of the memory linked proteins. Researchers have found that if the activity of any of these checials is disturbed, the proper production of preitn may be prevented and the formation of memeories interupted. The other kinds of chemcials are axeltlcholine, RNA, and calcium.

77; 61 (chapter 15)

One significant problem regarding drugs and older individuals is the (often unintentional) misuse of prescription drugs. This is not a surprising phenomenon, when one considers that people over the age of 50 are responsible for purchasing _____ percent of all prescription drugs and _____ percent of all over-the-counter drugs in the United States.

Sturcutural causes of alzheimers disease (or other causes) part 2

Othe r research suggest that cetain substance found in nature may act as toxins, damage the brain and cotnribute to the development of this disease. Example: researchers have detected highlevels of zinc in the brain of some patients. Another line of research suggest that the enviornmental toxin lead may contirbute to the development of this disease. Lead was phased out of gasoline products between 1976 and 1991, leading to an 80% drop of lead levels in peoples blood. However, many of todya' elderly were exposed to hig levels of lead int he 1960s and 1970s, regularly inhaling air pollution from vehicle exhausts -an exposure that might have damaged or destoryed many of their neurons. Several studies suggest that this eariler absorption of lead and other pollutants may be ahving a negaitve effect on the current congitive fucntioning of these idnviduals. Two other explanation have also been offered. One is the autoimmune theory. On the basis of certain irrgeularities found int he immune sysmtpel ofpeople with this diseas,several researchers have speculate that changes in aging brain cells may triger an autoimmune repsonse (that is ,a mistaken atack by the immune system against itself_ that helps lead to the disease. The other explatnation is a viral theory. Becuase this disease resemble creutzfeldt-jakob diseas,e another type of neurocognitve disoder that is known to be caused by a slow actin virus, some researcher prospsoe that a simialr virus may cuase this disease. To date, however ,no such virus has been detected in the brain of ___ victims.

Occupational training and support featrues of effective community care (chapter 12)

Paid emplyment provides income, independence, self0respect ,nd the stimulation ofo working withothers. It also brings companionship and order to one'sdaily life. For these reasons, occupational training and placement are important services for people with schizophrenia and othe rsevere mental disoders. Many people recovering from such disoders recieve occupational training in a sheltered workshop= a supervised workplace for employees who are not ready for competivitive or complicated jobs. For some, the sheltered workshop becomes a permanent workplace. For others, it is an important step towared better-paying and more demanding employment or a return to a previous job. In the US, however, ____ ____ _ is not consistently available to people with severe mental disorders. . An alternative work opportunity for people with severe psychological disoders is uspperted employment, in which vocational agencies and counselors help clients find competive jobs in the community and provide psychological support while the clients are employed. Like sheltered workshops, supported employment opportunties are often in short supply.

of medication-induced reductions of dopamine in the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra, which coordinate movement and posture. (chapter 12)

Parkinsonian symptoms can appear in about 50 percent of patients taking conventional antipsychotic drugs because:

Explanation for the Avoidance personality disorder (chapter 13)

Part of the cluster of the "anxious" personality disorder Define: a personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation. They are so fearful of being rejected that they give no one an opportunity to reject them-or to accept them either. Avoid occasions for social contact. At the center of this withdrawal lies not so much poor social skills, as a dread of criticism, disapproval, or rejection. They are timid and hestiate in soical sitatuions, afriad of saying something foolish or of embarrassing themselves by blushing or acting nervous. Even in intimate relationships they express themselves very carefylly, afraid of behign shamed or ridiculed. Beleive themselve to be unappealing or inferior to others. They exaggerate the potential difficulties of new situations ,so they seldom take risks or try out new acitivites. They usually have few or no close friends, through they actually yearn for intimate relationships, and frequently feel depressed and lonely. As a substitute, some develop an inner world of fantasy and imagination. Is similar to social anxiety disorder, and many people with one of these disoder also experience the others. The similarieties include a fear of humiliation and low confidence. some therpist view that the key difference between the two disorder, namly, that people with soical anxiety disorder primarilyfeaer social circumstnaces, while people with the presonaltiy disoder tend to fear close socialrelationsips. Other views that the two disoder reflect the same psychopathology and should be combined. Around 2.4% of adults have avoidant personality disorder, men as frequently as women. Many children and teenager are also painfully shy and avoid other people,but this is usuallyu just a normal part of their development.

positive symptoms of schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Pathological excesses or bizarre additions, to a person's behavior. Delusions (a strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary. Types: persecution, reference, grandeur, and control) , disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect are the most found in those individuals.

over ten times as likely (chapter 15)

People over the age of 85 are about how many times as likely to experience delirium, compared to those closer to age 55?

loose associations (chapter 12)

People who have ____ ______ or derailment, the most common formal thought disorder, rapidly shift from one topic to another, believing that their incoherent statements make sense.

medication used to treat schizophrenia leads to Parkinsonian symptoms. (chapter 12)

People who take medication for schizophrenia often are given medication that helps control shaking and tremors because:

Treatments for avoidance personality disorders (chapter 13)

People with this disorder come to therapy in the hope of finding acceptance and affection. Keeping them int reatment can be a challenge, however, for many of them soon begin to aboid the session. Often they distrust the therapist's sincerity and start to hear his or her rejection. Thus, as with several of the other personality disorders, a key task of the terhapist is to gain the persons' trust. Psychodynmaic therapists try to help clients recognzie and resolve the unconscious conflicts that may be operating. Cognitive therapists help them change their distressing beleifs and thoughts and improve their self0image. Behavioral therpaists provide social skilsl training as well as exposure treatments that requrie people to gradually increase their social contact Group therapy formats, espeically group that follow cognitive and behavioral pricnples, hyave the added advantages of providing clients with practice in social interaciton. Antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are sometimes useful in reducing the social anxiety of people with the disorder, although the symptoms may return with medication is stopped.

Explanation for treatments of Paranoid personality disorder. (chapter 13)

People with this disorder do not typically see themselves as needing help, and few come to treatment willingly. Furthermore, many who are intreatment view the role of patient as inferior and distrust and rebela gaisnt their therapists. Thus it is not surprising that therapy for this disorder ,as for most other peronality disorders, ahs limited effect and moves very slowy. Object relations therapists= the psychodynamic therapists who give center stage torelationships=try to see past the patients anger and work on what they view as his or her deep wish for a satisfying relationships. Congitive and behavioral techniques have also been used to treat people with this disorder and are often combined into an integrated cogntivie-behavioral approach. On the behavioral side, therapists help clients to master anxiety-reduction techniques and to improve their skills at solving interpersonal problems. On the congitive side, therpaists guide the clients to develop more realistic interpretations of other people's words and actions and to become more aware of others people points of view. Antipsychotic drug therapy seems to be of limited help.

Treatment for dependent personality disorder (chapter 13)

People with this disorder usually place all responsibility for their treatment and well-being on the clinician. Thus a key task of therapy is to help patient accept responsibility for themselve. therapy for the parts on many of the same issues as therapy for depressed people, including the transference of dependency needs onto the therapist. Because the domineering behaviors of a spouse or parent may help foster a patient's symptoms, come clinicans suggest couple or family therapy as well, or even sepeate therapy for the partnet or parents Psychodynamic therapy for this pattern focuses on many of the same issues as therapy for depressed peoiple, including the trasference of dependency needs onto the therapist. Cognitive-behavioral therapists combine behavioral and cogntiive interventions to help the clients take control of their lives. On the behavioral end, the therapists often provide assertiveness trainign to help the idnvidiuals better express their own wishes in relationships. On the cognitive end, the therapists also try to help the clients challenge and changew their assumptions of incompetence and heloplessness. Antidepressant drug therapy has been helpful for people who personality disorder is accompanied by depression. A group therapy format can be helpful because it provides opportutnieis for the lcient to recieve support from a number of peers rather than from a single dominant person. Group members may serve as models for one another as they practive better ways to express feelings and solve problems.

Partial hospitalization features of effective community care (chapter 12)

People's needs may fall between fullhosptialization and outpatient therapy, and so some communities offer day centers, or day hosptials, all-day programs in which pateints return to their homes for the night. Such programs provide patients with daily supervised activiites, therapy, ad programs toimprove social skills. People recovering from severe disoders in day centers often do better than those who spedn extnede periods in a hosptial or ain traditional outpaitnet therapy. Another ind of instittution that has become popoular is the semihopital, or residential crisis center. Semihospitals are houses or other structures in the community that provide 24-hours nursing care for people with severe mental disorder.

Heightened perceptions and hallucinations in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Perceptions and attention of some popele with this disoder seem to intensify. The persons may feel that their senses are being flooded by all the sights and sounds that surround them. This makes it almost impossible for them to attend to anything important. Such problems may develop years before the oneset of the actual disoder. It is possible that thexsse problems further contirbute to the memory impairments that are common to many people with schizophrenia. Another kind of perceptualproblems consists of hallucinations, perceptions that a person has in the absece of external stimuli. Types of hallucinations are auditory, visual, tactile, visual, smatic, gustatory, and olfactory. Hallucinations and delusional ideas often occur togehter. A women who hears voices issueing commands, for example, may have the delusion that the commands are being placed in her head by someone else. Whatever the cause and whichever come first, the halluncination and delusion eventually feed into each other.

Multicultural factors on schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Rates appear to differ between racial and ethnic groups, particularly between african americans and white americans. As many as 2.1% of african american receive a diagnosis, compared with around 1.4% of white americans. Similarly, studies suggest that african american with this disorder are overrepresented in state hospitals. For example, in tennessee's state hospitals, 48% of those with a diagnosis of this are afican american , although only 16% of the state population is afircan american. It is not clear why African americans are more likely than white americans to recieve this diagnosis. One possibility is that african americans are more preone to develo this. Another is that clincians from majority groups are unintenttionally biased in their diagnosises of african americans or misread cultural differences as symptoms of this disoder. Yet another explanation for the differences between afircan americans and white americans may lie in the economic sphere. On average, African americans are more likely than white americans to be poor; when economic difference are controlled for, the prevalence rates of this disorder become closer for the two racial groups Consistent with the economic explanation is the finding that hispanic americans, who also tend to be economically disadventaged, appear to be much more likley to be diangoses eith schizophrenia than white americans, althought heir diagnostic rate is not as high as that of african americans. It also appears that it differs from country to coutry in key ways. Although the overall prevalence of this disoder is stable-around 1% - in countires acreoss the world, the course and outcome of the disoder may vary consdierably. According to a 10-country study conducted by the world health organization, the 25 million S_______a patients who live in developing coutnires have better recovery rates than _s_____a patients in western and other developed countries. Some theorists beleive that the psychosocial environments of developing couatires tend to be more supportive and therapeutic than those of developed coutnries, leading to more favorable outcomes for people with this disoder. In devleoping coutries, there may be more family and social support for people w with this disoder; more relaitves and firend s aviaoble to help care for such peole; and less judgmental,critical, and hostile attitudes toward people with this.

8. Schizoid:relationship problems, aloof/ isolated Facts:

Persistently avoid and are removed from social relationship and demonstrate little in the way of emotions. They genuime prefer to be alone Make no efforcts to start or keep friendships, take little interest in having sexual relationships, and even seem indirrent to their families. Seek out jobs that require little or no contact with others. Seek out jobs that require little or no contact with others. Social skills tend to be weak. Focus mainly on themselves and are generally unaffected by praise or cirticism. Rarly show any feelings, expressing neither joy nor anger. Ne need for attention or acceptance.; are typically viewed as cold humorless, or dull, and generally succeed in being ignored. Present in 3.1% fothea dults pop9ulations. Men are slightly more likely to expeirence it than are women, and men may also be more impaired by it. Psychodynamic theoriest, propse that this diosder ihas it roots in an unsatified need for human contact. Parents of those people, are beleive to have been unaccepting or even abusive tof their children., and are left to unable to give or recieve love; they cope by avoiding allr elationships. Cognitive theroiest, think people with this disoder suffer from deficiences in their thinking. Their thoughts tend to be bague, empty, and without much meaning, and they have toruble scanning the enviromemnt to arrive at accurate perceptions. Unable to pick up emoitnal cues form others, they simply can't respond to emotins. Children with this disoder developlanguage and motor skills very slowly, whater theri level of intelligence. Soical withdrawl prevent s most people from entering therapy unless osme other disoder, such as alcoholism, makes treatment necessary. Clients are likley to remain emotinally distant from the therapist, seem not to care about their treatment, and make limited progress at best. Cogntiive-behavioral therapists have sometimes been able to help opoele with this disoder expeirences more positive emoitnas and more satisfying osical interactions. Congitive end, theri techniques include presentating clients with lists of emoitns to think about or having them write downa dn remember pleasureable expeirencwes. On the behavioral end, theropsit have sometines had success teaching osical skills to suhc clients, using role-paying, exposure techniques, ahd homework assignements as tools Group therists have sometimes had success teaching soical ksills to such clients, using role[paying, exposure technqiue and homework assigments as tools. Group therapist is apparently useful when it offer a safe setting for social contact ,although people with this disoder may resist pressure to take part. Drug therpay seem to offer limited help as like parnoid persoanlity disoder

Sociocultural appraoches treatemtnt for alzheimers disease and other neurocgitnive disoders (chapter 15)

Play an important role in treatment. A number of day=care facilities for patients with ___ disoders have been devleoped, providing treatment programs and acitivitres for outpaitnets during the day and returning them to their homes and families at night. There are also many assited-living facilities in which those suffering form _____ impariment live in apartments tailored to theirlimitations, recieve needed supervison, and take part ofin various acitivities that brings more joy and stimulation in their lives. Studies sugges that such faciltieis oftenhelp slow the congitive delcine of residents and the enhance their ennjoyemth of life. In addiotn, a growing number of practical devices, such as tracking beacon work on the wrists of patients and shoes that contains gps trakcer, have been developed to help locate patients who may wandoer off. Given the prgress now unfolding in the understanding and treatment of disease and other types of disoders, rewearchers are looking forward to important advances int eh coming years. The brain changes responsbile for these disoder are tremendously complex, but most investigators beleive that exciting breakthroughs ar ejust over the horizon.

Explanation on how theorists explain the schizoid personality (chapter 13)

Psychodynamic theorists, particularly object relations theorists, propose that this disorder has its roots in an unsatisfied need for human contact. th e parents of people with this disorder, like those of people with paranoid personality disorder, are believed to have been unaccepting or even abusive to their children. Whereas people with with paranoid symptoms reacts such parenting chiefly with distrust, those with this disorder are left unable to give or receive love. They cope by avoiding all relationships. Congitive theorist propose, not surprisingly, that people with this disorder suffer from deficiencies in their thining. Their thoughts tend be be vague, empty, and without much meaning, and they have trouble scanning the environment to arrive at accurate perceptions. Unable to pick up emotional cues from others, they simply cannot respond to emotions. As this theory might predict, children with this disorder degveloplanguag and motor skills very slowly,whatever their level of intelligence.

Explanation for treatments for borderline personality disorder (chapter 13)

Psychotherapy can eventually lead to some degree of improvement for people with borderline personality disorder. It is, however, extraordinarily difficult for a therapist to strike a balance between empathizing with the borderline client dependency and anger and challenging his or her way of thinking. The wildly fluctuating interpersonal attitudes of clients with the disorder can also make it difficult for therapists to establish collaborative working relationships with them. Moreover, clients with borderline personality disorder may violate the boundaries of the client-therapist relationships (for example, calling the therapist's emergency contact number to discuss matters of less urgent nature) Over the past two decades, an integrative treatment called dialecticial behaivor therpay (DBT), has been recieving considerable research support and is now considered the treamtent of choice in many clinical circles. (develop by psychologist Marsha lineha and grows largely from the congitive-behavioral treatment model) It includes a number of the same cogntivie and behavior techniques that are applied to other disoders: homwork assignments, psychoeduction, the teaching of social and othe rksills, modeling by the terhpist, clear goal setting, reinforecments for appripriate behaviors, and collaboarative examinations by the client and therpaist of the client's ways of thinking. DBT also borrows heavily from the humanistic and contemporary psychodynamic approaches, placing the client-therapist relationship itself at the center of treamtent interactions, making sure that approprate treatment boundaries are adhered to and providing an environemtn of acceptance and validation of the client. Antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, and antipsychotic drugs have helped calm the emtoinal and aggressive storms of some pople with borderline personality disorder.s Many clients seem to benefit from psychotherapy approaches and indeed many cleints seem to benefit from acombination of psychotehrapy and drug therapy.

Effectiveness of conventional drugs (chapter 12)

Reduce symptoms in at least 65% of patient diagnses with chizophrenia. The drugs appear to be more effective treatmenr for shcizophrenia than any of the other appraoches used alone, such as psychotherpay, milieu therapy, or electroconvulsive thearpy. Drug produce at least some improvement within weeks; however symptoms may return if the patients stop taking the drugs too soon. Those drugs, particularly the conventional ones, reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (such as hallucinations and delusions) more completly, or at least more quickly, than the negative symtpoms (such as restricted affect ,pvoerty of speech, and loss of volitation)

Gustatory hallucinations in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Regularly find that their food or drink tastes strange.

Name and describe the elimination disorders.

Repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor. They already have reached an age at which they are expected to control these bodily functions, and their symptoms are not caused by physical illness. Enuresis: bed wetting or wetting of ones clothes. Encopresis: repeatedly defecating into one's clothing.

Environmental factors that contribute to intellectual disability (chapter 14)

Research has limned this mainly to soco cultural and psychological causes, particularly poor and unstimulating environments during a child's early years, inadequate parent-child interactions, and insufficient learning experiences. Some community programs have sent workers into the homes of young children with low IQ scores to help enrich the environment there, and there interventions have often improved the children's functioning. When continued, programs of this kind also help improve the person's later performance in school and adulthood. Although sociocultural and psychological factors seem to be the leading causes of this, at least some biological factos also may be operating. Studies suggest, for example, that a mother's moderate drinking , drug use, or malnutrition uring pregnancy may lower the children's intellectual potential. Malnourishment during a child's early years also may hurt his or her intellecutal developemnt, although this effect can usually be reversed at least partly if a child's diet is improved before too much time goes by. Cause mild ID

there appears to be a significant hereditary component, but this does not fully explain its onset. (chapter 15)

Research on the cause of Alzheimer's disease has led to the conclusion that:

Disider if substance misuse in later life part 2 (chapter 15)

Researchers often idstinguish between older problem drinkers who have had alcohol use disoder for many years, perhaps since their 20s, and those who do nto start abusing alcohold until their 50s and 60s. (often refer to "late-onset alcoholism) The latter group (late-onset alcoholism_ typically begins abusive drinking as a reaction to the negative events and pressures of growling older, such as the death of a spouse, living alone, or unwanted retirement. Alcohol use disoder in elderly people is trated much as it is in younger adults. Though susuch interventions as detoxification, antabuse, alcoholics annonymous, and cogntiive-behavioral therpay. A leading problem in the eldelry is the misuse of prescriptiond rugs. Most often the misuse is unintentional. In the US, people over the age of 50 buy 77% of all prescriptiond rugs and 61% of all over the counter drugs. Elderly people-those who are over 65 years of age-recieve twice as many prescriptions as younger persons. Around half take at least five prescription drugs and two over-the coutner drugs. Thus their risk of confusing medications or skipping doses is high. To help address this problem, psychicians and pharmacists often try to simplify medications ,educate older patients about their prescriptiosn, clarify directions ,and teach them to watch for undesired effects. However, phsycians themselves are soemtimes to balme in cases of prescriptions drug misude, perhaps overprescribing medications for eolderly patient's or unwisely mixing certain medicine. Apparently on the increase, is the misuse of powerful medications at nursing homes. Research suggests that antipsychotic drugs are currently beign given to almost 30% of the toal nursing home population in the US, despite the fact that amny of the residents do nto display psychotic fucntionign. Apparently, these powerful and (for some elderly patients_ dangerous drugs are oftenagiven to edate and manage the paitnets.

beta-amyloid protein *chapter 15 page 513

Senile plaques are sphere-shaped deposits of a small molecule known as the ______. That form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and certain other brains regions, as well as in some nearby blood vessels.

a delusional disorder. (chapter 15)

Seventy-year-old Joan falsely believes that her family is conspiring against her, cheating her, and spying on her. Consequently, Joan's behavior is angry, irritable, and depressed. She is exhibiting symptoms of:

coping skills (chapter 15)

Several recent studies have found that online activity actually helps elderly people maintain and possibly improve their cognitive skills, _____, social pleasures, and emotions.

Inappropriate affect in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12 )

Show emoitns that are unsuited to the situations. They may smile when making a somber statement or upon being told terrible news, or they may become upset in sitautiosn that should make them happy. Also undergo inappropriate shifts in moods. During a tender conversation with his wife, for example, a men with this suddenly started yelling obscenities at her and complaining about her inadequacies. In at least soem cases, these emtoins may be merely a response to other feature of the disoder. Consider aw omen with schizophrenia who smiles when told of her husband's serious illness. She may not actually be happy about the news; in fact ,she may not be understanding or even hearing it. She could, for examople, be responding instead to another of the many stiumuli flooding her senses, perhaps a joke coming from an auditory hallucination.

Biochemical causes of alzhermier disease (chapter 15)

Similar, certain biochemical activiites seem to be especially important in memory. In order for new ifnromation to be acquired and stored, certain proteins must be produced in key brain cells. Several chemicals-for example ,acetylcholine, glutamate, RNA (ribonucleic acid), and calcium- are reposnbile for the production of the memory=limmked proteins. Researchers have found that if the activiity of any of these chemicals is distubed, the proper production ofproteins may be prevented and the formation of emmemores interrupted. Correspondingly, they have found that abnormal activiity by these chemicals may contirbute to the symptoms of alzheimer's disease.

summarized the biochemistry of memory (chapter 15)

Similar, certain biochemical activiites seem to be especially important in memory. In order for new ifnromation to be acquired and stored, certain proteins must be produced in key brain cells. Several chemicals-for example ,acetylcholine, glutamate, RNA (ribonucleic acid), and calcium- are reposnbile for the production of the memory=limmked proteins.

The support research of the dompanine hypothesis (chapter 12)

Since the 1960s, research has support and helped clarify this theory. It has been found, for example, that some people with parkinson's disease tdevelop schizophrenia-like symptoms if they take too much L-dopa, a medication that paarently raised the dpoamine activity so much that it produces psychosis. Support has also come from research an amphetamines, drugs that, stimulate the central nerous system by increasing dopamine in the brain. Clincial investigators have observed that peole who take high doses of amphetamines may develop amphetamine psychosis- a syndrome very similar to schizophrenia. Researchers have located areas of the brain that are rich in dopamine recpetors and have found that pheothizines an dother antipsuchotic drugs bind to many of these receptors. Apparently the drugs are dompamine antagonists-druges that bind to dopamine recpetors, prevent dopamine form binding,htehre, and prevent the neurons from firing. Researchers have identified five kind of dompamine receptors in the brain-called the D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, and D-5 recptors-an dhave found that phenothiazines bind most stornly to the D-2 recpetos. These and related findings suggest that in schizophrenia, messages traveling from dopamine-sending neurons to depamine receptos on other neurons, partciparly to the D-2 recptos, may be trasmitted too easily or too often. This theory is appealing because certaind opamine neurons are known to play a key role in guiding attention. People whose attention is several distubed by excessive domainie acitivity might wiell be ecpected to suffer from the problems of atttention, perceptions, and thought foujdn in schizphrenia.

Olfactory hallucinations in people with schizophrenia (chapter 12)

Smell odors that no one else does, such as the smell of poison or smoke.

Causes (etiologies) of Autism (chapter 14)

Sociocultural causes: Family dysfunction and social stress (a). Sociocultural explanations are now seen as having been overemphasized.(b) Theorists initially thought that family dysfunction and social stress were the primary causes of this disorder. 1. Kanner argued that particular personality characteristics of parents created an unfavorable climate for development - "refrigerator parents." 2. These claims had enormous influence on the public's image, as well as on the self-image, of parents, but research totally failed to support this model. (c.) Some clinicians have proposed a high degree of social and environmental stress as a factor, a theory also unsupported by research. Psychological causes: Central perceptual or cognitive disturbance or limitations ( Theory of mind "Mind-blindness") (a.) One theory holds that individuals fail to develop a theory of mind - an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information they have no way of knowing. (b) Repeated studies have shown that people with autism spectrum disorder have this kind of "mind-blindness." It has been theorized that early biological problems prevented proper cognitive development. Biological causes (a) While a detailed biological explanation for autism has not yet been developed, promising leads have been uncovered.(b) Examination of relatives keeps suggesting a genetic factor in the disorder. (c.) Prevalence rates are higher among siblings and highest among identical twins. (d). Some studies have linked autism spectrum disorder to prenatal difficulties or birth complications.(e). Researchers have also identified specific biological abnormalities that may contribute to the disorder, particularly in the cerebellum.

Discuss the sociocultural view of schizophrenia. (chapter 12)

Sociocultural theories ,recognizing that people with mental disorders are subject to a wide range of social and cultural forces ,believe that multicultural factors, social labeling, and family dysfunctioning all contribute to schizophrenia. Research has yet to clarify what the precise causal relationship might be. Although the cause have yet to be fully understood, many clincians currently beleive that such factos play an important role in the disoder. Most hold a diathesis-stress view of this disoder,f beleiving the biological factos set up a predispotion to the disoder, but theat certian kinds of personal, family or social stress are further needed for the syndrome to spring to life.

Discuss difficulties involved in the categorizing of personality disorders and evaluate the possible solutions. (chapter 13)

Some Criteria used to diagnose the DSM-5 personality disorders cannot be observed directly; the diagnoses often rely heavily on the impressions of the individual clinician. (example: to separate paranoid from schizoid personality disorder, clinicians must ask not only whether people avoid forming close relationships, but also why) Clinicians differ widely in their judgments about when a normal personality style crosses the line and deserves to be called a disorder. Some even believe that it is wrong ever to think of persoanlity styles of mental disorders, however troublesome they may be. The ______ _____ often are very similar to one another. Thus it is common for people with personality problems to meet the diagnostic criteria for several DSM-5 persoanlity disoders. People with quite diffent personalities may qualify for the same DSM-5 diagnosis. That the classifications system defines such disorder by using categories rather than dimensions of personality. A growing number of theoriests beleive that personality disoders differ more in degree than in type of dysfunction Therefore, they propose that the disorders should be calsssifed by the severity of key personality traits (or dimensions) rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits. In such an approach, each key trait (for example, disagreeableness, dishonestly, or self0absorption) would be seen as varying along a continuum inw hich there is no clear boundary between normal and abnormal. People with a personality disoder would be those who display extreme degrees of several of these key traits0degress not commonly found in the general population *this approach to persoanlity disoder is currently recieiving study and may wind upb eing used in the next edition of the World Health Organization's International classifciation of diseases, the classification system for medical and psychiatic diagnoses used in many countires outside the US.

Neurocognitive disoder: alzheimer's disease part 2 (chapter 15)

Some people may survice for as many as 20 years, the time betwen onset and death is typically 8 to 10 years. It usually begins with mild memory probme, lapses of attention, and dififculties in language and communicatio. As symptoms worsen, the person has trouble completing complicated tasks or rembmering important appointments. Eventually suffers also have difficulty with simple tasks, forget distant memories, and ahve changes in personality that often become very noticable. For example, a gentle men may become uncharacteritcially aggressive. People with this diseas may at first deny that htey have a problem ,but they soom become anxious or dperssed about their state ofmind; many also become agiated. As symptoms intensify, popel with this disoder show less and less awareness of their limitations. They may withdraw from others during the late stages of the disoder, become more confused about time and palce, wander, and show very poror jedgement .eventually they become fully depednent on othe rpopele. They may lose almost all knowledge of the past and fail to recognize the faces of even close relatives. They also becoem increasinly uncomfrotable at night and take frequent naps during the day. During the late phases of the disoder ,they requrie constant care. People with this disoder usually remain in faily good health until the later stages of the disease. As their mental funcitoning decliens, however, they become less active and spend much of their time just sitting or lying in bed. This makes them prone to develop illnesses such as pneumonia, which can result in dealth.

flat affect (chapter 12)

Some people with schizophrenia show almost no emotions at all. Their faces are still, their eye contact is poor, and their voices are monotonous. (restricted affect)

Psychomotor symptoms in people with shcizophrenia (chapter 12)

Sometimes experiences this, for example, awkard movements or repeated grimances and odd gestures that seem to ahve aprivate purpose=perhaps reitualistic or magical. May take certain extreme form, collectively called catatonia

Disucess the problem with shortage of services and potential solutions (chapter 12)

The number of community programs-community memtal health centers, halfway houses, sheltered workshops-avilable to people with severe mental disoders falls woefully short. Moreover, the community mental healthservices for people with metnal disoders in nursing homes and genral hosptials, and communityservices for people who are less disturbed. this represents a signifcant increase even when inflationand so called real dollars are factored in. On the other hand, rather little of the additional money is going to community treatment propgrams for people with severe disoders. Much of it gos instead to prescription drugs, monthly income payments such as social security disability income, center that do exist genrally fail to provide adequate services for people with severe disoders. They tend to devote their efforts and money to people with less disabling problems, such as anxiety disoders or problems in soical adjustment. Only a fraction of the patients treated by community mental health centers suffer from schizophrenia or other disoders marked by psychosis. Various reasons for this shoratage of services. The primary one is economic. On the one hand, more public funds are available for people with psychological disoders now in the past. In 1963 a total of $1 billlion was spent in this area, wheras today approximately &=$171 mbillion in public funding is devoted each year to people with mental disoders. Today, the financial burden of providing community treatment for people with long term severe disoders often flass oflocal goverments and nonprofit organziations rather than the federal or state goverment and local resources cannot alway meet this challenge

Mainstreaming (chapter 14)

The placement of children with intellectual disability in regular school classes. Also known as inclusion.

Normalization (chapter 14)

The principle that institutions and community residences should provide people with intellectual disability types of living conditions and opportunities that are similar to those enjoyed by the rest of society.

genuinely prefer to be alone. (chapter 13)

The reason that people with schizoid personality disorder persistently avoid social contact is because they:

Discuss the issues of old age and stress part 2 (chapter 15)

The stresses of aging need not necessiarly cause psychological rpblems. In fact ,some older poeple ,particuarly those who seek social contacts and those hwos matinain a sense of control over their lvies, use the changes that come with aging as opportunties for learning and growth. For example ,the number of elderly-often pshycially limited-people who use the internet to connect with peole of simialr ages and interes4rt doubled bwetween 2000 and 2004, doubled again between 2004 and 2007., and doubled yet again by 2010. For other elderly epople, however, the stresses of old age do lead to psycolgocial difficulties. Studies indicate that more than 20% of elederly people meet the criteria for a mental disoder and as many as half of all eldery people would benefit from some degree of metnal health services, yet fewer than 20% actually reiceve them. Geropsychology, the field of psycholgoy decitated to the mental health of elderly people, has develooped almost entirely within the last four decades, and at present only 4% of clicnians work primarily with dledcerly persons.

double-blind hypothesis (chapter 12)

The theory proposed that schizophrenic symptoms are an expression of social interactions in which the individual is repeatedly exposed to conflicting injunctions, without having the opportunity to adequately respond those injections, or to ignore them (i.c, to escape the field) (web)

Explanation for treatments for schizoid personality disorder (chapter 13)

Their social withdrawal prevents most people with this disorder from entering therapy unless some other disorder, such as alcoholism, makes treatment necessary. These clients are likely to remain emotionally distant from the therapist, seem not to care about their treatment, and make limited progress at best. Congitive-bheaivoral therapists habe sometimes been able to help poeple with this disorder experience more psoitive emoitns and more satsifying soical interactions. On the cogntivie end, their techniques include presenting clients with lists of emoitns to think about or having thedm write downa nd remember pleasurable experiences. On the behavioral end, therpaists have sometimes have success teachign soical skills to such clients, using role[playing, exposure techniques, and homeworka ssignemtns as tools Group therapisy is apparently useful when it offers a safe setting for social contact, although pepole with this disorder may resist presurre to take part. As with paranoid personality disorder, drug therapy seem to offer limited help.

Explanation that theorists have to explain paranoid personality disorder

Theories that have been propposed to explain this disorder, have recieved little systemaitc research. Psychodynamic ___, the oldest of these explanations, trace the patterns to early interactions with demanding parents, particuclarly distant rigid fathers, and overcontrolling, rejecting mothers. (psychodynamic explaination for almost all the personality disorders begin the same way-with repeated mistreatmetn during childhood and lack of love) According to one psychodynmaic view, some people come to view their environment as hostile as a result of their parents' persistently unreasonable demands. They must always be on the alert because they cannot turst others, and they are likely to develop feelings of extreme anger. They also project these feeling onto others, and, as a result, feel increasingly persecuted. Similarly, some congitive theoriests suggest that people with paranoid personality disorder genrally hold broad maladaptive assumptions, such as "people are evil" and "people will attack you if given the chance" Biological thoriest propose that this disorder has genetic causes. An early sutdy that looked at self0reports of suspiciousness in 3,810 austrlain twin pairs foudn that if one twin was excessively suspicious, the other had an increased likelihood of also being suspicious. Once again, however, it is important to note that such similarities between twins might also be the result of common environmental experiences.

Behavioral and cognitive techniques that therapist use for schizophrenia (chapter 12)

They provide clients with education and evidence about the biological causes of hallucinations. They help; clients learn more about the "comings and goings" of their own hallucinations and delusions. The clients learn, for example, to identify which kinds of events and stiatuions trigger the voices in their heads. The therapists challenge their clients's inaccurate ideas about the pweor of their hallucinations ,such as the idea that the voices are all-powerful and uncontrollable and must be obeyed. The therpaists also have the clients conduct beahvioral experiements to put such notions to the test. What happens ,for example, if the clients occasionally resist following the orders from theri hallucinatory voices? The therpaists teach cleints to mroe accurately interpret their hallucinations. Clients may,for exmaple, adaopt alternative conclusion such as,"it's not aa real voice, It's my illness." The therapists teach clients techniques for coping with their unpleasant sesnations (fhallucinations). The client may , for example ,learn ways to reduce the psychal arousal that accompanies hallucinations-using special breathing and relatioan technqiues and the like. Similarly, they may learn to distract themselves whenever the halluncinations occur.

Discuss the Cognitive views of schizophrenia (chapter 12) (also could be part of the behavioral therapy as well)

This expanation is congruent with the biological view that during hallucinations and related perceptual difficulties, the brains of people with this disoder are actually producing strange an dunreal sensation-sensations triggered by biological factors. When people attempt to understand these usnusal experiences, more features of their disoder emerge. When first confronted by voices or other troubleing sensations ,the idnvidiauls turn to friends and relatives. Naturally, the firend sand realative deny the reality of the sensations ,and eventually the sufferers conclude that the others are tyring ot hid e the truth. They begin to reject all feedback, and some develop beleifs (delusions) that they are being persecuted. In short, according to this theory, poeplw with schizophrenia take a "rational path to madness" This process of drawing incorrect and bizaree conclusions (delusions) may be help along by a cognitive bias that many people with schizophrenia have- a tendency to jumpt to conclusions. Researchers have established that people with this disoder do inddeed expeirence sensory and perceptual rpbolems. as Mnay have hallucinaitons and most have trouble keeping their attention focused. But researchers have yet to provide clerar, direct suppport for the cogntiive notion tha tmisinterpretations of such sensory problems actually produce a syndrome of schizophrenia.

assisted-living facilities (chapter 15) page 520

Those suffering from neurocognitive impairment live in apartments tailored to their limitations, receive needed supervision, and take part in various activities that bring more joy and stimulation to their lives.

summing up "anxious" personality disorders

Three of the personality disorder in DSM-5 are makred by anxious and fearful behavior. People with avoidant personality disorder are consistently uncomfortable and restrained in social stiuations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to negaitve evaluation. People with dependent personality disorder have a persistent need to be taken care of, are submissive and clinging, and fear separation. People with Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are so focused on order, perfection, and control that they lose their flexibility, openeness, and efficiency. a variety of treatment strategies have been used for people with these disorders and apparently have been modestly to moderately helpful.

antisocial (chapter 13)

To people who know her casually, Penny is very charming. But, underneath her superficial charm, Penny is a manipulative person with no conscience. She is impulsive, self-centered, irresponsible, and feels no guilt or remorse when she hurts someone else. Penny blames other people for her problems and rarely learns from her mistakes. She sees other people as tools to be used to meet her own needs. While she can appear to be the nicest person in the world, she can be very vengeful to people who get in her way. Penny is MOST likely manifesting _____ personality disorder.

Genetic causes of alzheimers disease part 1 (chapter 15)

To understadn the ___ theories of ___ disease, we must first appriciate the nature and roles of proteins. Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells, including, of course, brain cells. They are large molecules made up of chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. There are many different kinds of proteins, each with adifferent functions. Collectively, they are essential for the proper functionign of an organism. The plaques and tangles that are so plentiful int he brain of alzheimer's patients eem to occur when two important proteins start acting in afrezied manner. Abnroaml acitiivty by the beta-amyloid protien is, key to the repeated formation of plaques. Abnormal acitivity by anothe rprotein, taau, is key to the excessive formation of tangles. One of the leading theories holds that the many p;aques formed by beta-amyloid proteins cause tau proteins in the brain to start breaking dow ,resulting in tangles and the death of many neurons. What causes this chain of events? Genetic factos are a major cuprit. However, the genetice factos that are responsble differ fro the early onset and late 0nset types of this disease.

Conduct disorder prevalence (chapter 14)

Usually begins between 7 and 15 years of age 10% of children, three-quaters of them boys, qualify for this diagnosis. Children with a relatively mild ofrm of this often improve over time, but a severe case may continue into adulthood and develop into antisocial personality disorder or other psychological problems. The earlier the onset of the disorder, the poorer the eventual outcome. have this 6 months or more. Research indicate that more than 80% of those who develop conduct disorder first display a pattern of oppositional defiant disorder More than ⅓ of children also display ADHD.

Disucess the problem with poor coordination of services and potential solutions (chapter 12)

Various mental health agencies in a community often fail to communicate with one another. Example: There may be an opening at a nearby halfway house, and the therapists at the community mental health center may not know about it. In addition, even within a community agency a patient may not have continuing contacts with the sam staff members and may fail to recieve consistent services. Still another problem is poor communication betweens state hosptials and community mental health centers, particularly at times of discharge To help deal with such problems in communicationand coordination, a growing number of community therapists have become case managers for people with schizophrenia and other severe mental disoders. They try to coordinate available community services, guide clinets through the community system, and help protect clients' legal rights. Like the soical therapist described earlier, they also offer therapy and advice, teach problem-solving and soical skills, ensure that clients are taking their medicaitons properly, and keep an eye on possible health care needs. Many professionals now beleive that effecitve case managemnt is the key to success fo a community program.

parent management training (chapter 14)

Vincent, who is in the third grade, suffers from conduct disorder. As part of his treatment, Vincent's parents are being taught better ways to interact with him and to engage in behavior-oriented family therapy. Which therapy are Vincent and his parents engaged in?

Oppositional defiant (chapter 14)

_____ disorder is a childhood disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and, in some cases, vindictive.

Autism spectrum (chapter 14)

_____ disorder is a developmental disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities.

Encopresis (chapter 14)

_____ is a childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecation in inappropriate places, such as one's clothing.

The majority of (chapter 12)

_____ people with schizophrenia do NOT appear to have mothers who fit the schizophrenogenic description.

Histrionic (chapter 13)

_____ personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

Avoidant (chapter 13)

_____ personality disorder shares many features with social anxiety disorder.

Positive (chapter 12)

_____ symptoms of schizophrenia seem to be an excesses of, or bizarre additions to, normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

Cognitive (chapter 13)

_____ theory suggests that people with antisocial personality disorder hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people's needs.

Loose association (chapter 12)

_____, a common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia, is also known as derailment. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Prevention for conduct disorder (chapter 14)

_____Programs that begin in the earilest stages of chilhood These programs try to change unfavorable social conditions before a conduct disoder is able to develop. The program may offer trainning opportunties for young people, recreational facilities, and health care, and may try to ease the stresses of poverty and improve parents child-rearing skills. All such approaches work best when they educate and involve the family.

Discuss treatments for various neurocognitive disorders. (chapter 15)

________ for the cogntive features of this disease and most other types of _____ disoders have beena t best modestly helpful. A number of approaches habe been applied, including drug therapy cognitive technqieus , behavioral interventions, support for caregivers, and sociocultural appraoches.

cognitive (chapter 13)

________ theorists try to help clients with dependent persoanlity disoder challenge and change their sassumption of incompetence and helplessness

Atypical (chapter 12)

_____antipsychotic drugs are LESS likely to produce tardive dyskinesia than other types of drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia.

Julian Leff (chapter 12)

_____developed a treatment for schizophrenia using avatars.

six (chapter 12)

a diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only after symptoms of the disoders continue for ___ months or more.

somatic symptom disoder

a disoder in which peole become excessively distressed, concerend, and anxious about bodlily sysmptoms that they are expereinces, and their lives arre greatly and siproportionalety disupted by the symtpom. (sue reported having abdominal pain since age 17, necessitating exploratory surgery that yielded no specific diagnosis and additional hosptialziations for neurological, hypertensive and renal workups, all of which failed to reveal oa definitive diagnosis) (extreme focus on phsycial symtpoms that cause major emoitnal distress and probmesm functioning) the reaction to the symptom you are getting is not normal.

conversion disoder vs.

a disoder which bodily symptoms affect hsi or her voluntary motor and sensory function,but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases. (example neurological like symptoms like blindness, or loss of feeling but with no neurological basis. (brain was in a storm on the lake, he made it, but not his wife. after teh accident, he could hardly make his legs work., and his walk into bearing crawling. the physician thought he been hurt by the accident, but the hosptial tests revealed nothing, no broken bones, no spinal damage, nothing. the next day, his legs had become near paralysis. ) w vs.

Mild ID intellectual disabilities (chapter 14)

a level of intellectual disability (IQ between 50 and 70) at which people can benefit from education and can support themselves as adults. (is not usually recognized until children enter school and are assessed there. They demonstrate rather typical language ,social, and play skills, but they need assistance when under stress- a limitation that becomes increasingly apparent as academic and social demands increase. Research has limned this mainly to soco cultural and psychological causes, particularly poor and unstimulating environments during achild's early years, inadequat parent-child interactions, and insufficient learning experiences. Some community programs have sent workers intot he homes of young children with low IQ scores to help enrich the environment there, and there interventions have often improve the pchildrens functioning. When continued, programs of this kind also help improve the person's later performance in school and adulthood. Although sociocultural and psychological factos seem to be the leading causes of this, at least some biological factos also may be operating. Studies suggest, for example, that a mother's moderate drinking , drug use, or malnutritiond uring preegnancy may lower the childn's intellecutal potential. Malnourishment during a child's early years also may hurt his or her intellecutal developemnt, although this effect can usually be reversed at least partly if a child's diet is improved before too much time goes by.

Biological factors that contribute to intellectual disability

at least some biological factors also may be operating. Studies suggest, for example, that a mother's moderate drinking , drug use, or malnutrition during pregnancy may lower the children's intellectual potential. Malnourishment during a child's early years also may hurt his or her intellectual development, although this effect can usually be reversed at least partly if a child's diet is improved before too much time goes by. (mild ID) Leading causes are chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic disorders, prenatal problems, birth complications, and childhood disease and injuries. 1. Prenatal and birth related causes: as a fetus develops, major phsyucia l problems in the preganat mother can threaten the child's propects for a normal life. When a pregnant women has to o little iodine in her diet, for example ,her child may be born with cretinism, also called severe congenitla hypothyroidism, marked by an abnormal thyroid gland, slow development, intellectual disability, and a dwarflike apprance. This condiition is rare today because the salt in most diets now contains extra iodine. also , any infant born witht his problem may quickly be given thyroid extract to bring about normal development Other prenatal problems: children whose mothers drink too much alchohol during pregnancy may be born with fetal alcohol syndrome as well certain maternal infections during pregnancy- rubella (german measles) and syphilis, for example may cause chilhood programs that include ____ ___. Birth complications also can lead to probems in ___ functioning. A prolonged period without oxygen (anoxia) during or after deleivery can cause brain damage and intellecutal disability in a baby, In addition, although prematur ebirht does not necessarily lead to long-term probelm for childrne, rejsearchers have found that some babies with a rpemature birht weight of less than 3.5 pounds displaylow intelligence. 2. Childhood probems: after birht, particularly up to age 6, certain injuries and accidents can affect intellecutal functioning and in some cases lead to intellectual disability. Poisioning, seirious head injuries, caused by accidnet or abuse, excessive exposure to x rays, and excessive use of certain drugs pose special dangers. For example, aserious case of lead poisoning from eatin glead-based paints or inhaling high level of automobile fumes can cause ID in children. Mercury, radiation, nitrite, and pesticide, poisioning may do the same. In addition, certain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, can lead to intellecutal diabilities, if they are not diagnosed and treated in time.

Lead (chapter 15 page 516)

certain substances found in nature may act as toxins. Another line of research suggests that the environment ____ may contribute to the development of this disease.

schizophrenia vs. schizoptyapl personal disoder

delusion, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened percetion and hallucination and inappropriate affects (display emotions that unsuited to the sitatuio) (positive symtpoms) poverty of sppech (reduction in speech, say very little, or say a loud, but still manage toconvery little meaning) , resticted affect (inability to express emotion as other do) , loss of volition (feeling draned of energy, and of interest in normal goals, or conflicitng feeligns) , social withdrawal (attend only to their own ideas and fantasies) range of interpersonal problems marked by extrem e disocomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and precieiving and behavioral eccentricities. anxious around others, they seek iolsation and have fe close firneds. some feel intensely lonely. ideas of reference[ beleifs that unralted event pertain to them in some important ways and bodily illusion such as sensing an external force or presence. beleive they have some speical extrasensory abiliteis, and magical contorl of others. vs. )

what is interpersonal theapy (appraoch)

is a brief, attachment-focused psychotheryapy that centers on resolving interpersonal problems and symptomaitc recovery. It is empriically supported treatmetn that follows ahighly structured and time limited approach and is intneded to be completed within 12-16 weeks

What is humantic therapy and examples (approach)

is a psychological persepctive that rose to prominence int eh mid-2oth centruy in ansewe to teh limaitaions of sigmund frued psychoanayltic theory and B.F skinner behaviorism. this appraoch emphasizes the individaul inherent drive toward self-actualization, the process of relaizing and expressing one's own capabilties and crativity promote self awareness and minfulness and helps the clients change their state of mind and behavior from one set of reactions to a healtheir one withmore productive self awareness and thoughful actions. gestalt therapy, client centers therapy, existential therapy,

family therapy

is a type of psychological cousneling (psychotehrapy_ that can help family member improve communication and resolve conflicts. is usually provdied by a psychologist, clincia social worker, or licenses therpsit.

dimensional approach

many theoriests challenge the use of a categorical approach to ___

what is grandiose?

senunrealistic sense of superiority, charcterized by a sustained biew of one's self as better than other people, which is expressed by disdainfully viewing them as inferior; and refers to a sense of personal uniqueness, the beleif that few people have anything in common with oneself and that one can only be understood by a few, bery special people.

serotonin (chapter 13)

studies suggest that antisocial personality disoder might be linked to lwo levels of the neurotrasmitter ________ , which has also been linked to agression and impulsivenss.

Key central features of paranoid share an example of an indivdiual with this

suspicious/ distrustful part of the cluster of the odd and or eccentric behavior. Richard thought his family wanted to take advantage of him. He was ever on guard and cautious and saw threats everywhere.

psychotic disoder due to another medical condition .

symptoms hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech caused by a medical illness or brain damage. duration: no minimum length lifetime prevalence: unknown

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia (chapter 12)

that seem to be deficits in normal thought, emotions or behaviors. Seem to be pathological deficits, characteristics that are lacking in a person. Poverty of speech, restricted affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are commonly found in this. Such deficits greatly affect one's life and activities.

homeless, mentally ill, and the percentage., and what you would say to somebody if they say they were afriad to all homeless people.

there between 400,000 and 800,0000 homeless people in the US. and approximately 1/3 have a severe mental disorders, commonly schizophrenia. homeless because their community do not provide the services they need and whose families can't afford private treatment. I would tell them that most of them that 1/3 of all homeless people have a severe mental disoder, commonly schziophrenia, and it is cause because they don't have the right treatment and support. also many of those who are homeless are veterans, due to extreme shortage of affordable housing, livable income, and acess to healthcare., and many of them struggle with PTSD, a servere disorder, or substance abuse due to the trauma of combat.

young adults hsould take a health maintancne or wellness promotiona approach to their own aging (chapter 15) part of Describe the issues affecting the mental health of the elderly

they should do things that promote phsycial and mental health-avoid somoking eat well balanced and healthful meanls, exercise regularly, engage inpositive social relationships and take advantage of psychoeducational, stress menagemtn ,and other mental health programs. there is a growing beleif that older adults will adapt more readily to changes and negative events if their phsycial and pscyholgical health is good.

Neurogibrillary tangles (chapter 15)

twisted protein fibers that are found within the cells of the hippocampus and certain brain areas are called _____, and an excess of them may be relatedto the development of alzheimer's disease

marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disoder (chapter 12)

which key features of schizoaffective disoder distinguish it from schizophrenia?

tardice dyskinsia (chapter 12 page 408)

which of the following are unwanted effect (such as involuluntary writhing or ticlike movement of the tongue, mouth, face, or hwole body, involuntary chewing, sucking, and li[p smacking; and jerky movements of the arms, legs, or entire body) sometime produced by conventional anti-psychotic drugs ?

catatonic posturing (chapter 12)

which of the following is a form of catatonia in which a person assuming awkward,bizarre positions for long periods of time?

catatonic rigidity (chapter 12)

which of the following is a form of catatonia in which a person maintain a rigid, upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved?

catatonic excitement (chapter 12)

which of the following is a form of catatonia in which a person move excitedly, sometimes wildly waving their arms and legs?

catatonic stupor (chapter 12)

which of the following is a form of catatonia in which a person stops responding to their enviornment, remaining moitonless, and silent for long stretches of time?

Paranoid (chapter 13)

which personality disoder is NOT categorized within the "anxious" cluster.

depression in the elderly occurs at about the same rate as it does in yuoung adults ;; in fact, some studies suggest that it occurs at lower rates (in some studies_

which statemnt is the Most accuratele regarding the prevalance of depression in elderly indvidiauls?

behavioral (chapter 13)

which theorists beleive that those with avoidant personality failed to develop normal socials skills?